Nxapp Guide1 Shooting 2
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Transcript of Nxapp Guide1 Shooting 2
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Settings for intermediate users
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42 Shooting Guide Book
Once you have become quite accustomed to camera operations,
it is time to move on from automatic shooting to bring out your
personality through your shots. It is a lot of fun to depart from
Smart Auto or SCENE mode and use Aperture Priority Mode (A),
Shutter Priority Mode (S), or Program Mode (P) where you can ad-
just the settings as you desire.
First step to manual operationsSelection of shooting modes
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43Settings for intermediate users
Program (P) mode sets the optimal shutter speed and aperture au-
tomatically but the user can change the combination of aperture
and shutter speed by using the jog dial on the top. However, the
brightness stays the same as there is no dierence in the overall
exposure level. If you want to change the exposure levels, then you
must use the exposure compensation function. Let's take a look at
how the aperture and shutter values in the LCD screen change by
turning the jog dial on the top and try shooting.
Convenient auto exposureProgram (P) mode
P mode
F8 1/320s
ISO100
For typical snap shots, program mode settings are not needed.
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44 Shooting Guide Book
F-Value
The aperture is expressed through the f-value. The f-value is the
focal distance of the lens divided by the eective aperture of the
lens. For example, a focal distance of 50mm and eective aper-
ture of 25mm yields an f-value of 2. In this way, a smaller aperture
provides a greater f-value, and a larger aperture provides a smaller
f-value.
The aperture acts like the iris in the pupil of a human eye. In dark
places, the aperture opens up to provide more light to the image
sensor, and closes to reduce light in bright places. The aperture is a
tool that helps decide the EV along with shutter speed.
Adjusting the lens apertureAperture
f1.4 f2 f2.8 f4 f5.6 f8 f11 f16 f22 f32
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45Settings for intermediate users
Adjusting aperture to change in the amount of light
Depending on the change of the aperture, the amount of light
that passes through to the lens changes. The exposure amount
of one level of aperture is 1EV. An increase in 1EV increases the
amount of light to twice the amount, and a decrease of 1EV de-
creases the amount of light to half. Two levels yield a change of
four times, and three levels yield a change of eight times in the
amount of light. Depending on the camera, you can nely adjust
the amount of light in units of or levels.
Wider aperture Narrower apertureOptimum exposure
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46 Shooting Guide Book
Depth of eld
Depth of eld refers to scope of vividness, proximal and distal, to
the focal point. The scope of focus changes during shots due to
numerous variables. Therefore, it is important for the user to ad-just the depth of eld to shoot a photo. There are three methods
of adjusting the depth of eld: aperture adjustment, lens selection,
and change in shooting distance.
Lens selection and depth of eld
A telephoto lens with a long focal length makes the depth of eld
shallower, whereas wide-angle lenses make the depth of eld
deeper. The reason telephoto lenses are used for portrait photos is
because the out-focus eect emphasizes the portrait in contrast to
the background. On the other hand, wide-angle lenses are used for
landscapes to provide deep perspective and vividness to photos.
Aperture and depth of eld
The more open the aperture value, the shallower the depth of eld
becomes to obtain an out-of-focus eect that provides a naturally
blurry photo. Conversely, closing the aperture creates a the deeper
depth of eld. Therefore, the entire screen becomes sharper.
Scope of focusDepth of eld
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47Settings for intermediate users
Shooting distance and depth of eld
Aperture adjustment and lens selection together with shooting
distance between subject and camera greatly inuence depth
of eld. A shorter shooting distance makes for a shallow depth of
eld, whereas a longer distance makes for a deep depth of eld.
A wide-angle lens can be used to receive an out-focus eect if
shot at a close distance, and a telephoto lens can be used to shoot
something far away and leave no out-focus eect.
A photo with a background organized
through an open aperture.
A landscape photo with deep perspective
through a closed aperture.
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48 Shooting Guide Book
Aperture Priority Mode lets the user manually set the aperture.
It is a semi-automatic exposure mode that sets the correct shut-
ter speed as needed based on your chosen aperture setting.
This mode is used often to adjust the depth of eld based on the
changes in the aperture. By opening the aperture, you can obtain
an out-focus eect where the background becomes blurry, or you
can tighten the aperture to create a pan focus eect where the
screen becomes more vivid.
Warning for low shutter speed
One thing to watch out for is that if the aperture is tightened too
much, the amount of light decreases and the shutter speed slows
down and this can lead to camera shake in low light environments.Therefore, it is important to check the change in shutter speed
while adjusting the aperture.
Preventing camera blur with shutter speed
Normally, the shutter speed required to prevent a blurred
photo varies depending on the focal length of the lens. The
minimum shutter speed should not be less than 1/60 sec. As
an example, the minimum shutter speed for a 100mm lens is
1/100 sec and the minimum shutter speed for a 200mm lens
is over 1/200 sec to prevent blurring.
Manually adjusting the aperture throughAperture Priority (A) mode
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49Settings for intermediate users
Far Close
In order to make the depth of field shallow, it is effective to approach close to
the subject and place the background far away.
The more open the aperture, the shallower the depth of field. It becomes tighter and deeper.
A telephoto makes the depth of field shallower, whereas a wide-angle lens makes it deeper.
The closer the shooting distance, the shallower the depth of field. It becomes further and deeper.
TipAdjusting depth of field
Far background Close background
A photo taken at F1.4 using an 85mm lens. In order to make the depth of field shal -
low, it is effective to put the background far away.
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50 Shooting Guide Book
The shutter of the camera opens and closes in front of the image sensor and adjusts
the amount of light according to the time that the sensor is exposed to light. Some
shutters operate mechanically, physically opening and shutting, and some work elec-tronically. Shutter speed also aects how the motion of a moving subject is conveyed
together with a change in the amount of light.
Adjusting shutter speed and change in the amount of light
The shutter adjusts the amount of light along with the aperture. In terms of the hu-
man eye, it is like the eye lid. The shutter adjusts the amount of light by the speed of
opening and closing. Fast shutter speeds are faster than 1/250 of a second, whereas
shutter speeds slower than 1/30 of a second are considered slow shutter speeds.
Similar to the aperture, one level of adjustment is equivalent to two times the change
in the amount of light.
Determining exposure timewith shutter speed
Adjusting the shutter speed to convey motion
Shutter speed also aects how the motion of a moving subject is conveyed. When
shooting with a slow shutter speed, there is no dierence in the background. However,
fast moving subjects are shown as if they are owing. On the other hand, fast shutter
speeds can capture quickly moving objects and scenes that are even dicult to catch
with the human eye, freezing them in time.
Shutter speed
+1EV
-1EV
Exposure level
1/2s 1/4s 1/8s 1/15s 1/30s
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51Settings for intermediate users
S mode
F20 1/10s
ISO100
S mode automatically sets the aperture with the optimum exposure based on manual
shutter speed settings by the user. It is more eective than depth of eld by providing
stable shutter speed adjustment to prevent blur or to express the dynamics of a mov-
ing subject.
One thing to watch out for is that a fast shutter speed in situations with low light, such
as cloudy days or indoors situations. In these cases, it may not be possible to get the
sensor enough light, even with a wide open aperture. In this case, it may not be the
right EV. In this type of situation, a warning display is shown. You must lower the shut-
ter speed little by little to set the right EV.
Manually adjusting the shutter speed throughShutter Priority (S) mode
A bulb shutter refers to leaving the shutter open for long period of time while
pressing the shutter button. It is used for situations where long exposures are
needed, such as night shots.
TipBulb Shutter
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52 Shooting Guide Book
M mode is a shooting mode that requires the user to manually set
both the shutter speed and aperture. In this mode, exposure com-
pensation has no meaning and does not function. You must look
at the exposure meter to set and adjust the EV manually.
It may be a hassle to adjust the aperture and shutter speed for
every shot, but the advantage is that the optimum exposure valuecan be freely adjusted. It is a good idea for beginners to practice
with M mode to learn the concept of exposure.
When using exposure within 3EV of optimum exposure as meas-
ured by the camera, there is no need to use M mode. This is be-
cause the exposure compensation in the aperture priority and
shutter priority modes can provide the same eect as M mode.
In cases where the values of the exposure meter are meaningless,
such as night shots or when you do not need to shoot photos that
escape the range of 3EV, then M mode is not necessary.
Manually adjusting the aperture and shutter speedthrough Manual (M) mode
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53Settings for intermediate users
To adjust with M mode, you must follow the exposure meter dis-
play shown at the bottom of the screen. When you adjust the shut-
ter and aperture, the exposure meter moves left (-) and right (+).
The exposure display must be placed at (0) for optimum exposure
based on the exposure meter.
Going towards the right (+) refers to overexposure, and going to-
wards the left (-) refers to a state of underexposure. If you want +1
overexposure, then you can adjust the direction to (1).
Adjust the correct brightness for photoswith optimum exposure adjustment
A red mark on the exposure status shown in the (-) direction
means not enough exposure and in the (+) direction means
too much exposure.
ApertureShutter speed
Depending on the settings
of shooting mode, the screen
display may be dierent.