Nuts in nutrition: a weighty matter - Australian...
Transcript of Nuts in nutrition: a weighty matter - Australian...
Nuts in nutrition: a weighty
matter
Sze Yen Tan, PhDUniversity of South Australia
Australia Health Survey, 2011-12
= 1 million adults
63.4%
Nuts and body weight:epidemiological evidence
Nuts Study Comparators Follow up Body weight
All types
Ellsworth (2001) Eating frequency 12 yearsNegative
association
Bes-Rastrollo (2007) Eating frequency 28 monthsNegative
association
Mozaffarian (2011) Serving size Not specifiedNegative
association
Albert (2002) Eating frequency 12 months No association
Association between nut consumption and body weight
Tan, Dhillon & Mattes, AJCN 2014;100(suppl):412S-422S
Jackson & Hu, AJCN 2014;100(suppl):408S-411S
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• Predicted weight change with 1 additional serve/day
Nuts and body weight:clinical evidence
(studies from 2000 onwards)
Nuts Study Dose Study length Body weight
Almonds
Fraser (2002) +60 g/day (320 kcal/d) 6 months Stable
Jenkins (2002) 11% or 22%E 4 weeks Stable
Hollis (2007) +60 g/day 10 weeks Stable
Tan (2013) +42 g/day 4 weeks Stable
Wien (2003)* 84 g/d or complex carb 24 weeks Reduced
Foster (2012)* +56 g/day 18 months Reduced
Tan, Dhillon & Mattes, AJCN 2014;100(suppl):412S-422S
* Weight loss studies
Nuts Study Dose Study length Body weight
CashewsMukuddem-Petersen (2007)
20%E (63-108 g/day) 8 weeks Stable
Tan, Dhillon & Mattes, AJCN 2014;100(suppl):412S-422S
Nuts Study Dose Study length Body weight
PecansMorgan (2000) +68 g/day 8 weeks Stable
Rajaram (2001) 20%E 4 weeks Stable
Nuts Study Dose Study length Body weight
Pistachios
Kocyigit (2006) 20%E 3 weeks Stable
Sheridan (2007) 15%E 4 weeks Stable
Gebauer (2008) +30 g/day & +60 g/day 4 weeks Stable
Li (2010)* 53 g/day or pretzels 12 weeks Reduced
* Weight loss studies
Nuts Study Dose Study length Body weight
Walnuts
Almario (2001) +48 g/day 6 weeks Stable
Tapsell (2004) + 30 g/day 6 months Stable
Sabate (2005) 12%E (28-56 g/day) 6 months Increased
Tapsell (2009) + 30 g/day 12 months Reduced
Tan, Dhillon & Mattes, AJCN 2014;100(suppl):412S-422S
Nuts Study Dose Study length Body weight
Hazelnuts Mercanligil (2007) +40 g/day 4 weeks Stable
Yucesan (2010) +1 g/kg weight/day 4 weeks Stable
Nuts Study Dose Study length Body weight
Macadamia Garg (2003) 40-90 g/day 4 weeks Reduced
Nuts and body weight regulation through energy balance
Nuts and energy balance
Energy expenditure
Energy absorption
Food intake
Fat
Carbohydrate
Protein
Nuts and energy balance
Energy expenditure
Energy absorption
Food intake
Fat
Carbohydrate
Protein
Nuts and energy expenditure
Casas-Agustench et. al., Clin Nutr 2009;28:39-45
●Walnuts□Olive oilΔ Control
Nuts and fat oxidation
• 8-hour macronutrient balance
Tapsell et. al., J Am Coll Nutr 2009;28(5):611-617
■ Control diet□Walnuts diet
No difference in energy expenditure
Nuts and energy expenditure
Nuts Study Dose Study lengthEnergy
expenditure
Almonds Fraser (2002) +60 g/day (320 kcal/d) 6 months Stable
Hollis (2007) +60 g/day 10 weeks Stable
Walnuts
Casas-Agustench(2009)
33%E PUFA 5 hours Increased
Tapsell (2009) 30 g 8 hours Stable
Tapsell (2009) +30 g/day 12 months Stable
Brennan (2010) 48 g/day 4 days Stable
Peanuts Alper (2002) 500 kcal/day 30 weeks Increased
Tan, Dhillon & Mattes, AJCN 2014;100(suppl):412S-422S
Nuts and energy balance
Energy expenditure
Energy absorption
Food intake
Fat
Carbohydrate
Protein
Nuts and energy absorption
• Crossover studies
• Control vs. diets with nuts:
– Almonds: 0g, 42g, 84g (n=18)
– Pistachios: 0g, 42g, 84g (n=16)
• Fecal samples collected for 7 – 9 days
• Energy absorption from nuts was assessed
Nuts and energy absorption
• Almonds
– Estimated energy: 6.0 – 6.1 kcal/g
– Actual energy absorbed: 4.6 ± 0.8 kcal/g (-32%)
• Pistachios
– Estimated energy: 5.7 kcal/g
– Actual energy available: 5.4 kcal/g (-6%)
• Nuts altered gut microbiota composition
Novotny et. al., AJCN 2012;96:296-301
Baer et. al., BJN 2012;107:120-125
Ukhanova et. al., BJN 2014;111:2146-2152
Nuts and energy absorption
• Lipids encapsulation in cell walls (almonds)
Ellis et. al., AJCN 2004;80:604-613Grassby et. al., Food Funct 2014;in press
Nuts and energy absorption
• 3h vs. 12h after digestion (almonds)
Mandalari et. al., J Agric Food Chem 2008;56:3409-3416
Nuts and energy absorption
Mandalari et. al., BJN 2014;in press
■ Raw almonds□ Roasted almonds
Nuts and energy balance
Energy expenditure
Energy absorption
Food intake
Fat
Carbohydrate
Protein
Nuts and food intake
• Food intake is governed by appetite
• Postprandially, nuts:
– Suppressed hunger & desire-to-eat
– Increased fullness
• Over a short-period of time:
– Increased fasting satiety and fullness sensations
Nuts and food intake
• Dietary compensation:
– Almonds: 54% – 78%
– Hazelnuts
– Macadamias
– Peanuts: 66 – 151%
– Pecans
– Walnuts
– Pistachios
Nuts and appetite regulation
• Nutrients
– Protein, unsaturated fat, fibre
– Stimulation of CCK and PYY hormones
– Did not delay gastric emptying
• Mastication
• Timing of ingestion
Combined effects
Mastication and hunger
Cassady et. al., AJCN 2009;89:794-800
P = 0.031
Mastication and fullness
Cassady et. al., AJCN 2009;89:794-800
P = 0.041
Timing of nut ingestion
• 4-week randomised, controlled trial
• Five study groups (N=137):
– Control (no nuts) (n=27)
– Almonds (42g) with meals: B/F (n=28) & lunch (n=26)
– Almonds as snacks: am (n=28) & pm (n=28)
• Acute feeding sessions: standard breakfast and lunch, with/out almonds
Tan & Mattes., EJCN 2013;67:1205-1214
Almond snacks and appetite
Tan & Mattes., EJCN 2013;67:1205-1214
Timing of nut ingestion
• Acute crossover feeding study
• 32 healthy females
• Experimental conditions: habitual B/F plus
– Control (no nuts) & almonds (28g & 42g) as snacks
• All meals consumed in the laboratory
– Lunch: ham & cheese sandwiches (ad lib)
– Dinner: Pasta with tomato & cheese sauce (ad lib)
Hull et. al., Eur J Nutr 2014; in press
Almond snacks and appetite
Hull et. al., Eur J Nutr 2014; in press
Take home messages
• Nuts do not increase risk for weight gain
• Nuts are rich in nutrients and provide less-than-expected energy
• Nuts regulate appetite and food intake
• Almonds are a healthy snack option
Acknowledgements
• Professor Linda Tapsell
University of Wollongong, Australia.
•Distinguished Professor Richard Mattes Purdue University, USA.