Nutritional Diseases

Dr( Lt Col) Sarder Mahmud Hossain, PhDAssociate Professor

NUB

What is Nutritional Disease

Nutritional Diseases are those diseases in humans that are directly or indirectly caused by a lack of essential nutrients in the diet. Nutritional diseases are commonly associated with chronic malnutrition. Additionally, conditions such as obesity from overeating can also cause, or contribute to, serious health problems. Excessive intake of some nutrients can cause acute poisoning.

Malnutrition

It is the condition that results from taking an unbalanced diet in which certain nutrients are lacking, in excess(too high an intake) , or in the wrong proportions. A number of different nutrition disorders may arise, depending on which nutrients are under or overabundant in the diet.

Principal Nutrients

1. Protein2. Fats3. Carbohydrates

Minerals and vitamins are essential ingredients of foods.

Deficiency DiseasesNutritional deficiencies includes: a.Protein-energy malnutrition includes---- – Kwashiorkor– Marasmus– Marasmic-kwashiorkor

-Mental retardation

b. Iodine deficiency,c.Vitamin A deficiency, and d. Iron deficiency anaemia.

Dietary vitamins and mineral Deficiency

1.Calcium – Osteoporosis – Rickets – Tetany

2.Iodine deficiency – Goiter

3.Selenium deficiency – Keshan disease

Deficiency Disease-contd

4. Zinc – Growth retardation

5. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) – Beriberi

6. Niacin (Vitamin B3) – Pellagra

7. Vitamin C– Scurvy

8. Vitamin D – Osteoporosis – Rickets

9.Riboflavin(B2)- It is important for body growth and red blood cell production and helps in releasing energy from carbohydrates.

10. B6—(pyridoxine) Vitamin B6 helps the immune system produce antibodies.

Deficiency Disease-contd11. Folic Acid (B9)-Folic acid

works along with vitamin B12 and vitamin C to help the body break down, use, and create new proteins.

12. Vitamin A--Vitamin A helps form and maintain healthy teeth, skeletal and soft tissue, mucous membranes, and skin.

∙ It is also known as retinol because it produces the pigments in the retina of the eye.

• Vitamin A promotes good vision, especially in low light. It may also be needed for reproduction and breast-feeding.

Deficiency Disease-contd

• Vitamin B12 deficiency leads to megaloblastic anemia .

• vitamin K deficiency causes impaired coagulation .

Vitamin Poisoning• Vitamin poisoning is the condition of overly high

storage levels of vitamins, which can lead to toxic symptoms. The medical names of the different conditions are derived from the vitamin involved: an excess of vitamin A, for example, is called "hypervitaminosis A".

• Iron overload disorders are diseases caused by the over accumulation of iron in the body. Organs commonly affected are the liver, heart and endocrine glands.

• Avitaminosis is any disease caused by chronic or long-term vitamin deficiency or caused by a defect in metabolic conversion, such as tryptophan to niacin. They are designated by the same letter as the vitamin.• Hypervitaminosis is the syndrome of

symptoms caused by over-retention of fat-soluble vitamins in the body.

Nutrients Deficiency Excess

Food energyStarvation, Marasmus

Obesity, diabetes mellitus, Cardiovascular disease

Simple carbohydrates

Nonediabetes mellitus, Obesity

Complex carbohydrates

None Obesity

Saturated fatlow sex hormone levels

Cardiovascular disease

Nutrients Deficiency Excess

Food energy Starvation, MarasmusObesity, diabetes mellitus, Cardiovascular disease

Simple carbohydrates Nonediabetes mellitus, Obesity

Complex carbohydrates None Obesity

Saturated fat low sex hormone levels Cardiovascular disease

Trans fat None Cardiovascular Disease

Unsaturated fat None Obesity

Fat

Malabsorption of Fat-soluble vitamins, Rabbit Starvation (If protein intake is high)

Cardiovascular Disease (claimed by some)

Trans fat None Cardiovascular Disease

Unsaturated fat None Obesity

Fat

Malabsorption of Fat-soluble vitamins, Rabbit Starvation (If protein intake is high)

Cardiovascular Disease (claimed by some)

Nutrients Deficiency Excess

Vitamin A

Xerophthalmia and Night Blindness, low testosterone levels

Hypervitaminosis A (cirrhosis, hair loss)

Vitamin B1 Beri-Beri

Vitamin B2

Cracking of skin and Corneal Ulceration

Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Pellagradyspepsia, cardiac arrhythmias, birth defects

Nutrients Deficiency Excess

Protein kwashiorkor Rabbit starvation

Sodium hyponatremiaHypernatremia, hypertension

Iron AnemiaCirrhosis, heart disease

IodineGoiter, hypothyroidism

Iodine Toxicity (goiter, hypothyroidism)

Magnesium Hypertension

Weakness, nausea, vomiting, impaired breathing, and hypotension

PotassiumHypokalemia, cardiac arrhythmias

Hyperkalemia, palpitations

Vitamin B1 Beri-Beri

Vitamin B2 Cracking of skin and

Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Pellagradyspepsia, cardiac arrhythmias, birth defects

Vitamin Enervous disordersHypervitaminosis E (anticoagulant: excessive bleeding)

Vitamin K

Haemorrhage

Calcium

Osteoporosis, tetany, carpopedal spasm, laryngospasm, cardiac arrhythmias

Fatigue, depression, confusion, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, pancreatitis, increased urination

Magnesium

HypertensionWeakness, nausea, vomiting, impaired breathing, and hypotension

Potassium

Hypokalemia, cardiac arrhythmias

Hyperkalemia, palpitations

CountryNumber of Undernourished

(million)

India 217.05

China 154.0

Bangladesh 43.45

Democratic Republic of Congo 37.0

Pakistan 35.2

Ethiopia 31.5

Tanzania 16.1

Philippines 15.2

Brazil 14.4

Indonesia 13.8

Vietnam 13.8

Thailand 13.4

Nigeria 11.5

Kenya 9.7

Sudan 8.8

Mozambique 8.3

North Korea 7.9

Yemen 7.1

Madagascar 7.1

Colombia 5.9

Zimbabwe 5.7

Mexico 5.1

Zambia 5.1

Angola 5.0

Overnutrition• Obesity is caused by consuming too many

calories compared to the amount of exercise the body is performing, causing a distorted energy balance.

Health Impact

The non-fatal, but debilitating health problems associated with obesity include—

1.Respiratory difficulties,2. Chronic musculoskeletal problems,3. Skin problems and 4.Infertility.

Cancer & ObesitySeveral types of cancer are associated with being overweight. In women, these include cancer of the uterus, gallbladder, cervix, ovary, breast, and colon. Overweight men are at greater risk of developing cancer of the colon, rectum, and prostate.

Health Consequence-summary• Coronary heart disease• Type 2 diabetes• Cancers (endometrial, breast, and colon)• Hypertension (high blood pressure)• Dyslipidemia (for example, high total cholesterol

or high levels of triglycerides) • Stroke

Health Consequence-summary-contd

• Liver and Gallbladder disease• Sleep apnea and respiratory problems• Osteoarthritis (a degeneration of cartilage and its

underlying bone within a joint) • Gynecological problems (abnormal menses,

infertility)• Gout• Psychological effects on child

Health Impact-contd

The likelihood of developing Type 2 diabetes and hypertension rises steeply with increasing body fatness. Approximately 85% of people with diabetes are type 2, and of these, 90% are obese or overweight.

Health Impact-contd

Raised BMI also increases the risks of-------

a.Cancer of the breast,

b.Colon,

c.Prostate,

d. Endometrium,

e.Kidney and

f. Gallbladder.

Consequence-contd• Obesity affects the endocrine system, leading to

changes in sex hormones, adrenal hormones, and the ability to respond appropriately to insulin. Type II diabetes has become more common during adolescence as the prevalence of obesity has increased. Sleep apnea, due to obstructed breathing during sleep, is more common among obese children and adolescents.

Health Impact-contd

Chronic overweight and obesity contribute significantly to osteoarthritis, a major cause of disability in adults.

World Health Report 2002 evaluates that, approximately 58% of diabetes and 21% of ischemic heart disease and 8-42% of certain cancers globally were attributable to a BMIabove 21 kg/m2.

Consequence in adolescence & Childhood

Unfortunately poor self-esteem, depression, and the development of eating disorders occur often in individuals with histories of obesity particularly in children and adolescents.

Think before You Eat

Thank You