Nutrition2011
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Transcript of Nutrition2011
Nutrition
1. Carbohydrate
2. Fat3. Protein4. Vitamins5. Minerals6. Water
The Six Nutrients
I. Carbohydrates supply energy (4
calories per gram) composed of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen reduce refined
carbohydrates (sugars) in diet, while adding more complex
A. Sugar- simple carbohydrate1. Monosaccharide - simple sugar Glucose (dextrose) - found in fruits and
vegetables; other sugars and starches break down into it during digestion
Fructose - fruit sugar
Types of Carbohydrate
2. Disaccharide - double sugar; breaks down into simple sugars during digestion
◦Lactose - milk sugar (found only in milk)◦Sucrose - table sugar
More Sugar Types . . .
B. Starches - polysaccharide (many) ◦Complex carbohydrate; breaks down to
simple sugars during digestionC. Cellulose - most complex
◦found in plants◦fiber or roughage in diet - does not
completely break down ◦does not supply energy
Types of Carbohydrates
Starch
Cellulose
most concentrated form of food energy (9 calories per gram)
composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
slow down digestion so that you feel full longer
II. Fat
A. Saturated
◦as much hydrogen as it can hold on its carbon chain
◦comes from animal sources◦solids at room temperature◦restrict in diet◦avoid hydrogenated plant
sources
Types of Fat
1. Monounsaturated ◦less hydrogen ◦ liquid at room temperature◦canola and olive oil◦best to consume
2. Polyunsaturated◦even less hydrogen◦corn and soybean oil
B. Unsaturated Fats
Above = Polyunsaturated
1. “Good fat”
2. Must be supplied by diet – cold-water fish, salmon, sardines, tuna, canola oil – fish oil supplements
3. Essential for normal growth, increase HDL, reduce LDL, prevent blood clots, reduce blood pressure, depression
Omega-3 Fatty Acid
1. Trans fatty acids
2. Found in hydrogenated products
3. Exposing unsaturated oils to heat creates trans fats
4. May raise blood cholesterol - LDL
Trans Fat
waxy, fat-like substance found in most body tissue (particularly the brain, nervous system, and blood)
during digestion, cholesterol helps to break down fats so they can be absorbed through the wall of the small intestine
Cholesterol- An alcohol, not a fat
Cholesterol
foods that are high in saturated fat are also frequently high in cholesterol
the body obtains a third of its cholesterol from food and makes the rest,
a high level of cholesterol, over 200 mg, is associated with heart disease
Cholesterol
• The bloodstream transports cholesterol throughout the body by lipoproteins.
• LDL - low density lipoproteins (bad)
• HDL - high density lipoproteins (good)
Cholesterol
• Most numerous cholesterol carrier in the blood
• Material that contributes most to the build up of plaque on artery walls
• Decrease dietary intake to decrease risk of heart disease
• Level <130 desirable
Cholesterol - LDL’s
• Very important to dietary health
• Removes cholesterol from the blood by carrying it to the liver where it is metabolized
• High levels beneficial
• Level > 35 is acceptable
Cholesterol - HDL’s
composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (4 calories per gram)
build and repair body tissue antibodies made of protein
III. Protein
Composed of amino acids Essential - cannot be manufactured by the
body, so must be eaten as food, and must be available at the same time
Non-essential (body manufactures these, so they don't have to be eaten)
Protein
A. Complete◦ animal sources ◦ contain all of the essential
amino acids
Protein
B. Incomplete◦ plant sources◦contain only some of the essential amino acids
◦vegans rely on incomplete proteins they get from peanut butter, legumes, nuts, soybeans, tofu, etc.
Protein
Complementary Proteins
Vegetarian Diet
regulate body processes (approximately 20 known at present)
high biological activity, a little goes a long way
must be supplied by diet
IV. Vitamins
A. Fat soluble - stored in body fat; excessive levels may be dangerous
B. Water soluble - must be eaten daily
Vitamins
1. Vitamin A - Retinol ◦ source: dark green and yellow
vegetables contain carotene, which is converted by the body to retinol
◦ essential for good vision◦ an anti-oxidant
A. Fat Soluble
Oxidation - as a part of their normal function, cells make toxic molecules called free radicals (missing an electron)◦ Contributes to aging and disease◦ Cancer, cataracts, heart disease
Vitamins – C, E, and beta carotene Get the RDA of these or take a supplement if you rarely eat
deeply colored vegetables
Antioxidants
◦ Calciferol◦ source: sunlight (body
manufactures when skin is exposed)◦ enriched milk◦ aids the use of calcium ◦ deficiency in children - rickets (poor bone
growth); adults - osteoporosis - loss of bone density
2. Vitamin D
Found in almonds, corn oil, margarine, whole-wheat flour, shellfish
Anti-blood clotting agent (overdose thins blood)
An antioxidant - counteracts signs of aging To get RDA you may need a supplement
3. Vitamin E
produced in the intestinal tractplays a role in the normal function of the
liver and in blood clottinghelps prevent nosebleeds, bruising,
excessive bleeding from cuts or scratches.
4. Vitamin K
1. Vitamin B complex - Many differing, but similar vitamins.
Sources - grainsDeficiencies affect skin, hair,
nervous system
Water Soluble Vitamins
Food Sources for Vitamin B
•Ascorbic Acid
•Source Citrus Fruit
•Scurvy
•Helps resist infection
Water Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin C
inorganic, neither plant or animal from the soil microscopic forms
(mineral crystals) dissolve in water, they are first utilized by plants, which take them up and incorporate them in vegetable matter
VI. Minerals
◦body's most abundant mineral, needed for
growth of bones and teeth ◦found in milk and milk products (needs
vitamin D to work properly) ◦ deficiency: osteoporosis, rickets
Major MineralsCalcium
◦works with potassium to help muscle activity ◦aids in maintaining the body's proper water
balance – excreted in sweat◦excess is strongly linked to high blood pressure,
kidney damage, heart disease
Major Minerals
Sodium
◦found in the body as chloride, combined with sodium or potassium
◦table salt◦helps regulate body's acid/alkali balance◦excess is excreted through sweating ◦deficiency results in hair loss, poor muscle
contraction
Major MineralsChlorine
important for every body function (fluid function, maintaining regular heartbeat)
deficiency: nerve disorders, irregular heartbeat, overall weakness, poor reflexes, dry skin
Major Minerals
Potassium
◦proper functioning of the thyroid gland ◦sources: saltwater fish, iodized salt ◦deficiency may cause poor metabolism,
hardening of the arteries, sluggish mental activity, heart palpitations, and nervousness, goiter
Trace MineralsIodine
◦found in the body combined with protein◦sources: liver, sardines, oysters, brewer's yeast,
lentils, prunes◦important for the manufacture of hemoglobin◦deficiency: anemia (unusual fatigue, weakness,
headaches, pallor)
Trace MineralsIron
◦found in bones and teeth (prevent decay) ◦sources: fluoridated water, seafood, cheese, milk ◦excess: affect the metabolism of vitamins and may
harm kidneys, liver, heart, and central nervous system
Trace MineralsFluorine
composes at least 60% of the body essential for life aids in the digestive process and
carries nutrients helps remove waste products controls body temperature
Water
• Deficiency – Dehydration (increases heart rate and body temperature)
• Better than sports drinks, unless the heat is extreme or you are exercising continuously for over 1 ½ hours (sports drinks have too much sugar and salt)
Water