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Nutrient Inventory and Storage and Handling (Planner Training) John W. Worley

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Times Have Changed!

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Or Have They? George Washingtons Compost Facility

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u Balance Imports with Exports Goal

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ARE INPUTS & OUTPUTS IN BALANCE? Water In 1 gal. Water Out Farm Pond 1 gal.

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ARE INPUTS & OUTPUTS IN BALANCE? Water In 2 gal. 1 gal. Water Out Farm Pond

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ARE INPUTS & OUTPUTS IN BALANCE? Water In 2 gal. 1 gal. Water Out Farm Pond

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ARE INPUTS & OUTPUTS IN BALANCE? Water Out Water In 2 gal. Farm Pond 1 gal.

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Plugging the Leaks Temporary Solution to Imbalance Water Out Water In 2 gal. Farm Pond 1 gal. Sand Bags

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u More closely balance feed nutrients to animal needs Nitrogen comes from feed protein Phosphorus comes from ingredients + mineral supplements Phytate phosphorus is unavailable to animals, but is excreted with manure u Reduce feed wastage Pelleted Feeds Wet-Dry feeders Properly adjust feeders u Recycle Use manure nutrients to produce feed on the farm Strategies to Reduce Waste

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u Feed u Animals u Commercial Fertilizer u Manure from other farms u Legumes N, P, K Imports

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u Animals u Animal Products (Milk) u Manure shipped off farm u Storage Losses N, P, K Exports

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u Slurry Systems Storage Systems u Liquid Systems (Lagoons)

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u Dry Systems Storage Systems

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u Combination Systems (Solids Separators) Storage Systems

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u Lagoons Reduce Waste Stream (Volatilize Organic Matter) Reduce Land Application Area (Vol. Nitrogen) Reduce Odor Emissions u Slurry Storage Maximize Nutrient Utilization Minimize Storage Volume (minimize water added) Goals

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u Dry Systems Make manure more transportable Reduce odors u Solids Separators Reduce size requirements for liquid storage and treatment Allow transport of some of waste to remote sites or off farm Goals

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Disadvantages u Lagoons Large Volume in storage structure Reduces N/P ratio Sludge must be periodically removed u Slurry Storage Requires more acres for application (based on N) Odors are greater (if not covered)

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Disadvantages u Dry Systems Often more manual labor required Swine: Non-homogeneous u Solids Separators Requires more management Requires two types of equipment Cost of construction and operation

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u Lagoon u Slurry Storage Earthen Basin Design

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u Lagoon Volatilizes nitrogen Phosphorus settles in sludge layer 90-95% of phosphorus must eventually be accounted for if P based NMP u Slurry Storage Less nitrogen volatilized Phosphorus must be accounted for each year u Dry Systems Can be less flexible concerning time of application Effects on Nutrient Management

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% of Original Nitrogen Available after Storage

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u Description of Overall System Number and type of buildings Flush, Pull-plug, etc For partial confinement - % Time in confinement CNMP Should Include:

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u Lagoon Design Information (as available) When built, Who designed it Total Capacity (ft 3 ) Pumpable (Storage) Capacity (ft 3 ) Surface Water Diversion u Operating Information Maximum Fill Level Pump-down level CNMP Should Include:

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Pumpable Volume Rise Run Depth Stop-Pumping Level Max-Fill Level Total Volume Inside Slope = Run/Rise Lagoon Design Info:

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u For Slurry Storage Design Storage Time Capacity (# of animals, etc.) u Capacity of Dry storage if applicable u Closure Plan for Liquid or Slurry Storage Structures u Provision for Record Keeping (Monthly Inspection Checklist) CNMP Should Include:

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u Standard Book Value Estimates u Imports minus Exports u Manure analysis and application records Estimation of Nutrients in Manure

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u Standard Estimates (lb / year / animal, etc) Table 1, Table 3 a,b,c Table 4 (Storage Losses), Table 5 (sludge) Estimation of Nutrients in Manure

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u Imports minus exports Table 2 a,b,c, Table 7 Table 4 (Storage Losses), Table 5 (sludge) Estimation of Nutrients in Manure

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u Manure analysis and application records Table 6 a,b Estimation of Nutrients in Manure

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u Software has been developed to aid in development of CNMP including the estimation of nutrient inventories see AWARE web site for download Summary (Nutrient Inventory)

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u Lagoons Reduce nitrogen, organic matter, and odors if properly managed Must be started and operated according to the design to maintain lagoon health v Sludge must be removed periodically v Do not empty below treatment level Summary

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u Slurry Storage Maximizes nutrient retention More balanced with plant needs Should be cleaned out at least annually Encourage cover to reduce odors u Proper management including regular inspections and record keeping are essential Summary

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u Overall Farm Nutrient Balance Nutrients brought onto farm in feed, fertilizer, animals, legumes Exported in animals and animal products, manure, losses Summary

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u 3 methods of estimating inventory Standard values (lb/animal/day; lb/lb of animal/year; etc.) - - simple to use, but tend to be out of date and values vary greatly by farm. Leaner animals produce more N, less P Inputs - Outputs - - more complicated, but more accurate if records available Nutrient analysis and Records of Quantities Pumped - - most accurate if adequate records are available v (Does not account for sludge storage unless sludge is sampled or agitation is used before sampling) Summary

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u All methods except analysis and records must estimate storage losses u Storage losses can vary greatly with management differences. Generally represent the greatest difference in manure nutrient content between farms, especially N u Your system may be somewhere between systems described in published lists Summary

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Questions? Resources: AWARE Web site: http://www.agp2.org/ Then click on Animal Waste Management John W. Worley (jworley@engr.uga.edu)