1Sua saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba

nugzar muzaSvilinikoloz CubiniZe

Zveli

qarTuliena da literatura

10

სახელმძღვანელო გრიფირებულია განათლების ხარისხის განვითარების ეროვნული ცენტრის მიერ(ბრძ. N375, 18.05.2012 წელი)

I Tavi2

nugzar muzaSvili, nikoloz CubiniZe, nino SaraSeniZe

Zveli qarTuli ena da literatura 10

moswavlis wigni

redaqtorebi

solomon nozaZe

lali qadagiZe

© gamomcemloba `diogene~, 2012

yvela ufleba daculia

ISBN 978-9941-11-352-9

gamomcemloba `diogene~, Tbilisi, afaqiZis q. 9, tel.: 221 33 21

www.diogene.ge

3ena da teqsti

`Tu Tavi Seni Sen gaxlavs...~ ......................................... 181

SoTa rusTaveli, `vefxistyaosani~ ...........................................189

ena da teqsti ..............................................................................275

revaz siraZe, `Suasaukuneobrivi moZRvreba adamianze~ ..........9

ena da teqsti ..............................................................................18

wamebulni ..................................................................... 29

iakob xucesi, `wamebaÁ wmidisa SuSanikisi, dedoflisaÁ~ ....... 34

ena da teqsti ............................................................................... 69

ioane sabanisZe, `wamebaÁ wmidisa da netarisa mowamisa

qristÂsisa haboÁsi~ ..................................................................... 82

ena da teqsti .............................................................................. 103

`udabnoTa qalaqmyofeli~ ........................................... 109

giorgi merCule, `SromaÁ da moRuawebaÁ Rirsad-cxorebisaÁ ..

wmidisa da netarisa mamisa Cuenisa grigolisi~ ...................... 114

ena da teqsti .............................................................................. 172

`sityva saqmiani da saqme sityviani~ ............................ 289

sulxan-saba orbeliani, `sibrZne sicruisa~ ........................... 293

ena da teqsti ............................................................................. 338

`brZeni sityviTa darCebis...~ ...................................... 345

s a r C e v i

I Tavi

II Tavi

Sua saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba ...............................5

Sesavali ........................................................................ 4

III Tavi

IV Tavi

V Tavi

VI Tavi

daviT guramiSvili, `daviTiani~ ............................................... 351

ena da teqsti ............................................................................. 412

I Tavi4

Sesavali

qarTuli mwerloba aTasxuTasi wlisaa.wels SegiZliaT qarTuli literaturis Seswavla swored aTasxuTa-

si wlis win dawerili nawarmoebis SeswavliT daiwyoT da meTvramete saukuneSi Seqmnili TxzulebebiT daamTavroT. mecnierebi am camets-aukunovan periods Zvel qarTul mwerlobas uwodeben.

SeiZleba gagiCndeT kiTxva: ra saWiroa Soreul epoqebSi dawerili nawarmoebebis Seswavla, mas Semdeg xom bevri ram Seicvala? am kiTxvaze sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba pasuxis gacema. am pasuxebSi erTi ram albaT saerTo iqneba:

Tuki adamians unda sakuTari Tavi Seimecnos, igi gverds ver auvlis Tavisi qveynis kulturas, radgan nebismieri adamiani Tavisi qveynis kulturis organuli nawilia. sakuTari Tavis Seswavlis saqmeSi ki literaturaze ukeTes wyaros veravin ipovis.

asea imitom, rom mwerloba, pirvel rigSi, adamianis mxatvrulad ga-azrebuli istoriaa. adamiani ki sinamdvileSi TiTqmis ar icvleba, igi yvela epoqaSi dramatuli bedis arsebaa; adamiani aTasxuTasi wlis winac iseve ganicdida, wuxda da uxaroda, rogorc dRes wuxs da uxaria.

marTalia, es kanonzomiereba, rogorc logikuri sqema, gonebiTac SeiZleba gaviazroT, magram mwerloba is fenomenia, romelsac SeuZlia es abstraqtuli sqema gaacocxlos da Soreul epoqaSi mcxovrebi ada-mianis gancdebi sakuTariviT gangvacdevinos.

garda amisa, SeiZleba zogierT iseT kiTxvazec vipovoT originalu-ri da saintereso pasuxi, rac aTasi wlis winac awuxebdaT adamianebs, dResac gvawuxebs da momavalSic Seawuxebs Cvens STamomavlobas.

magram, garda, ase vTqvaT, im zogadadamianuri Tvisebebisa, romle-bic mTel kacobriobas gvaerTianebs, aseve bevri ramaa iseTi, rac gvasx-vavebs kidec erTmaneTisgan.

mwerloba am msgavsebebsac aireklavs da gansxvavebebsac.arsebobs erTi garemoeba, romelic qarTuli literaturis dakvir-

vebul mkiTxvels ar SeiZleba TvalSi ar moxvdes: mniSvneloba ara aqvs, romel epoqaSi daweril nawarmoebs vkiTxulobT, rogoria misi avtoris msoflmxedveloba, stili, sasuliero piria igi Tu saero, hagiografia Tu romanisti, sul erTia, yvela maTganSi mkafiod igrZnoba samSoblos tragikuli bedis mtkivneuli gancda.

es mtkivneuli gancda, samwuxarod, im Soreul epoqebSi ar darCeni-la; igi dResac iseve gvawuxebs, rogorc mexuTe, meaTe an meTvramete saukuneSi awuxebdaT Cvens winaprebs.

qarTuli mwerloba amaze bevrs fiqrobs da Cvenc gvafiqrebs. es yvelaferi erTad gansazRvravs qarTuli mwerlobis rogorc

ukvdavebas, ise misi Seswavlis aucileblobasac.

5Sua saukuneebis qarTuli mwerlobaSua saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba

I Tavi

I Tavi6

b

ras niSnavs `Sua saukuneebi~ da ra unda icodeT mis Sesaxeb?es saxelwodeba dasavleT evropaSi XIV_XVI saukuneebSi e. w. humanis-

te bis wreSi gaCnda. humanizmi warmomdgaria laTinuri sityvidan `Hu-manus~, rac niSnavs adamianurs.

humanistebi umTavres faseulobad aRiarebdnen adamians da moi-Txovdnen misi Rirsebis pativiscemasa da Tavisufali ganviTarebis principis damkvidrebas. maT TavianT damsaxurebad miaCndaT is, rom aRadgines Zvel berZenTa da romaelTa literatura, mecniereba da xe-lovneba. swored aqedan warmosdga mTeli am istoriuli epoqis (XIV_XVI saukuneebis) saxelwodeba _ `aRorZineba~, sxvanairad _ `renesansi~.

humanistebis azriT, aRorZinebis (renesansis) xanis wina periodi warmoadgenda barbarosobis, umecrebisa da crumorwmuneobis batono-bis xanas. drois monakveTs antikur kulturasa da aRorZinebis epoqas Soris humanistebma `Sua saukuneebi~ uwodes. es saxelwodeba imdroi-dan SemorCa. dRes dasavleT evropaSi Sua saukuneTa dasawyisad romis imperiis dacemas (V s.), xolo dasasrulad _ Turqebis mier bizantiis dedaqalaqis konstantinepolis dapyrobas (1453 w.) an kolumbis mier amerikis aRmoCenas (1492 w.) miiCneven.

iTvleba, rom gansxvavebiT dasavleT evropisgan, istoriuli be-dukuRmarTobis gamo, Cvens qveyanaSi Sua saukuneebis periodi TiTqmis XIX saukunemde gagrZelda.

b

unda icodeT isic, rom dRevandeli mecnierebis azriT, Sua sauku-neebis miCneva sibnelisa da umecrebis xanad gaugebroba iyo. Zalian mokled es epoqa SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc qristianuli eklesiis mmarTve lobis xana. am dros viTardeba ganaTleba, iqmneba pirveli sko-lebi da universitetebi, garkveul ganviTarebas ganicdis mecnieruli azrovneba, iqmneba metad Taviseburi xelovneba da literatura. qar-Tuli mwerloba swored Sua saukuneebSi iRebs dasabams.

Sua saukuneebis xelovnebisa da literaturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebani imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom misi adekvaturad aRqma dRes erTgvar winaswar momzadebas moiTxovs.

saubari

§ I

7Sua saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba

bTqven ukve iciT, rom qarTul enaze aTasi wlis win dawerili nawar-

moebis wakiTxva raime gansakuTrebuli problemis gareSe axlac SeiZle-ba. magram wakiTxva jer kidev ar niSnavs teqstis adekvaturad gagebas.

xSirad Soreuli epoqis mwerlobis aRqmas Tanamedrove kriteriu-mebiT cdiloben xolme. am sakmaod gavrcelebulma midgomam SeiZleba Tavi iCinos Sua saukuneebis mwerlobis Seswavlis drosac, rac, buneb-ri via, xels SeuSlis mis sworad aRqmasa da Sefasebas.

yovelTvis unda gaxsovdeT, rom sxvadasxva epoqisa da sxvadasxva mwer lis sworad gageba erTi da imave kriteriumebis momarjvebiT Zali-an problematuria. Tu gindaT, rom esa Tu is nawarmoebi adekvaturad ga igoT, umjobesia, igi Tavisi epoqis konteqstSi ganixiloT.

b

gansxvavebiT Tanamedrove mwerlobisagan, Sua saukuneebis sasuli e-ro mxatvruli literaturis Seswavlisas erTi wuTiTac ar unda daga-viw ydeT, rom saqme gaqvT qristianul mwerlobasTan. es imas niSnavs, rom igi erTdroulad kidevac emyareba da Tavadac afuZnebs im faseu-lobebs, romlebsac qristianuli eklesia qadagebs. es aris misi mTavari da maxasiaTebeli niSani.

albaT ukve xvdebiT, rom am tipis literaturis sworad aRsaqmelad da dasafaseblad ara marto qristianul faseulobebze unda gqondeT war modgena, aramed isic unda icodeT, rogor mxatvrul formebs iReb-dnen es faseulobebi mwerlobaSi.

b

daimaxsovreT: Sua saukuneebSi xelovnebas hqonda ara esTetikuri tkbo bis, aramed ganswavlis funqcia. imdroindel adamianebs, pirvel rig Si, xiblavdaT ara mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebi, aramed zne-ob rivi gakveTilebi. dRevandel xelovnebaSi ki sruliad sawinaaRmdego vi Tarebaa.

Sua saukuneebis literaturis mxatvruloba sakmaod Taviseburi fenomenia. dRes winaswari momzadebis gareSe misi aRqma marTlac Zne-lia. magram, Tuki amas SeZlebT, Tqven Tvalwin gadaiSleba Soreuli epoqis Zalian saintereso samyaro: rogor cxovrobda, ras ganicdida, ras mieltvoda da ras uaryofda, risTvis swiravda sicocxles Sua saukuneebis adamiani. am saqmeSi did daxmarebas gagiwevT qristianuli mwerlobis cnobili mkvlevris revaz siraZis mcire eses gacnoba.

I Tavi8

teqsti da mkiTxveli

1. rodis da sad gaCnda saxelwodeba `Sua saukuneebi~?

2. vin iyvnen humanistebi? ra miaCndaT maT TavianT damsaxurebad? ra da ratom daerqva humanistebis mier Seqmnil epoqas?

3. romel epoqas uwodeben dRes Sua saukuneebs dasavleT evropaSi? saqarTveloSi?

4. riTi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan humanistebisa da Tanamedrove mecnierebis Sexedulebebi Sua saukuneebze?

5. rogor fiqrobT, unda mivaqcioT Tu ara yuradReba ama Tu im mwer-lis nawarmoebis kiTxvis dros, romel epoqaSia es nawarmoebi da-werili? ratom?

6. Tqveni azriT, SesaZlebelia Tu ara sxvadasxva epoqaSi dawerili nawarmoebebi erTi da imave kriteriumebis momarjvebiT sworad aRviqvaT? ratom?

7. rogor fiqrobT, ra unda gaviTvaliswinoT Sua saukuneebis mxat-vruli literaturis Seswavlisas? ras eniWeboda maSin mniSvneloba, esTetikur tkbobas Tu ganswavlas?

8. rogori viTarebaa am TvalsazrisiT Tanamedrove mwerlobaSi? pi-radad Tqven ras elodebiT xolme Tanamedrove mwerlis mier da-werili nawarmoebisgan, zneobriv gakveTilebs Tu esTetikur sia-movnebas? ratom?

9. samuSao rveulSi Tezisebis saxiT amoiwereT TqvenTvis mniS-vnelovani yvela informacia da mosazreba.

9Sua saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba

suli da xorcixelovnebisa da esTetikisaTvis1 yovelTvis mniSvnelovani iyo mo-

ZRvreba adamianze.yovel epoqas Tavisi Sexeduleba aqvs adamianze. rogoricaa adamian-

ze moZRvreba, imgvarivea esTetikac.Sua saukuneebSi Camoyalibda Taviseburi adamianTmcodneoba. am

moZRvrebis mixedviT, adamianSi ori bunebaa: sulieri da xorcieli. suliT adamiani RmerTs enaTesaveba, xorci araa RvTaebrivi, xorci sul sxvaa. amitom sulsa da xorcs Soris mudmivi brZolaa.

sulia is, rac sikeTisa da mSvenierebisken izidavs adamians, xorcieli buneba cvalebadia da warmavali. xorcieli mSveneba mdabalia sulTan SedarebiT. amiT uaryofilia Zveli warmarTuli rwmena, rom yvelaferSi RvTaebrivi suliao, uaryofilia xorcieli mSveniereba. amitom gasage-bia, rom arsad adreuli Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi, arc agiografiaSi da arc freskaze, adamianis xorcieli silamaze ar aisaxeba. aRaravin iziarebda cnobil princips: `jansaRi suli jansaR sxeulSia~.

im dros adamians mxolod sulieri bunebiT afasebdnen da mis xor-ciel bunebas ugulebelyofdnen.

cxadia, kargi iyo, rom adamiani sulieri bunebiT fasdeboda. sulier bunebaSi igulisxmeboda mxolod erTi ram _ RmerTze fiqri. yvelaze did silamazes adamians RmerTze fiqri aniWebda.

adamianis yvelaze didi ocneba iyo, damsgavseboda RmerTs. amisTvis saWiro iyo daeZlia yovelgvari codva da ukeTureba. cxadia, adamiani RmerTad ver iqceoda, magram miwyiv2 unda cdiliyo damsgavseboda mas.

raoden ucxod da Soreuladac unda gveCvenos es moTxovna, masSi SegviZlia davinaxoT mniSvnelovani mxarec. esaa adamianis TviTsrul-yofa. adamiani mowodebulia TviTaRzrdisaken da mas ara aqvs amaze maRali mizani. TviTsrulyofa, Tavisi Tavis gakeTilSobileba, aris yvelaze didi Semoqmedeba.

arCevanis TavisuflebadavukvirdeT erT friad saintereso sakiTxs: adamiani saxeao RvTisa,

es niSnavs, rom adamiani Tavisi bunebiTve esTetikuri raobaa, radgan igi did srulyofilebas ganasaxierebs. yoveli adamiani Tavis TavSi atarebs raRac kidev ufro mets, rac TviTonaa. ar iqneba marTebuli, adamianze mxolod garegnulad vimsjeloT. is rom SevicnoT, unda mivwvdeT mis suls. mTeli misi cxovreba im sulieri bunebis mxolod garegnuli anareklia….

Suasaukuneobrivi moZRvreba

revaz siraZe

1 esTetika _ berZnuli

sityvaa da niSnavs

SegrZnebas. igi Seiswavlis

mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi,

bunebasa da cxovrebaSi

arsebul mSvenier for-

maTa struqturas. yovel

epoqas Tavisi esTetika

aqvs anu yoveli epoqa

gansxvavebuli formebiT

SeigrZnobs mSveniers.

Zalze Taviseburad

aRiqvamdnen mSveniers Sua

saukuneebSic. 2 miwyiv _ mudam, yovelTvis.

adamianze

I Tavi10

kidev erTi, im droisaTvis didad gavrcelebuli esTetikuri prin-cipi aseTi iyo: xorcieli buneba, adamianis sxeuli, misi garegnoba ver avlens missave sulier bunebas. sxeulidan mxolod xelebi da Tvalebi miaCndaT sulis gamomxatvelad. adamianis xelebs etyobao sulis mo-Zraoba, xolo Tvalebi sulis sarkeao. TvalebSi Cans kacis sikeTe an boroteba. adamianis suli TvalebiT gamoanaTebs sxeulidano.

sikeTe adamianisa yvelaze metad fasobs, TviT angelozTa sikeTeze metadac ki, radgan amqveynad mxolod adamiansa aqvs miniWebuli nebis Tavisufleba. es ki niSnavs, rom adamians SeuZlia iyos an ar iyos ke-Tili. angelozs ar SeuZlia iyos boroti, iseve rogorc bunebas ara aqvs nebis Tavisufleba da ver asxvavebs keTilsa da borots, ar ZaluZs garCeva arc erTisa da arc meorisa. buneba Tavisi Tavis monaa. adamiani ki aris mona mxolod RvTisa. RmerTma mas Tavisufleba uboZa. adamiani TviT irCevs keTilsa da borots.

arsebobs adamianis oTxi umTavresi Rirseba: sikeTe, sibrZne, si-yvaruli da mSveniereba. maTgan umaRlesia sikeTe. araferi ar fasobs uimisod, arc sibrZne, arc siyvaruli da arc mSveniereba.

sikeTea qvelmoqmedeba1 sazRauris gareSe. am mxriv ar arsebobs didi da mcire sikeTe. visac ra ZaluZs, im sikeTes unda Tesavdes uangarod. adamianis umaRlesi Rirsebaa TviTmiznurad eswrafodes sikeTes. es, marTlacda, rCeulTa xvedria. Tumca adamians yovelTvis rodi ZaluZs akeTebdes sikeTes da mas TiTqosda aqvs Tavis marTlebis safuZvelic, radgan cxovreba Zalze xSirad aviwyebs kacs, ifiqros sikeTeze. magram rogorc ki iwyeba daTmoba, iwyeba adamianis dacemac.

adamiani ver hpovebs bednierebas verarigad, Tu ara sikeTeSi. si-lamazec ar arsebobs sikeTis gareSe. mSvenierebis upirvelesi niSani sikeTea. mSveniereba aris saxeobrivad mowodebuli sikeTe.

maSindeli SexedulebiT, sikeTiT aRbeWdili saxe ufro did mSve-nierebad iTvleboda, vidre kekluci silamaze. silamaze TavisTavad sikeTe ki araa, sikeTis Semcveli silamazea mimzidveli.

zemoTqmulidan ukve Cans, rom Sua saukuneebis esTetika mWidrod ukavSirdeba moZRvrebas sikeTeze, anu eTikas2. SeiZleba romelime mwe-rali an filosofosi ise ganixilavdes sikeTes, rom mSveniereba arc ki axsenos, magram aq ukve mSveniereba ueWvelad igulisxmeba. aseve, sadac saubaria mSvenierebaze, iqve sikeTecaa sagulvebeli.

bedniereba tanjvis gziTadamianma TviT tanjvaSi silamaze dainaxa. bedniereba tanjvis gziT,

_ aseTia am silamazis safuZveli. gaaRmerTes tanjuli da damcirebu-li, jvarcmuli RmerTi. idealia tanjvasTan Serigeba.

metad Taviseburi iyo fsiqologia am Serigebisa. yvelaferi rom ufro naTeli iyos, gavixsenoT cnobili antikuri qandakeba `laokooni~3 da SevadaroT igi qristian tanjulTa saxeebs, magaliTad, ticianis4 wm. sebastianes5 an qristes jvarcmebs(ix. gv.15;17.). am ukanasknelT Sinaga-nad gawonasworebuli saxeebi aqvT. TiTqos arc ki grZnoben sxeulis

1 qvelmoqmedeba _ kerZo

pirebis mier materialu-

ri daxmarebis gaweva

Raribebi saT vis.

2 eTika _ moZRvreba mora-

lis, zneobis Sesaxeb.

3 `laokooni~ _ igulisxmeba

ro doseli ostatebis

cnobili namuSevari,

romelic 1506 wels

gaTxrebis dros aR-

moaCines romSi. amJamad

ina xeba vatikanSi.1 ticiani (1490_1576),

aRor Zi ne bis xanis italieli mxat vari.

2 wm. sebastiane _ III saukunis qris tiani wmindani, roma e li le-gioneri. Tavisi rwme nis ga mo imperator di-okleti anes brZanebiT Seipyres, qa laq gareT ga iy vanes, xeze mi abes da isrebi dauSines, mag ram cocxali ga-darCa. gan kurnebis Sem-deg kvlav ga moc xadda imperatorTan. am jerad Caqoles. ticianis ti loze wm. sebasti-ane gamo sa xulia xeze mibmuli da da is ruli.

11Sua saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba

tanjvas, ise gamsWvalulan sulieri bednierebis imediT. TiTqos raRac did saidumlos, did sibrZnes miagnes. saxe maTi avsilia naTliT. suli gamarjvebulia sxeulze. aseTia qristianuli tragizmis esTetika.

antikur qandakebebze (`laokooni~ iqneba Tu sxva) tanjvasTan Seu-rigeblobaa. tanjvis autanlobas ufro amovikiTxavT gmirTa saxeebze, vidre masTan Serigebas. vxedavT, Tu rogor uWirs kacis suls, roca xorci itanjeba, Tanac, roca itanjeba srulyofili, mSvenieri sxeuli. aq sikvdilTan Serigeba xdeba misi garduvalobis SegnebiT, qristiano-baSi ki es xorcieldeba momavali, imqveyniuri cxovrebis imediT. ase didad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan tragizmis antikuri da qristianuli gageba.

sinanuli da sixarulira aris WeSmariti bedniereba?yoveli epoqa am kiTxvas Taviseburad upasuxebs. xan brZolaSi xe-

daven bednierebas da xan simSvideSi, xan sibrZnis siyvarulSi da xanac SromaSi….

Sua saukuneebSi umaRles amqveyniur bednierebad iTvleboda sakuTa-ri adamianuri naklisa da codvaTa Segneba, sinanuli sakuTar naklova-nebaTa gamo. aseTi iyo gza TviTsrulyofisa, TviTganviTarebisa. es ki gulisxmobda moralur amaRlebas. vinc igrZnobda, rom man WeSmaritad Seigno Tavisi naklovanebani, Tavi bednierad miaCnda. es iyo sakmaod rTuli grZnoba. erTmaneTs erwymoda sinanuli da sixaruli.

aseTi ormxrivi ganwyoba Cans imdroindeli freskebis saxeebidan. es ki adamians sulier mSvenierebas aniWebda.

drom Tan waiRo warmarTuli Tavisufleba.Sua saukuneTa adamianma bevri axleburi akrZalva daiwesa. am drois

idealia TavSekaveba da daTmoba. sulieri cxovreba SeuZlebeliao xorciel cxovrebasTan erTad. daikarga rwmena, rom yoveldRiur yo-faSi CarTul adamians SeeZlos maRali sulieri interesebiT cxovreba. dadga didi molodinis xana.

Sua saukuneebi da renesansi1

Sua saukuneebma safiqralad is gaixada, riTac adamiani sustia amqveynad, xolo renesansma _ riTac is Zlieria.

Sua saukuneebSi adamianma uaryo bevri ram adamianuri, TiTqos imis-Tvis, raTa renesansis xanaSi erTbaSad miscemoda yovelive amqveyniu-riT tkbobas.

Sua saukuneebSi Tavisufleba principebisadmi ukidures morCilebaSi dainaxes.

abstraqtuli monumentalizmitaZari rom aRimarTeboda, misi foni iyo ca da dedamiwa. taZari

TiTqosda maTi SemaerTebelia. freska rom ixateboda, misi foni iyo Tavad es taZari da kedelze sagulisxmebeli zeciuri sivrce. mwer-

1 renesansis (sxvanairad aRor Zinebis) Sesaxeb ukve gaqvT gar kveuli in for ma cia. renesansi fran gu li sityvaa da aR niSnavs XIV_XVI ss. drois pe ri ods. igi uSualod moh yve ba Sua saukuneebs. da sav-leT evropaSi (pirve-lad italiaSi) am dros Cnde ba gan sakuTrebuli in teresi ada mianisa da mi si moRva weobisadmi. amieridan adamiani, misi pirovneba, Rirseba da Tavisufleba, misi aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba ganixileba rogorc umaR lesi faseuloba da um Tavresi kriteriumi, romliTac fasdeba yovelive dan-arCeni. iwyeba mecnier-ebisa da xelovnebis ayvaveba, daintereseba antikuri kulturiT. am periodSi xdeba didi geografiuli aRmoCe ne bi, mkvidrdeba kopernikis he liocentruli siste ma, ro melmac Zireulad Sec-va la adamianTa warmod-ge nebi de damiwaze da mis ad gil ze am samyaroSi.

I Tavi12

VIII saukunis jvarcma, sinas mTa

13Sua saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba

ticiani, jvarcma (detali), XVI saukune

I Tavi14

lobaSi adamiani warmodgenilia rogorc mTeli didi istoriis mo-nawile, sulierad Tanaziari mTeli adamianobisa, misi warsulisac da momavlisac.

gamoxatvis aseT princips abstraqtuli monumentalizmi hqvia. saxee-bi monumenturia, diadi da STambeWdavi. amasTanave, isini sakmaod zo-gadi da ganyenebuli, anu abstraqtulni arian. amitomac ewoda amas abstraqtuli monumentalizmi.

arasodes ise ar afiqrebdaT usazRvroeba da sazRvruli, usasru-loba da sasruli, rogorc im epoqaSi. galaktionis sityvebi _ `suls swyuria sazRvari, rogorc usazRvroeba~, _ is Zveli fiqria Cvenamde moRweuli. adamianis sicocxle warmavalia, warmavalia misi mSveneba, rogor eziaros is maradiulobas? amaze fiqriT iwyeboda da mTavrde-boda Semoqmedeba, egeve iyo esTetikuri naazrevis safuZveli.

teqsti da mkiTxveli

1. rogori Sexeduleba Camoyalibda adamianze Sua saukuneebSi?

2. ratom Tvlidnen Sua saukuneebSi, rom sulsa da xorcs Soris mud-mivi brZolaa gaCaRebuli?

3. eses mixedviT, ra izidavs adamians sikeTisa da mSvenierebisaken, suli Tu xorci?

4. ratom ar aisaxeboda adamianis xorcieli silamaze adreuli Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi?

5. ra iyo im drois adamianis yvelaze didi ocneba?

6. adamianis sxeulis romeli nawilebi iTvleboda sulis gamomxatve-lad?

7. ratom fasobda adamianis sikeTe TviT angelozTa sikeTeze metadac ki?

8. CamoTvaleT adamianis oTxi umTavresi Rirseba. maTgan romeli iTv-leboda umaRles Rirsebad? eTanxmebiT Tu ara am Sexedulebas? ratom?

15Sua saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba

1. revaz siraZe wers: `adamiani mowodebulia TviTaRzrdisaken da mas ara aqvs amaze maRali mizani. TviTsrulyofa, Tavisi Tavis ga-keTilSobileba, aris yvelaze didi Semoqmedeba…~

Tqveni azriT, naTqvami mxolod Sua saukuneebis adamians exeba Tu Tanamedrove epoqasac ukavSirdeba? imsjeleT am sakiTxze.

2. marTebulad miaCndaT Tu ara Sua saukuneebSi adamianze mxolod garegnobis mixedviT msjeloba? am TvalsazrisiT, ra ufro mniS-vnelovnad iTvleboda, suli Tu xorci? rogoria am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT piradad Tqveni azri?

3. eses avtoris TqmiT, `maSindeli SexedulebiT, sikeTiT aRbeWdili saxe ufro did mSvenierebad iTvleboda, vidre kekluci silamaze. silamaze TavisTavad sikeTe ki araa, sikeTis Semcveli silamazea mimzidveli~.

Tqveni azriT, dRes rogori Sexeduleba arsebobs am sakiTxze, analogiuri Tu gansxvavebuli? rogoria Tqveni piradi Tvalsaz-risi? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

4. imsjeleT, rogor dainaxa Sua saukuneebis adamianma silamaze tan-jvaSi? Tqveni azriT, dResac arsebobs Tu ara amgvari xedva?

5. kidev erTxel daazusteT teqstSi, riTi gansxvavdeboda erT-maneTisgan tragizmis antikuri da qristianuli gageba. Tqveni az-riT, Cveni epoqisTvis romeli poziciaa ufro gasagebi da misaRebi? piradad TqvenTvis? SeecadeT, pasuxi daasabuToT. davaleba Seas-ru leT werilobiT.

analitikuri komentari

jvari. iSxani X saukune. ucnobi avtori.

I Tavi16

1. Sua saukuneebis adamianis ideali iyo tanjvasTan Serigeba, magram, rogor tanjvasTan, iZulebiTTan Tu nebayoflobiTTan? an iqneb orivesTan? ras ityviT amis Taobaze?

2. ra iTvleboda maSin umaRles amqveyniur bednierebad? dRes?

3. eklesiaSi albaT yvela Tqvengani yofila da freskebisTvisac Seu-vlia Tvali. SeiZleba aqamde ar dakvirvebixarT, magram amjerad Tqveni amocanaa: saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili renesansis epo-qis italieli ostatis mier Sesrulebuli namuSevris reproduqcia SeadaroT renesansamdel freskas (ix. gv. 12;13). gansxvaveba imdenad TvalSisacemia, rom SemCneva ar gagiWirdebaT. es gansxvavebebi samuSao rveulSi CainiSneT. dafiqrdiT, ras SeiZleba gamoewvia aseTi Tvalsa-Cino gansxvaveba? (imedia, ar ifiqrebT, rom Sua saukuneebSi xatva ar icodnen da mxolod renesansis epoqis mxatvrebma iswavles adamianis sxeulis realisturad gamosaxva. es Tavidanve gamoricxeT.)

am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad gTavazobT sam citats revaz siraZis esedan. kargad gaiazreT SemoTavazebuli mosazrebebi da mxolod amis Semdeg CamoayalibeT Tqveni pasuxi.

▪ `xorcieli mSveneba mdabalia sulTan SedarebiT. amiT uaryo-filia Zveli warmarTuli rwmena, rom yvelaferSi RvTaebrivi suliao, uaryofilia xorcieli mSveniereba. amitom gasagebia, rom arsad, adreuli Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi, arc agiogra-fiaSi da arc freskaze, adamianis xorcieli silamaze ar aisax-eba. aRaravin iziarebda cnobil princips: `jansaRi suli jansaR sxeulSia~.

▪ `xorcieli buneba, adamianis sxeuli, misi garegnoba ver avlens missave sulier bunebas. sxeulidan mxolod xelebi da Tvalebi miaCndaT sulis gamomxatvelad. adamianis xelebs etyobao sulis moZraoba, xolo Tvalebi sulis sarkeao. TvalebSi Cans kacis sikeTe an boroteba. adamianis suli TvalebiT gamoanaTebs sxeu-li dano…~

▪ `Sua saukuneebma safiqralad is gaixada, riTac adamiani sustia amqveynad, xolo renesansma _ riTac is Zlieria.

Sua saukuneebSi adamianma uaryo bevri ram adamianuri, TiTqos, imisTvis, raTa renesansis xanaSi erTbaSad miscemoda yovelive amqveyniuriT tkbobas~.

interpretacia

17Sua saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba

sadiskusiod gTavazobT or sakiTxs:

1. gaixseneT, ras niSnavs qvelmoqmedeba. Sua saukuneebSi sikeTed iTv-leboda qvel moqmedeba sazRauris gareSe. xolo umaRles Rirsebad _ TviT miznuri swrafva sikeTisaken. ras fiqrobT amis Taobaze? saerTod, Se saZleblad geCvenebaT Tu ara qvelmoqmedeba sazRau-ris molodinis gareSe? icnobT iseT adamians, romelic, Tqveni az-riT, TviTmiznurad miis waf vis sikeTisaken?

2. eses avtoris TqmiT, `drom Tan waiRo warmarTuli Tavisufleba. Sua sau ku neTa adamianma bevri axleburi akrZalva daiwesa. am drois idealia TavSekaveba da daTmoba. sulieri cxovreba SeuZlebeliao xorciel cxovrebas Tan erTad. daikarga rwmena, rom yoveldRiur yofaSi CarTul adamians Se eZlos maRali sulieri interesebiT cxovreba~.

Tqveni azriT, romel TvalsazrisTan ufro axlo dgas Cveni epoqa _ war mar TulTan Tu SuasaukuneobrivTan? ratom?

diskusia

ticiani, `wm. sebastiane~

laokooni