NS4-02_Earth Materials and Processes(part2)

8/7/2019 NS4-02_Earth Materials and Processes(part2)

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Unifying theory of geology

All geological features and processes arerelated

Concepts were drawn together in 1968

Processes associated with the origin,movement, and destruction of the

lithospheric plates


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Motion of earths lithosphere

Lithosphere is made up of moderatelyrigid plates (may consist of oceanicor continental lithosphere)

= 7 major plates + several smallerplates


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pulling apart divergent

crashing convergentsliding transform


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Places where platescrash into each other

(oceanic continental)


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Places where plates crashinto each other

(continental continental)


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Places where platescrash into each other

(oceanic oceanic)


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Places where plates arebeing pulled awayfrom each other


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Places where plates slidepast each other


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In spite of the overwhelming evidence tosupport the ideas of Plate Tectonics, someskeptics refuse to accept it.

Why?

What causes the plates to move?


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Convection currents

Hot materials rise,cold materials sink


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a. Two-layer convection separated at depth of 660 kilometersb. Whole-mantle convection entire 2900-km mantle


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Slab-pull


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Hot spots provide a frame of reference fortracing the direction of plate motion


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relatively small, long-lasting, and exceptionally hot regions which exist belowthe plates; provide localized sources of high heat energy (thermal plumes)tosustain volcanism


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Global Positioning System

~7 cm/year

~9 cm/year


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Manila Trench

Philippine TrenchNegros Trench

Sulu Trench

Cotabato Trench

East Luzon Trough


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Babuyan Claro

Taal

Canlaon


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A naturally-occurring aggregate of one ormore minerals; may or may not containmineraloids, natural glass and organic

matter.

Types of rocks vary based on composition,color, texture, structures, etc.


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Igneous rocks formed from solidification of magma

extrusive if they crystallize on the surface of theearth and intrusive if beneath the surface

Sedimentary rocks Formed when sediments are transported, deposited

and then lithified by natural mechanisms

Metamorphic rocks Formed from preexisting rock by the effects of

heat, pressure and chemically active fluids beneaththe earths surface


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Group of processesthat produceigneous,

metamorphic andsedimentary rocks.


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The rock cycle is linked to other subcycles: Tectonic cycle for heat and energy

Biogeochemical cycle for materials

Hydrologic cycle for water used inprocesses of weathering, erosion,transportation, deposition and

lithification of sediments


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Circulation ofwater from theoceans to theatmosphere andback to theoceans by way ofprecipitation,evaporation,runoff from

streams andrivers, andgroundwater flow


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Movement of a chemical element orcompound through the various earthsystems, including atmosphere, lithosphere,biosphere and hydrosphere

Cycles include: Carbon

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Sulfur


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NS4-02_Earth Materials and Processes(part2)

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