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NPLEX Combination ReviewGastroenterology
Paul S. Anderson, ND
Medical Board Review Services
Copyright MBRS
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Stool Analysis & Procedures
Collection of Specimen• Bacterial culture
– Rectal swab or fresh (random) stool in container; must be < 4 hours old before culture.
– Perform for bacterial dysentery: (salmonella, Shigella, campylobacter jejuni, yersinia enterocolitica, clostridium difficile).
• Ova & parasites– Stool analysis (microscopic) Investigating for presence of
ova / parasites.
• Comprehensive digestive stool analysis (CDSA)– Complete stool evaluation for O & P, Bacteria, Leukocytes,
electrolytes and Osmolality.
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Analysis of Stool Sample• Frank and occult blood (> 2.8ml/d = pathologic)• Color• Culture: Symptoms include bloody diarrhea, tenesmus, travel, FUO and
stool leukocytes.• Electrolytes: Osmolality changes (Excess diarrhea).• Fat content: ABN = > 7g/d: Rule out pancreatic/biliary function.• Leukocytes: Increased=UC, Parasitosis. Decreased=cholera and viral
diarrhea.• Meat fibers: Monitor pancreatic function.• Nitrogen• Ova & parasites• Stool pH: Normal range: 6.0 –7.2;
– Alkaline may indicate antibiotic use, fungal overgrowth. – Acid indicates CHO or fat malabsorption or disaccharide def.
• Porphyrins: Component of hemolytic work-up when occult blood present.• Trypsin: Absence indicates pancreatic function.• Urobilinogen: (> 400 Ehrlich units – Evaluate for hemolytic anemia).
– Decreased levels indicate hepatobiliary disfunction• Mucous• Bile: Diminished digestive function when hepatobiliary compromise.
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Clinical Considerations • Implications
– Dependent on results; use clinical presentation to diagnose.
• Interferring factors– Sample contamination– Improper patient preparation and/or handling– Mishandled specimen
• Patient preparation and post-procedural management– Ensure patient compliance by educating patient
about procedure.
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Salivary Tests• Immunoglobulin – A
– Saliva used for s-Ig-A collection– Can detect general IgA production OR specific Ab’s for
pathogens. (Good marker of both disease presence and cure)
ALSO TESTED IN SALIVA:
• Anti-gliadin Antibodies• Hormone Evaluation
– Male and Female hormone panels
• 4 - Sample Cortisol Analysis (ASI)– Circadian Cortisol analysis
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GI Imaging:
• Ultrasound– Good for cystic masses, Aortic aneurisms, ovarian
cysts etc… quick non-radiation study.• CT
– Generally the go-to study for visualization of solid organs, masses, extraintestinal pathologies.
• WHAT ARE you ordering?– Abdominal exams generally STOP at the ASIS line –
so no pelvic contents will be seen.– If you need to visualize the area below the ASIS order
Abdominal AND Pelvic U/s or CT.
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Diagnostic Ultrasound
• GI / GU ultrasound– Performed for renal, hepatobiliary, spleen,
pancreas, abdominal aorta and IVC patterning and visualization.
– Consider in acute inflammatory and cystic lesions
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• Endoscopy– General term given to the examination and
inspection of body organ cavities by means of endoscopes.
• Laparoscopy– Intra-abdominal cavities may be visualized
by this technique in order to diagnose cysts, adhesions, fibroids, inflammatory processes and malignancies.
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Specific Endoscopy Procedures
• Anoscopy– Good for internal hemmorhoids
• Colonoscopy– “Gold Standard” for colon CA and Polyp Dx
• Sigmoidoscopy– Includes examination of the 25 cm recto-sigmoid
region using a flexible sigmoidoscope. Should be routine (3 – 5 yrs.) for individuals over 50. Study can be used to evaluate hemorrhoids, tumors, polyps, blood or mucous in stool and other bowel conditions. Used to screen for rectal CA.
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Flouroscopy• Historically, a method of “motion” X-Ray
examination (Ie. Barium Studies in motion…)
• Used both diagnostically and as placement guide for invasive procedures (injection…)
• Can operate under live fluoroscopic guidance during procedures requiring highly sensitive placement of instrumentation.
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GastrointestinalPharmacology
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GI Pharmacology Overview:• Pain:
– GERD– Ulcers– Dysbiosis– Inflammatory disease– Infection– Hemorrhoids
• Diarrhea:– Inflammatory disease– Infection
• Constipation:– Dietary troubles / hydration– GI atony
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H2 Blockers MOA Uses Adverse Effects Other
Cimetidine[Tagamet]
H-2 Blocade: Blockshistamine from activating cAMP pathway IN PARIETAL CELLS (and elsewhere).
PUD, GERD Small chemical so can cross the BBB, think of antihistamine side effectsAlso decreased libido, impotence and gynecomastia
Causes P450 system to accelerate THEN decelerate; Contraindicated with kidney or liver failure
Ranitidine[Zantac]Etc…
H-2 Blocade: Less CNS and sexual effects than Cimetidine
Less inhibition of P450 system
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Proton Pump Inhibitors
MOA Uses Adverse Effects Other
Omeprazole (Prilosec)
Lansoprazole (Prevacid)
Rabeprazole (Aciphex)
Pantoprazole (Protonix)
Esomeprazole (Nexium)
Block proton pump to inhibit H+, K+ and ATPase and blocks the formation of gastric acid
PUD, GERD
Headache, diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation, flatulence, URI, rash
Interact with drugs that require low gastric pH for absorption
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Miscellaneous MOA Uses Adverse Effects
Other
Metoclopramide [Reglan]
Stimulates motility of upper GI tract to increase rate of gastric emptying, works on the CNS
GERD, pre-op gastric emptying, nausea / vomiting with chemotherapy treatments
Diarrhea, restlessness, anxiety, fatigue, seizures, headache, drowsiness
Extrapyramidal side effects
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Muscarinic Antagonist
MOA Uses Adverse Effects Other
“Belladonna Alkaloids”
Hyoscyamine Levsin
Belladonna alkaloid (hyoscyamus)
Diarrhea
Scopolamine Act upon Muscarinic Receptors, more potent at eyes, less potent on heart, lungs and GI
Motion Sickness prevention
CNS depression. Constipation, dry mouth, N/V, drowsiness, headache
Available in transdermal application Increases digoxin levels
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AntidiarrhealOpiates
MOA Uses Adverse Effects Other
Opium Tincture [Paragoric]
Diphenoxlylate & Atropine[Lomotil]
Inhibits GI motility by binding opiate receptors and muscarinic receptors
Diarrhea Constipation, abdominal pain or distention, nausea
Many side effects and drug-drug interactions
Loperamide[Imodium]
Acts directly on intestinal muscles to inhibit peristalsis and prolong transit time
Diarrhea Constipation, dry mouth, abdominal pain, distention, skin rash
Hepatotoxic at high doses
MiscellaneousAntidiarrheal
MOA Uses Adverse Effects Other
Hyoscyamine[Levsin]
Belladonna alkaloid (hyoscyamus)
Diarrhea Decreased sweating, GI motility, salivary gastric and bronchial secretion. Pupillary diliation, vision changes
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Digestive Aids
MOA Uses Adverse Effects Other
HCL Restore gastric acidity
Hypochlorhydria
OD will damage esophageal and stomach epithelium
Digestive Enzymes Pancrease…
Improve food digestion
Pancreatic insufficiency, maldigestion, inflammation
Bile Salts Ursodiol
Bile Acid that probably suppresses hepatic cholesterol release into the biliary tract, slowly solublizing NON Ca++ Bile Stones.
CholelithiasisSurgical alternative
Nausea, diarrhea, acute cholecystitis, colic
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Anti Nausea
Prochlorperazine
[Compazine]
Chlorpromazine
[Thorazine]
Anti-DOPA Antiemetic Extrapyramidal Side Effects!
Ondansetron
[Zofran]
Dola / Alo / Granisetron
5-HT-3 Antagonist
Antiemetic CNS effect
Increase AST / ALT
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Stool Softeners
MOA Uses Adverse Effects Other
Docusate[Colace]
Reduced surface tension of the oil-water interface of stool to soften it.
Constipation Electrolyte imbalance with excessive use, decreases coumadin effect
TOXIC with concomitant mineral oil use.
Saline[Milk of Magnesia]
Draws water into lumen
Constipation, pre-op
Abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Short term treatment only
Bulk Forming Agents
MOA Uses Adverse Effects Other
Psyllium [Metamucil]
Guar Gum[BeneFiber]
Swells in water to form gel or viscous solution, softening the stool
Constipation Flatulence, may cause impaction
Slower acting 1-3 days
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Cathartics MOA Uses Adverse Effects Other
Castor oil
Senna
Cascara
Prunes
Stimulate intestinal mucosa by irritating mucosal lining
Constipation Nausea, vomiting, cramps, anorexia
Bisacodyl[Ducolax]
Increases water and electrolytes to increase motility
Constipation Diarrhea Do not mix with milk or antacids because it can prematurely dilute the enteric coating of the tablet
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Note:
The wise physician will own a copy of:
Diagnosis of the Acute Abdomen
By Sir Zachary Cope
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Referred Pain Patterns• Stomach - 5th Rib (Left) - to - Mid Lumbar Region, Midline to Left Lateral
Border : Dorsal & Ventral Epigastric area
• Liver - Same position as Stomach on Right half of Body. Dorsal and Ventral. Right Scapula.
• Gallbladder - Murphy's Point, Right Upper Quadrant, Right Scapula
• Appendix – McBurney’s Point, Right Lower Quadrant, Right Dorsal Flank, Celiac area
• Colon, Small Intestine - Celiac, Local area of Large Intestine
• Rectum - Suprapubic area, Sacral area
• Kidneys - Costovertebral Area, Bilateral Dorsal Flanks, Right & Left Dorsal Iliac Crests
• Ureters - Left Inferior Iliac Crest, Left Inguinal Area, Left Labia/Testicle
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Differential Diagnosis
Generalized Abdominal Pain
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Initial pain is often remote!
• API (appendicitis) pain may start high
• Transverse colon pain may start low
Initial API pain
Initial Transverse Colon Pain
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Central / Celiac pain
• Acute / Early API• Acute small bowel
obstruction• Acute gastritis• Acute pancreatitis
– May also be Epigastric
• Acute intestinal colic
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RUQ / Right Hypochondrium
• Pleuritic pain• Acute API (high organ)• Acute cholecystitis• Leaking duodenal ulcer• Subphrenic abscess
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LUQ / Left Hypochondrium
• Subphrenic abscess• Perforated gastric ulcer• Jejunal diverticulitis• Spleen
– Pain– Rupture– Artery aneurysm
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Right iliac pain
• Major:– API– Crohn’s– Mesenteric Adenitis– Leaking duodenal ulcer
• Less Common:– Cholecystitis (low GB)– Biliary peritonitis– Acute pancreatitis– Inflammed Meckel’s
diverticulum
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Left iliac pain
• DIVERTICULITIS• Peritonitis (spreading)• Pericolitis (around colon
cancer)
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Flank & Left Inguinal / Iliac pain
• Black:– Ureteric pain– Can be either
side
• Grey:– Kidney pain
1
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Posterior pain patterns
1. Perforated duodenal ulcer
2. Biliary colic
3. Acute Pancreatitis / Renal colic
4. Uterine / Rectal pain
5. Colon pain
Left Right1
2
3
4
5 5 5
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Chest Pain• Esophageal spasm
• May mimic MI or angina; may respond to nitrates or calcium-channel blockers
• Gastritis/esophagitis• Burning chest pain
• Anxiety and hyperventilation• May have chest pain, SOB, feeling as though will die
• Acute MI• Substernal pressure with radiation to arms, neck, jaw,
dyspnea, diaphoresis; occurs with exertion• Musculoskeletal
• Usually tender over specific point that reproduces pain
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Chest Pain• Pericarditis
• Pleuritic, radiates to shoulder, worse when lying down, better sitting up; may have a rub
• Pneumonia• Generally have associated cough, fever
• Pulmonary embolism• Sudden onset, respirophasic (pleuritic in
nature), dyspnea• Thoracic aortic aneurysm
• Sudden-onset tearing pain radiating to back, arms, jaw, neck
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Esophageal Disorders
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Achalasia
Motility disorder of the esophagus secondary to the loss of neurons from the mesenteric plexusLower esophageal sphincter (LES) fails to relax with swallowing, and LES pressures become elevated
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Esophagus Spasm
Sometimes drinking very cold liquids or eating ice cream will make dysphagia worse. This is very suggestive of esophageal spasm, but it is not invariably present.
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Esophagus Reflux
DiagnosisBy history
Esophagoscopy will show esophagitis. Barium swallow may show reflux from stomach to esophagus
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Peptic Ulcer Disease • Gastric Ulcer
– 25% of all PUD– Male = Female– H.pylori ~ 75% of cases
• Blood type A / NSAIDS / Smoking / Bile reflux– Lesser curvature (Gr. Curvature Incr. CA risk)– Complications: Perforation / Bleeding.– Burning epigastric pain post-eating. Pain WORSE with food intake
better antacid/milk/fish
• Duodenal Ulcer– 75% of all PUD– Male/ Female 2:1– Burning epigastric pain, 1-3 hours after eating, better EATING,
Antacids.– H.pylori >90% of cases
• Blood group O / Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
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Pancreatitis
Etiology: many but two most commonAlcohol and gallstones (>90%)
Symptoms:Epigastric sharp to boring pain w/ ½ patients having radiation to backAlleviated by sitting up or fetal positionAggravated by movementAssoc w/ nausea, vomiting and anorexia
Diagnosis: confirmed byLab: elevated amylase and lipaseAbdominal x-ray vs CT scan
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Cholelithiasis
SymptomsNausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, RUQ tendernessVariable fever, leukocytosis, mild elevation of bilirubin, elevated alkaline phosphatase
Physical Exam and LabMurphy’s sign may be presentInvoluntary guarding of right-sided abdominal musclesUltrasound
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Cholecystitis
Acute inflammation of the gallbladder wall95% of those with cholecystitis will have cholelithiasisSymptoms
Similar to biliary colic (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, RUQ tenderness) Variable fever, leukocytosis, mild elevation of bilirubin, elevated alkaline phosphataseAmylase elevation suggests (but does not confirm) gallstone pancreatitis
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Bilirubin • If total bili is elevated check direct - indirect• Indirect / Unconjugated
– “Pre-hepatic” elevated in hemolytic conditions, or Glbert’ syndrome.
– Think poor glucuronidation or excessive RBC lysis.– The glucuronidation patheay is also slowed by:
• Toxic mushrooms• Acute Hepatitis• Acetaminophen toxicity
• Direct / Conjugated– Hepatocellular disease (normally with increased
ALT)– Biliary obstruction (Often with increased Amylase)
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HepatitisClassified into acute hepatitis (self-limited liver injury of <6 months) and chronic hepatitis (hepatic inflammation >6 months)Signs and Symptoms
Fever, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, vague RUQ abdominal pain, jaundice, headache, myalgia and/or arthralgiaSmokers may find tobacco tastes badPronounced elevation of liver enzymes in acute hepatitis and variable increase with chronic disease
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HEPATITIS• Hepatitis A (RNA)
– Fecal-Oral transmission, abrupt onset. 15-50 day incubation. Low mortality, no carrier state.
• Hepatitis B (DNA, only one)– Parenteral / sexual transmission. – Insidious onset, primary mortality 1-2 %.
• Incubation 10-12 weks, followed by fever, fatigue, nausea,and jaundice with heptaomegaly – Associated with primary hepatocellular carcinoma, and cirrhosis.
• Hepatitis C (RNA)– Same profile as HepB– More of a slow, chronic course in most– Parenteral transmission, sexual transmission is questionable (for boards purpose)– Very high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma
• Hepatitis E (RNA)– Fecal – Oral transmission– Not found in US: Endemic to Mexico, Africa, Indochinese subcontinent– Incubation period: Average 40 days
• Range 15-60 days– Case-fatality rate: Overall, 1%-3%
• Pregnant women, 15%-25%– Illness severity Increased with age – Chronic sequelae: None identified
• Hepatitis D (RNA)– Parenteral / Sexual transmission. Co-infection with HepB ALWAYS. Deadly.
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Feature Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C
SerologicDiagnosis
IgMAnti-HA
HBsAg Anti-HCV
Transmission
Fecal-Oral Blood Blood
ChronicProgressi
on
None Occasional (5% to 10%)
Frequent (65% to 85%)
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Hepatitis C
Accounts for 20% to 40% of acute hepatitis in the United States75% of those infected develop chronic disease with chronically elevated ALT (2-8 fold normal)20% of patients eventually develop cirrhosisMany patients with hepatitis C have a history of intravenous drug abuseDiagnosis: based on elevated Anti-HCV Ig or PCR.
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Cirrhosis
Signs and Symptoms• Weakness, anorexia, malaise, and weight loss• Jaundice and pruritus• Palpable, firm liver with a blunt edge is typical
DiagnosisDecreased serum albumin and a prolonged prothrombin time directly reflect impaired hepatic functionCT to evaluate liver size and textureUS for organomegaly
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Ascites
Ascites is a pathologic accumulation of serous fluid within the abdomenThink: Intra-abdominal masses, Liver diseaseSigns and Symptoms
Percussion of the flanks helps reveals dullnessFluid will shift upon rotating the patient in the right or left lateral positionsShifting dullness indicates the presence of at least 1.5 liters of ascites
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Anorectal Disorders
Hemorrhoids Dilated vein within the anal canal and distal rectum.
Internal hemorrhoids are derived from the internal hemorrhoidal plexus above the dentate line and are covered by rectal mucosa.
External hemorrhoids are derived from the external hemorrhoidal plexus below the dentate line and are covered by stratified squamous epithelium.
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Abscess
Obstruction of the anal glands, leading to infection and abscess formation
In its early stage the infection is called cryptitis
Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, streptococci, staphylococci
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Fissure
Classical symptoms
Pain and bleeding with a bowel movement
Pain may persist for many hours after a bowel movement
The fissure is caused by a tear in the lining of the anal skinUsually heal in 2 to 4 weeks
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Fistula
A tube like tract with one opening in the anal canal and the other usually in the perianal skin.(Merck)Etiology:
Drainage of a perirectal abscessmild infection burrowing to the skin and bursting like a pimpleUsually begin in the anal-rectal crypts but sometimes result from
trauma diverticulitis neoplasm
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Gastric Cancer
Adenocarcinoma 95% of casesThe chance of getting stomach cancer is higher if the patient:
has had an infection of the stomach caused by Helicobacter pyloriis olderis malesmokes cigarettesfrequently eats a diet that includes lots of dry, salted foods
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Gastric Cancer (Symptoms)
Unintended weight loss and lack of appetite Abdominal pain Vague discomfort in the abdomenA sense of fullness in the upper abdomenHeartburn, indigestion, or ulcer-type symptoms Nausea Vomiting, with or without blood Swelling of the abdomen due to accumulation of fluid and cancer cells
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Liver Cancer
• The majority of malignant tumors prove to be metastatic rather than primary.
• Hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with cirrhosis in 50% to 80% of patients
• Hepatitis B infection and hepatitis C infection appear to be significant causes of hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide
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Pancreatic CancerAdenocarcinomas of the exocrine pancreas arise from duct cells nine times more often than from acinar cells; 80% occur in the head of the glandWhen cancer of the pancreas spreads metastasizes outside the pancreas, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodesIf the cancer has reached these nodes, it means that cancer cells may have spread to other lymph nodes or other tissues, such as the liver or lungsSometimes cancer of the pancreas spreads to the peritoneum, the tissue that lines the abdomen
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Pancreatic CancerDiagnosis
Routine laboratory tests are often normal.,
Alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin may be increased if bile duct obstruction or liver metastases are present.
Hyperglycemia occurs in 25 to 50% of patients (secondary or DM)
CT more sensitive than MRI
Prognosis: Overall 5-yr survival is < 2%
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Colon Cancer
Tumors can develop anywhere in the colon or rectumA benign growth, called a polyp, may start to grow on the wall of the colon or rectumColorectal polyps can become cancerous
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Colon Cancer
Risk Factors Over 50 years of ageHistory of polyps in the colonUlcerative colitisCrohn's diseaseFamily history of colon cancer or familial polyposis syndromeA diet high in fat and low in fiberSmokingAlcoholic beveragesInactive lifestyle
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ACS Guidelines 2007 - Colorectal
• Beginning at age 50, both men and women should follow 1 of these 5 testing schedules: – yearly fecal occult blood test (FOBT)* or fecal immunochemical test (FIT) – flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years – yearly FOBT* or FIT, plus flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years** – double-contrast barium enema every 5 years – colonoscopy every 10 years
• *For FOBT, the take-home multiple sample method should be used. **The combination of yearly FOBT or FIT flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years is preferred over either of these options alone.
• All positive tests should be followed up with colonoscopy. • People should talk to their doctor about starting colorectal cancer screening
earlier and/or undergoing screening more often if they have any of the following colorectal cancer risk factors: – a personal history of colorectal cancer or adenomatous polyps – a strong family history of colorectal cancer or polyps (cancer or polyps in a first-
degree relative [parent, sibling, or child] younger than 60 or in 2 first-degree relatives of any age)
– a personal history of chronic inflammatory bowel disease – a family history of an hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome (familial
adenomatous polyposis or hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer)
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Colon Cancer
Screening Age 40
digital rectal exam at your annual check-up
Age 50annual fecal occult blood testsigmoidoscopy exam every 3 to 5 yearsIf polyps are found during a sigmoidoscopy, a colonoscopy examination should be performed
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Colon Cancer
Signs and SymptomsWarning signs to watch for include: a change in usual bowel habits, (constipation, diarrhea or both) stools that are narrower than usual blood in or on the stool general stomach discomfort, such as bloating, fullness and/or cramps frequent gas pains a feeling that the bowel does not empty completely weight loss with no known reason, and constant tiredness
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Bacterial Gastroenteritis
CholeraCausative organism, Vibrio choleraeStarts with vague abdominal fullness followed by cold hands and feet, light headedness, rapidly progressing effortless vomiting, massive painless watery purging, leg muscle cramps, and urine shutdown
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Bacterial Gastroenteritis
Escherichia Coil EnteritisWater or fecal/oral spread24-72 hour incubation periodEnterotoxin causes diarrheaUsually non-bloody unless caused by enterohemorrhagic strain type O157:H7
DiagnosisCulture
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Food Poisoning
• More Rapid onset (1 – 8 hours post-ingestion) think Staph
• Longer onset (12-24 hours) think Salmonella / Vibrio …
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Food Poisoning
StaphylococcalCramps, vomiting, diarrhea mild, occasional feverOnset is 1-2 hours and symptoms last from 5-8 hours to daysSource: meat type foodsDiagnosis: stool microscopy for gram-positive cocci
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Food PoisoningBotulism (Clostridium botulinum)
Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea
Home canned foods, fish
Neurological symptoms in later phase
Neurologic symptoms: bilateral and symmetric, beginning with the cranial nerves and followed by descending weakness or paralysis
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Bacterial GastroenteritisClostridium perfringens
Meat (Usually meats cooked and cooled)Duration: 24 hoursSymptoms: Watery diarrhea, nausea, crampsvomiting rareDiagnosis: history, toxin or organisms in the feces, or serology.
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Bacterial GastroenteritisSource Symptoms
Salmonella
EggsPoultry
Diarrhea with blood, crampsOccasional sepsis
Shigella Poor hygiene, person to person
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea with progression to invasive diarrhea (heme positive stool)Neurologic symptoms, including seizures in young patients
Modified from University of Iowa Virtual Hospital; Gastroenterology And Hepatology: Table 5-2, 2002
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Protozoal GastroenteritisSource Symptoms
Giardiasis
Water from animal feces
diarrhea, foul, greasy stools, abdominal cramps, bloating, increased gas, weakness, and weight loss
Cryptosporidiosis
Contaminated water
profuse watery diarrhea, abdominal cramping, and, less commonly, nausea, anorexia, fever, and malaise
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Crohn’s (Regional Enteritis)Primarily affects distal ileum and colon but can be present anywhere in GITransmural inflammatory process; may have areas of normal intestine with affected sections (skip lesions)Signs and Symptoms: diarrhea, RLQ abdominal pain, fever, fatigue and bowel obstruction
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Irritable Bowel SyndromeLong history of chronic or intermittent diarrhea
which usually starts before age 50 and is exacerbated by anxiety or stressDiarrhea is often worse in the morning and after mealsPatients may complain of incomplete evacuation, distention, passage of mucus, or associated abdominal, pelvic, and back pain
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Ulcerative Colitis
Used with permission from Michael P. Buetow, M.D., 2002
Ulcerative Colitis: is an inflammatory bowel disease similar to Crohn’s disease. However, it continuously involves the colon and does not demonstrate the same linear ulcerations and segmental involvement as seen with Crohn’s disease. It virtually always involves the rectum and presents with small ulcerations and a tubular appearance to the colon.
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Ulcerative Colitis
Diagnosis:
ExclusionPhysical exam, stool occult blood and imaging may all be normalConsider food allergy panel
Treatment:Avoid trigger or allergic foodsAddress stress and educate patientAnti-inflammatory supplements
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Lactose IntoleranceReaction to lactose ingestion caused by a deficiency of lactaseSigns and Symptoms:
abdominal distention and paingaseous bloating and borborygmiflatulence and diarrhea resulting from increased distension and decreased transit time of lactulose in the small bowelproduction SCFAs and gases in the colon
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Celiac Sprue (Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy)
Celiac sprue is caused by the interaction of gluten of particular grains (e.g. wheat) with the small intestinal mucosa. Gluten causes the intestinal mucosa to lose its villous structure and absorptive capacitySigns and Symptoms:
Patients may have diarrhea, steatorrhea, foul-smelling flatulence, and weaknessDermatitis herpetiformisAnemia may result from alterations in iron, folate and vitamin B12 absorption
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Celiac Sprue (Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy)
Diagnosis:Serum IgA antiendomysial and tissue transglutaminase are found in up to 95% of patients with gluten sensitivity
Labs have a 4 value serum test correlating these values.
Anti-gliadin levels are less specific for sprue but do indicate an intoleranceIntestinal biopsy is the most sensitive means of making the diagnosisTo make the diagnosis unequivocally, the patient’s symptoms must be relieved with an adequate trial (a few weeks to up to a year) of a gluten-free diet
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Appendicitis
Appendicitis is a common cause of abdominal pain
most common in adolescence and young adult years
Signs and Symptoms:periumbilical or epigastric pain that migrates to right lower quadrantPain may be felt in flank (retrocecal appendix, pregnancy), testicle (retroileal appendix), or bladder
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Appendicitis
Diagnosis:CBC with differentialUApregnancy test should be obtained on women with lower abdominal painMild to moderately elevated WBC with left shift is typical but WBC is normal in 10%.
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Diverticulosis/Diverticuliti
sDiverticulum (plural, diverticula)
Outpouching of the bowel wall usually between 0.1 to 1 cm in diameterMost occur in the sigmoid and descending colon
DiverticulosisPresence of multiple diverticula. Does not imply a pathologic condition. In industrialized countries, up to half of the population older than 50 years of age has colonic diverticulosis
DiverticulitisInflammation and infection in one or more diverticula
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Diverticulosis/Diverticuliti
sTHINK “Left-Sided Appendicitis”Signs and Symptoms (Diverticulitis):
Abdominal tenderness to palpation with possible rebound tendernessA palpable mass may be present, representing an abscess or inflammatory phlegmonBowel sounds may be active if there is partial obstruction; hypoactive or absent if peritonitis has developedCT scan is the imaging procedure of choice especially if the diagnosis is uncertainSigmoidoscopy may be performed cautiouslyColonoscopy is contraindicated in the case of acute diverticulitis
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