NOTES - Springer978-0-230-10787-8/1.pdf · NOTES Introduction 1. “East Turkistan . . . The...

NOTES

Introduction

1. “East Turkistan . . . The Forgotten Wound,” a speech by Abu Yahya al-Libi,

released on jihadist forums on October 6, 2009. See “Libi Urges Support for

Uyghurs, Calls for Jihad,” SITE Intelligence Group (October 7, 2009).

2. Samer Abboud, review of Legitimizing Modernity in Islam: Muslim Modus

Vivendi and Western Modernity, by Husain Kassim, The American Journal of

Islamic Social Sciences, Vol. 24, No. 1 (2005): 96.

3. Rebecca Givner-Forbes, “China Under Threat: Jihadist Community

Has China in Its Sights—Debate Brewing over Whether Rising Dragon

Should Be Seen as Muslim’s Friend or Foe.” The Straits Times (August 3,

2008).

4. “ ‘East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away with Impunity,” People’s

Daily ( January 21, 2001). http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200201/21/

eng20020121_89078.shtml.

5. Rohan Gunaratna and Kenneth Pereire, “An Al Qaeda Group Operating

in China?” The China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 2 (2006): 58.

http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/May_2006/

GunaratnaPereire.pdf.

6. Dru C. Gladney, Dislocating China: Muslims, Minorities and Other Subaltern

Subjects (London: C. Hurst, 2004), 150.

7. Ibid., 231.

8. Ibid., 254.

9. Raphael Israeli, Islam in China, Religion, Ethnicity, Culture, and Politics

(Lanham: Laxington Books, 2002), 1.

10. Ibid.

11. Martin I. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism: Counter-insurgency, Politics and

Internal Security (London and New York: Routledge, 2008), 10–11.

12. Ibid.

13. Sofia Jamil and Roderick Chia, “Lifting the Lid off Xinjiang’s Insecurities,”

NTS Insight (Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies,

September 2009).

180 NOTES

1 Explaining Minority Conf lict in China:

A Theoretical Perspective

1. Zhu Yuchao and Blachford Dongyan, “Ethnic Disputes in International

Politics: Manifestations and Conceptualizations,” Nationalism and Ethnic

Politics, Vol. 12, No. 1 (2006): 25.

2. Francis Fukuyama, “History and September 11,” in Worlds in Collision:

Terror and the Future of Global Order, ed. Ken Booth and Tim Dunne (New

York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 28.

3. Bernand Lewis, “The Roots of Muslim Rage,” The Atlantic Monthly,

Vol. 266, No. 3 (September 1990): 47–60.

4. Peter Chalk, “Al Qaeda and Its Links to Terrorist Groups in Asia,” in The

New Terrorism, Anatomy, Trends and Counter Strategies, ed. Andrew Tan and

Kumar Ramakrishna (Singapore: Eastern University Press, 2002), 109.

5. Fareed Zakaria, “The Return of History: What September 11 Hath

Wrought,” in How Did This Happen? Ed. James F. Hoge and Giden

Rose (New York: Public Affairs, 2001); Timur Kuran, “The Religious

Undercurrents of Muslim Economic Grievances,” Social Science Research

Council, http://www.ssrc.org/sept11/essays/kuran.htm; and Karim

Raslan, “Now a Historic Chance to Welcome Muslims into the System,”

International Herald Tribune (November 27, 2001). http://www.asiasource.

org/asip/raslan.cfm.

6. Farish A. Noor, New Voices of Islam (Leiden: Institute for the Study of Islam

in the Modern World, 2002).

7. Robert Keohane, “The Public Delegitimation of Terrorism and Coalition

Politics,” in Worlds in Collision, ed. Ken Booth and Tim Dunne (Basingstoke:

Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 141.

8. Keohane, “The Public Delegitimation of Terrorism and Coalition

Politics,” 144.

9. Suzaina Kadir, “Mapping Muslim Politics in Southeast Asia after

September 11,” EIAS Publications BP 02/05 (December 2002): 3. http://

www.eias.org/publications/briefing/2002/muslimsea.pdf.

10. Amitav Acharya, “Southeast Asian Security after September 11, Asia Pacific

Foundation of Canad,” Foreign Policy Dialogue Series (2003).

11. E.g., Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear: An Agenda for Security Studies in

the Post-Cold War Era (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991); and Paul

Roe, Ethnic Violence and the Social Security Dilemma (London: Routledge,

2005).

12. Rhonda L. Callaway and Julie Harrelson-Stephens, “Towards a Theory

of Terrorism: Human Security as a Determinant of Terrorism,” Studies in

Conf lict and Terrorism, Vol. 29 (2006): 773–796.

13. Michael Clarke, “China’s ‘War on Terror’ in Xinjiang: Human Security and

the Causes of Violent Uighur Separatism,” Terrorism and Political Violence,

Vol. 20, No. 2 (2008): 272.

14. The term “Copenhagen School” first appeared in Bill McSweeney’s ar-

ticle, “Identity and Security: Buzan and the Copenhagen School,” Review

of International Studies, Vol. 22, No. 1 (1996): 81.

181NOTES

15. For a detailed account of what constitutes new security issues, among others,

Richard Ullman, “Redefining Security,” International Security, Vol. 8, No. 1

(1983): 129–153; L. Paggi and P. Pinzauti, “Peace and Security,” Telos, No.

68 (1985): 79; N. Myers, “Environment and Security,” Foreign Policy, No.

74 (1989): 24; Jessica T. Matthews, “Redefining Security,” Foreign Affairs,

Vol. 68, No. 2 (1989): 162; David Dewitt, “Common, Comprehensive and

Cooperative Security,” The Pacific Review, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1994): 3; and David

Baldwin, “The Concept of Security,” Review of International Studies, Vol.

23 (1997): 26. The International Human Development Program Research Project

on Global Environmental Change and Human Security synopsis on “What Is

‘Human Security?’ ” makes a complete inventory of the human security

regimes. http://ibm.rhrz.uni-bonn.de/ihdp/gechuman security.htm.

16. Seyom Brown, “World Interests and the Changing Dimensions of Security,”

in World Security: Challenges for a New Century, 3rd edition, ed. Michael T.

Klare and Yogesh Chandrani (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998), 3–4.

17. Keith Krause and Michael C. Williams, “Broadening the Agenda of Security

Studies: Politics and Methods,” Mershon International Studies Review, Vol. 40

(Supplement 2, 1996): 229–230.

18. Jessica T. Matthews, e.g., tells us how there has been a novel redistribu-

tion of power among states, markets and civil society, so much so that

national governments share power—“including political, social and se-

curity roles”—with “businesses, with international organizations, and

with a multitude of citizen groups known as nongovernmental organiza-

tions.” Jessica T. Matthews, “Power Shift,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 76, No. 1

(1997): 50.

19. Henry Kissinger, “A New National Partnership,” Department of State

Bulletin (February, 17, 1975): 199 quoted in Robert O. Keohane and Joseph

S. Nye, Jr., Power and Interdependence (Boston: Scott, Foresman, 1989), 26.

20. David Baldwin, “Security Studies and the End of the Cold War,” World

Politics, Vol. 48, No. 1 (1995): 132.

21. Woosang Kim, “Human Security Concerns in Global Politics,” in

The Human Face of Security: Asia-Pacific Perspectives, ed. David Dickens

(Canberra: Australian National University, 2002), 44; Anthony Giddens,

The Consequences of Modernity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age

(Cambridge/Stanford: Polity Press/Stanford University Press, 1990); and

Martin Shaw, Global Society and International Relations (Cambridge: Polity

Press, 1994).

22. Barry Buzan, Ole Waever, Jaap de Wilde, eds. Security, A New Framework of

Analysis (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1998), 1.

23. Richard Ullman, “Redefining Security,” International Security, Vol. 8,

No. 1 (1983): 129.

24. Caroline Thomas, In Search of security: the Third World in International Relations

(Brighton: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1987), 4.

25. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), e.g., identifies

seven separate components to human security: economic security (assured

basic income), food security (physical and economic access to food), health

security (relative freedom from disease and infection), environmental

182 NOTES

security (access to sanitary water supply, clean air and a non-degraded land

system), personal security (security from physical violence and threats),

community security (security of cultural identity), and political security

(protection of basic human rights and freedoms). “New Dimensions of

Human Security,” in United Nations Human Development Report 1994 (New

York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 24. http://hdr.undp.org/en/

reports/global/hdr1994/.

26. Ronnie D. Lipshutz, “On Security,” in On Security, ed. Ronnie D. Lipshutz

(New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), 5.

27. Norman Meyers, Ultimate Security (New York: Norton, 1993), 12.

28. Gareth Evans, “Cooperative Security and Intra State Conf lict,” Foreign

Policy, No. 96 (Fall 1994): 8–9.

29. Ronald Paris, “Human Security: Paradigm Shift or Hot Air?” International

Security, Vol. 26. No. 2 (Fall 2001): 87.

30. Krause and Williams, “Broadening the Agenda of Security Studies,” 234.

31. Daniel Deudney, “The Case Against Linking Environmental Degradation

and National Security,” Millennium, Vol. 19, No. 3 (1990): 465.

32. Patric Morgan, “Liberalist and Realist security Studies at 2000: Two

Decades of Progress?” in Critical Ref lection on Security and Change, ed. Stuart

Croft and Terry Terriff (London: Frank Cass, 2000), 40.

33. Krause and Williams, “Broadening the Agenda of Security Studies,” 249.

34. Ibid.

35. Ibid.

36. Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity: Self and Society in the

Late Modern Age (Cambridge/Stanford: Polity Press/Stanford University

Press, 1990); and Martin Shaw, Global Society and International Relations

(Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994).

37. Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear: An Agenda for Security Studies in the

Post–Cold War Era (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991).

38. O. Waever, B. Buzan, M. Kelstrup, and P. Lemaitre, Identity, Migration and

the New Security Agenda in Europe (London: Pinter, 1993), 24–25.

39. Ibid.

40. Clarke, “China’s ‘War on Terror’ in Xinjiang,” 273.

41. Waever et al. Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda, 24.

42. Ibid. 25.

43. Buzan et al., Security, 2.

44. Paul Roe, Ethnic Violence and the Social Security Dilemma (London: Routledge,

2005), 42.

45. Lindholm, Helena, “Introduction: A Conceptual Discussion,” in Ethnicity

and Nationalism: Formation of Identity and Dynamics of Conf lict in the 1990s, ed.

Helena Lindholm (Gothenburg: Nordnes, 1993), 1–39.

46. Paul Roe, “The Intrastate Security Dilemma: Ethnic Conf lict as a

‘Tragedy’?” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 36, No. 2 (1999): 193.

47. Ibid., 194.

48. Roe, Ethnic Violence and the Social Security Dilemma, 43.

49. Waever, et al. Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe

(1993), 43.

183NOTES

50. Clarke, “China’s ‘War on Terror’ in Xinjiang,” 272.

51. Ibid., 273.

52. Roe, “The Intrastate Security Dilemma,” 195.

53. Ibid.

54. Zhu and Dongyan, “Ethnic Disputes in International Politics,” 25.

55. Ibid.

56. Walker Connor, “Nationalism and Political Illegitimacy,” in Ethnonationalism

in the Contemporary World, ed. Daniele Conversi (New York: Routledge,

2002), 37.


58. Ibid.

59. Ibid., 52.

60. Ernie Regehr, “It’s not really a matter of hate,” Disarming Conf lict (May 9,

2007). http://www.igloo.org/disarmingconf lict/itsnotre/

61. Andrew Tan, “Armed Muslim Separatist Rebellion in Southeast Asia:

Persistence, Prospects, and Implications,” Studies in Conf lict and Terrorism,

Vol. 23 (October–December 2000): 267–288.

62. Jack Snyder, From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conf lict

(New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), 322–323.

63. Ernie Regehr, “It’s not really a matter of hate,” Disarming Conf lict (May 9,

2007).

64. Stephen Phillip Cohen, India: Emerging Power (Washington DC: Brookings

Institution Press, 2001).


66. “Zhongguo de Shaosu Minzu Zhengce jiqi Shijian” (National Minorities

Policies and its Practice in China) (Beijing: Information Office of the State

Council of PRC, 1999). English translation is accessed at: http://english.

people.com.cn/whitepaper/1.html.

67. Bruce Hoffman, “The Emergence of New Terrorism,” in The New

Terrorism, Anatomy, Trends and Counter Strategies, ed. Andrew Tan and

Kumar Ramakrishna (Singapore: Eastern University Press, 2002), 38.

68. Barry Desker, “Islam in Southeast Asia: The Challenge of Radical

Interpretations,” Cambridge Review of international Affairs, Vol. 16, No. 3

(October 2003): 421.

69. Rohan Gunaratna, “Al-Qaeda’s Trajectory in 2003,” IDSS Perspectives

(May 3, 2003). http://www.ntu.edu.sg/idss/Perspective/research_050303.

htm.

70. Barry Desker, “The Jemaah Islamiyah Phenomenon in Singapore,”

Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 25, No. 3 (2003): 495.

71. Ibid.

2 Islam and Muslim Minorities in China

1. The Arabic-language electronic magazine of the Turkistan Islamic Party,

Islamic Turkistan, was released through Al-Fajr Media Center. The fourth

issue was posted on jihadist forums on July 25, 2009. “Fourth Issue of

184 NOTES

TIP magazine, ‘Islamic Turkistan’,” SITE Intelligence Group ( July 29,

2009), 3–4.

2. Raphael Israeli, Islam in China: Religion, Ethnicity, Culture and Politics

(Lanham: Lexington Books, 2002), 2.

3. Mi Shoujiang and You Jia, trans. Min Chang, Islam in China (Beijing: China

Intercontinental Press, 2004), 1.

4. Ibid.

5. Mi and You, Islam in China, 3.

6. Ibid.

7. An ancient record of the history of the Tang Dynasty written in the

mid-tenth century.


9. Ibid.

10. According to Mi and You (2004), Arabian envoys visited China 37 times

during this period. However, some other historians consider the times should

be 39. Zhang Guanglin, Islam in China (Beijing: China Intercontinental

Press, 2005).

11. “Fan Ke” in Chinese means “guests from outlying regions,” which shows

the distinction between Muslims and Chinese in this period. Mi and You,

Islam in China, 4.


13. Zhang Guanglin, Islam in China.

14. Ibid.

15. Michael Dillon, Xinjiang—China’s Muslim Far Northwest (London:

RoutledgeCurzon, 2004), 11.


17. Ibid.

18. The Yuan court divided its people into four castes: Mongol Caste, Semu

Caste, Khitay Caste (“Hanren” in Chinese), and Manji Caste (“Nanren”

in Chinese). Arab and Persian Muslims, Islamic Turks including Uighurs

were among the Semu, which were superimposed by the Mongol rulers

upon the Khitays and Manjis mainly consisted of Han Chinese. Israeli,

Islam in China, 295.

19. Ibid.

20. Raphael Israeli, “The Muslim Minority in the People’s Republic of China,”

Asian Survey, Vol. 21, No. 8 (August 1981): 901–919.

21. The word “Gedimu” is from the Arabic “Qadim” for “old.” Dru C. Gladney,

Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People’s Republic (Cambridge, MA:

Harvard University Press, 1991), 37.

22. Ibid.

23. Yusuf Abdul Rahman, “Islam in China (650–1980 CE),” Islam Awareness

(1997). http://www.islamawareness.net/Asia/China/islchina.html.

24. Richard C. DeAngelis, “Muslims and Chinese Political Culture,” The

Muslim World, Vol. 87, No. 2 (1997): 152–154.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid.


185NOTES

28. Ibid.

29. Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 37; and Jean A. Berlie, Islam in China: Hui and

Uyhghurs between Modernization and Sinicization (Bangkok: White Lotus

Press, 2004), 39.

30. James A. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang (New York:

Columbia University Press, 2007), 80–81.

31. Dru C. Gladney, “Islam in China: Accommodation or Separatism?” China

Quarterly (2003): 454. http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=

%2FCQY%2FCQY174%2FS0009443903000275a.pdf&code=e52294f748e

a2813d4063bbf512011e1.

32. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads, 78–79.

33. Ibid.


35. Dillon, Xinjiang, 17.

36. Israeli, Islam in China, 8.

37. Ibid., 287.

38. Berlie, Islam in China, 29.



41. Israeli, Islam in China, 288–289.

42. Ibid.

43. Ibid.

44. “Zhongguo de Yisilanjiao” (Islam in China), Xinhua Net. http://news.

xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2003–01/23/content_704531.htm.

45. “China Islam Association,” BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/

religions/islam/history/china_4.shtml

46. Ibid.

47. Ibid.

48. Graham E. Fuller and Jonathan N. Lipman, “Islam in Xinjiang” in Xinjiang:

China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe,

2004), 330.

49. Ibid.

50. These ethnic groups are ranked by descending order of their populations.

Except for the eight Turkic groups listed here, the Dongxiang ethnic mi-

nority in China are also Muslims. Views about the origin of the ethnic

group are divided. The Dongxiang language belongings to the Mongolian

branch of the Altaic language family. “The Dongxiang ethnic minority,”

the Web site of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic

of China (November 15, 2000). http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/ljzg/3584/

t17882.htm.

51. There is much dispute about the figure of Muslim population in China.

Estimates vary between 15 million and 80 million depending on the iden-

tity and political inclination of the author. The government of the Republic

of China in 1938 declared there were 48,104,240 Muslims in China. “The

Nationalist Republic Census of 1938,” China Handbook (Taipei: 1954). The

recent Chinese sources show that the Muslim population in China is over

20 million. Zhang Guanglin, Islam in China.

186 NOTES

52. Fuller and Lipman, “Islam in Xinjiang,” 339.

53. Ibid.

54. Richard C. DeAngelis, “Muslims and Chinese Political Culture,” The

Muslim World, Vol. 87, No. 2 (1997): 153.

55. Ibid.

56. Dru. C. Gladney, “The Salafiyya Movement in Northwest China: Islamic

Fundamentalism among the Muslim Chinese?” in Muslim Diversity: Local

Islam in Global Context, ed. Leif Manger (Richmond: Curzon Press,

1999), 108.

57. Ibid.

58. Alexander Berzin, “The Relation of the Hui Muslims with the Tibetans

and Uighurs,” The Berzin Archives (November 1996). http://www.

berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/study/islam/modern_interaction/

relation_hui_muslims_tibet_uighurs.html.

59. Ibid.

60. Dru. C. Gladney, Dislocating China: Muslims, Minorities and Other Subaltern

Subjects (London: C. Hurst, 2004), 156.

61. Dru. C. Gladney, “Islam in China: Accommodation or Separatism?” in

Religion in China Today: The China Quarterly Special Issues New Series, No. 3,

ed. Daniel L. Overmyer (Cambrige: Cambridge University Press, 2003),147.

62. James A. Millward and Peter C. Perdue, “Political and Cultural History

through the Late 19th Century” in Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, ed.

S. Frederick Starr (New York: M.E.Sharpe, 2004), 33.

63. “Xinjiang 2000 Population Census Assembly,” accessed from China Data

Online. http://chinadataonline.org/member/census2000/default.asp?KeyT

itle=&StartYear=2000&EndYear=2000&KeyType=0&=1&Region=All&

page=2#.

64. Millward and Perdue, “Political History and Strategies,” 33.

65. Gladney, Dislocating China, 193.

66. For example, Jack Chen, The Sinkiang Story (New York: Macmillan, 1977),

100.

67. Colin Mackerras, The Uighur Empire: According to the T’ang Dynastic Histories

(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1972).


69. Denis Dinor, Inner Asia: A Syllabus (Bloomington: Indiana University,

1969), 118–121.

70. Dru C. Gladney, “Relational Alterity: Constructing Dungan (Hui), Uygur,

and Kazakh Identities across China, Central Asia, and Turkey,” History and

Anthropology, Vol. 9, No. 2 (1996): 445.

71. Ibid., 456.

72. Matthew D. Moneyhon, “Taming China’s ‘Wild West’: Ethnic Conf lict in

Xinjiang,” Peace Conf lict, and Development: An Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol.

5, No. 5 (2004): 6.

73. Dru C. Gladney, “Chinese Programe of Development and Control:

1978–2001” in Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr

(New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2004), 102.

74. The term Uighur (Uyghur) was firstly employed as Turkic nomadic society

practicing Shamanism and Manichaeanism in Mongolia. Later it referred to

187NOTES

the name for a sedentary oasis society practicing Buddhism. It was also used

as a linguistic designation to distinguish one branch of Old Turkish. Chinese

originally use Uighur, and later Hui Hu for all Turkic Muslims. Wiilam

Samolin, East Turkistan to the Twelfth Century: A Brief Political Survey (The

Hague: Mouton & Co., 1964), 73, quoted in Gladeny, Dislocating China,

210–214; and Millward and Perdue, “Political History and Strategies,” 40–43.


76. Justin Rudelson and William Jankowiak, “Acculturation and Resistance:

Xinjiang Identities in Flux,” in Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, ed.

S. Frederick Starr (New York: M.E.Sharpe, 2004), 299; and Gladney,

Dislocating China, 210–214.

77. Justin Rudelson and William Jankowiak, “Acculturation and Resistance:

Xinjiang Identity in Flux,” in Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, ed.

S. Frederick Starr (New York: M.E. Sharpe 2004), 302–303.

78. Ibid.

79. Ibid., 299.

80. Ibid., 303.


82. Ibid., 218.

83. Denise Helly “The Identity and Nationality Problem in Chinese Central

Asia,” Central Asia Survey, Vol. 3, No. 3 (1985): 107.

84. Gladney, Dislocating China, 218–219.

85. Dru C. Gladney, Dislocating China, 218–219; and “China’s Minorities: the

case of Xinjiang and the Uyghur people,” Commission on Human Rights,

Working Group on Minorities Ninth Session (May 12–16, 2003): 8. http://

www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/a0da2b54fc3b22e7c1256d25

004c086d/$FILE/G0314169.pdf.

86. Graham E. Fuller and Jonathan N. Lipman, “Islam in Xinjiang,” in Xinjiang:

China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr (New York: M.E. Sharpe

2004), 339.

87. The Information Office of the State Council, “History and Development

of Xinjiang,” Xinhua Net ( June 12, 2003). http://www.gov.cn/english/

official/2005–07/28/content_17948.htm.

88. “Population in Xinjiang Reaches 20.10 Mln,” China Net, (April 8, 2006).

http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/165014.htm.

89. Samuel P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs,

Vol. 27, No. 3 (1993) and The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World

Order (New York: Simon&Schuster, 1996).

90. “History and Development of Xinjiang” The Information Office of the

State Council (2003); and Millward, Eurasian Crossroads, 18; and Dru

C Gladney, “The Chinese Programme of Development and Control,

1978–2001,” in Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr


91. “Xiyu” in Chinese means “west regions.” The majority of Xinjiang was

referred to Xiyu in the Han Dynasty. “History and Development of

Xinjiang,” The Information Office of the State Council (2003).

92. James A. Millward and Peter C. Perdue, “Political and Cultural History of

the Xinjiang Region through the Late Nineteenth Century,” in Xinjiang:

188 NOTES

China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr (New York: M.E. Sharpe,

2004).

93. Also spelled as Junahar, Jegun Ghar, Dzunghar, or Zhun-ga-er. Millward

and Perdue, “Political and Cultural History,” 49.


95. Millward, Eurasian Crossroad, 97.

96. The name Beg (Baig) was originally a title given to members of the Turkic

clan called “Barlas,” who played a pivotal role in Turkic empires in Central

Asia, Middle East and South Asia. For the Uighurs, “Begs” refers to gentry

who manage local affairs. L. J. Newby, “The Begs of Xinjiang: Between

Two Worlds,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University

of London, Vol. 61, No. 2 (1998), 278.

97. “Silk road history of Xinjiang history online guide,” Silk Road China.

http://www.silkroadcn.com/silk-road-xinjiang-history.htm.


99. Lars-Erik Nyman, Great Britain and Chinese, Russian and Japanese interests in

Sinkiang, 1918–1934 (Stockholm: Esselte Stadium, 1977), 12.

100. Millward and Perdue, “Political and Cultural History,” 67.


102. James A. Millward and Nabijian Tursun, “Political History and Strategies

of Control, 1884–1978,” in Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, ed.

S. Frederick Starr (New York: M.E.Sharpe, 2004).

103. Donald H. McMillen, Chinese Communist Power and Policy in Xinjiang,

1949–1977 (Boulder: West Press, 1979), 22.

104. Ibid.

105. Linda Benson, The Ili Rebellion: The Moslem Challenge to Chinese Authority

in Xinjiang 1944–1949 (London: M.E. Sharpe, 1990).

106. Millward and Tursun, “Political History and Strategies,” 84.

107. McMillen, Chinese Communist Power, 31.

108. Säypidin was one of the most enduring politicians of Uighur ethnicity. He

studied law and political science in the Soviet Union, where he joined the

Soviet Communist party. Millward, Eurasian Crossroad, 239.

109. Säypidin was elected as Chairman of the XUAR People’s Council and

Wang Enmao was appointed the First Party Secretary and the commander

of Xinjiang Military Region.

110. “A United Multi-Ethnic Country,” National Minorities Policy and Its Practice

in China, Part I (Beijing: Information Office of the State Council of the

PRC, 2002). http://www.china.org.cn/e-white/4/index.htm.

111. Ibid.


113. Zhongguo de Minzhu Quyu Zizhi Baipishu (Regional Autonomy for Ethnic

Minorities in China) (Beijing: The Information Office of the State

Council, 2005). English translation is accessed at: http://www.gov.cn/

english/official/2005–07/28/content_18127.htm.



116. Millward and Tursun, “Political History and Strategies,” 87.

189NOTES

117. McMillen, Chinese Communist Power, 131–136.

118. Constitution of the People’s Republic of China (zhonghua renmin gongheguo xianfa),

Article four, the First National People’s Congress (Beiing, September 20,

1954).

119. Constitution of the People’s Republic of China (zhonghua renmin gongheguo

xianfa).

120. “Promoting the Common Development of All Ethnic Groups,” National

Minorities Policy and Its Practice in China, Part IV (Beijing: Information

Office of the State Council of the PRC, 2000).

121. National Minorities Policy and Its Practice in China, Part III.

122. Zhongguo de Minzhu Quyu Zizhi Baipishu (Regional Autonomy for

Ethnic Minorities in China).

123. Some CCP leaders who support a moderate and economy-centric

approach, such as Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping were labeled as “right-

ists” (you pai). A great number of CCP cadres and government officials

recognized as “rightists” were severely persecuted in the “Anti-rightist”

campaign started in 1957.

124. In Chinese, “Bai hua qi fang, bai jia zheng ming.”

125. Robert L. Worden, Andrea Matles Savada and Ronald E. Dolan eds.,

China: A Country Study, “Policy toward Intellectuals,” (Washington,

DC: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1987). http://countrystudies.us/

china/72.htm.

126. Millward and Tursun, “Political History and Strategies,” 92–94.

127. Ibid.

128. Ibid.

129. DeAngelis, “Muslims and Chinese,” 161.

130. Zhou Minglan, “The Politics of Bilingual Education in the People’s

Republic of China since 1949” Bilingual Research Journal, Vol. 25, No. 1&2

(2001). http://brj.asu.edu/v2512/articles/art8.html.

131. Ibid.

132. Zhou Minglan, “The Politics of Bilingual Education.”





137. Dru C. Gladney, “Islam,” Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 54, No. 2 (May

1995): 372.



140. Gladney “Islam,” 374.


142. Dru C. Gladney, “Chinese Program of Development and Control:

1978–2001.” In Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr


143. Raphael Israeli, “The Muslim Minority in the People’s Republic of

China,” Asian Survey, Vol. 21, No. 8 (August 1981): 901.


190 NOTES

145. Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, Article 4 (Beijing:

National People’s Congress, 1982). http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/

Constitution/node_2825.htm.

146. The Law on Regional Autonomy for Minority Nationalities (minzu quyu zizhi fa)

(Beijing: National People’s Congress, May 31, 1984), Article 35.

147. National Minorities Policy and Its Practice in China, Part I (2000).

148. Elizabeth Van Wie Davis, “Uyghur Muslim Ethnic Separatism in Xinjiang,

China” (Honolulu: Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, January

2008). www.apcss.org/Publications/APCSS%20Uyghur%20Muslim%20

Separatism%20in%20Xinjiang.doc.

149. Calla Wiemer, “The Economy of Xinjiang” in Xinjiang: China’s Muslim

Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2004), 170.

150. Dru C. Gladney, “Islam in China: Accommodation or Separatism?” The

China Quarterly, No. 147 (2003): 457.

151. Harris C. Lillian, “Xinjiang, Central Asia and the Implications for China’s

Policy in the Islamic World,” The China Quarterly, No. 133 (March

1993): 111.

152. Ibid., 112.

153. Calla Wiemer, “The Economy of Xinjiang,” 172.

154. Justin Rudelson, Xinjiang’s Uyghurs In The Ensuing US-China Partnership

(testimony at the Congressional-Executive Commission on China,

Uyghur Panel, Washington, DC, the United States, June 10, 2002).


156. Gladney, Xinjiang, 10.

157. Abanti Bhattacharya, “Conceptualising Uighur Separatism in Chinese

Nationalism,” Strategic Analysis, Vol. 27, No. 3 ( July–September 2003):

369.

158. Ibid.

159. Rahman, “Islam in China,” 53.

160. Sean L. Yom, “Uighur f lex their muscles,” Asia Times ( January 23, 2003).

http://www.atimes.com/china/DA23Ad01.html.

161. L. J. Newby, “The Begs of Xinjiang,” 947.

3 Uighur Separatism: East Turkistan Groups

1. The audio message released on YouTube on July 9, 2009, and the Arabic

transcript of it released by Al-Fajr media Center. “TIP leader threatens

China over Urumqi Violence,” SITE Intelligence Group ( July 17, 2009).

2. “Full Text: China’s National Defense in 2008,” Xinhua Net

( January 20, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–01/20/

content_10688124.htm.

3. “Terrorist Activities Perpetrated by ‘Eastern Turkistan’ Organizations

and Their Links with Osama bin Laden and the Taliban,” (New York:

Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the UN,

November 29, 2001). http://www.china-un.org/eng/zt/fk/t28937.htm.

4. Dru C. Gladney, “Xinjiang,” “Xinjiang,” in Flashpoints in the War on

Terrorism, ed. Derek Reveron and Jeffrey S. Murer (London: Routledge,

2006), 234.

191NOTES

5. “Special Report: Uighur Muslim Separatists,” Virtual Information Center

(September 28, 2001), 6. http://vic-info.org.

6. “Combating terrorism, we have no choice,” Xinhua Net (December 18,

2003). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2003–12/18/content_1237985.

htm.

7. Anwar Rahman, Sinicization Beyond the Great Wall: China’s Xinjiang Uighur

Autonomous Region (Leisester: Matador, 2005), 53.

8. Bhattacharya, “Conceptualising Uighur Separatism,” 373.

9. Gladney, “China’s minorities: the case of Xinjiang and the Uyghur

People” (paper at the Commission on Human Rights, Sub-commission

on Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, Working Group on

Minorities [Ninth Session], Geneva, Switzerland, May 12–16, 2003), 457;

and Rahman, Sinicization Beyond the Great Wall, 53.

10. James Millward, Violent Separatism in Xinjiang: A Critical Assessment

(Washington, DC: East-West Center Washington, 2004), 14.



12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid., 66–67.

15. “ ‘East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away with Impunity,” People’s

Daily ( January 21, 2001). http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200201/

21/eng20020121_89078.shtml; and Millward, Violent Separatism in Xinjiang,

15.

16. James A. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang (New York:

Columbia University Press, 2007), 16.

17. “ ‘East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away with Impunity.”

18. Millward, Violent Separatism in Xinjiang, 16.

19. “The Ghulja Massacre: ‘We Refuse to Forget,’ ” Uyghur Human Rights

Project (Washington, DC: Uighur American Association, February 3,

2006). http://www.uyghuramerican.org/articles/252/1/.

20. “ ‘East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away with Impunity,”

People’s Daily ( January 21, 2001).

21. South China Morning Post, July 29, 1997; and China News Digest, March

14, 1998.

22. Eric Hyer, “China’s Policy towards Uighur Nationalism,” Journal of Muslim

Minority Affairs, Vol. 26 No. 1 (2006): 78.

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. “ ‘East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away with Impunity,”


26. Hyer, “China’s Policy towards Uighur,” 78.

27. “Ethnic Clash in Chinese Factory Kills 2, Hurts 118,” Associate

Press ( July 26, 2009). http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/

ALeqM5gdcfQ8l28f_ jK9yH3RKOBB92CEKQD992QC080.

28. Yuan Ye and Xia Wenhui, “After Horrible Riot, Xinjiang People Hope to

Mend Tainted Relations of Ethnic Groups,” Xinhua Net ( July 11, 2009).

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–07/11/content_11693738.htm.

192 NOTES

29. The Chinese official statistics about the casualties were not independently

verified. According to one Chinese report on July 11, 2009, the death

toll was 184, among which 137 were Han Chinese, 64 were Uighurs and

one was Hui nationality. Yuan Ye and Xia Wenhui, “After horrible riot,

Xinjiang people hope to mend tainted relations of ethnic groups,” Xinhua

Net ( July 11, 2009). However, the death toll rose to 197 in later reports

whereas no further detail was provided in Chinese sources.

30. “Mobs in Xinjiang Face Severe Punishment,” China Daily ( July 7, 2009).

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009–07/07/content_8388003.htm.

31. “Police arrests 1,434 suspects in connection with Xinjiang riot,” Xinhua

Net ( July 7, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–07/07/


32. “Civilians and Armed Police Officer Killed in NW China,” Xinhua



33. “World Uyghur Congress’ Statement on July 5th Urumqi Incident,” the

WUC Web site ( July 7, 2009). http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/

PressRelease.asp?ItemID=-1553700856&mid=1096144499.

34. “TIP leaders Threatens China Over Urumqi Violence,” SITE Intelligence

Group ( July 17, 2009).

35. “Afghan Plane to Urumqi Lands in Kandahar City,” Xinhua

Net (August 10, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–08/10/


36. “Afghan Plane to Urumqi Lands in Kandahar City,” China

Radio International (CRI) (August 10, 2009). http://english.cri.

cn/7146/2009/08/10/179s507793.htm.

37. “China says separatist threatened Afghan f light,” Afghanistan News Center

(August 11, 2009). http://www.afghanistannewscenter.com/news/2009/

august/aug112009.html#23.

38. Ibid.

39. Ibid.

40. “Urumqi Airport Back to Normal after Alleged Bomb Threat on Afghan

Plane,” Xinhua Net (August 10, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/

english/2009–08/10/content_11858761.htm.

41. “China says separatist threatened Afghan f light,” Afghanistan News Center

(August 11, 2009).

42. “Thousands of Harmony Makers Sent to Urumqi Communities While

Authorities Vow Harsh Punishment against Syringe Attackers,” Xinhua

Net (September 7, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–

09/07/content_12006500.htm.

43. Ibid.

44. “Tests Find No Infections in Xinjiang Needle Attack Victims,” Xinhua Net

(September 13, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–09/13/


45. Christopher Bodeen, “10,000 Chinese Protest Series of Needle Stabbings,”

Associate Press (AP) (September 3, 2009). http://news.yahoo.com/s/

ap/20090903/ap_on_re_as/as_china_protest.

193NOTES

46. “ ‘East Turkistan’ Forces Pose Threat to Regional Security, Stability: White

Paper,” Xinhua Net (September 21, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/


47. The video of the Turkistan Islamic Party posted on YouTube on February 9,

2009. “TIP Calls for Jihad, Demonstrates Training,” SITE Intelligence

Group (March 27, 2009).

48. Rémi Castets, “The Uyghurs in Xinjiang—The Malaise Grows,” trans.

Philip Liddell, China perspectives (September–October 2003). http://

chinaperspectives.revues.org/document648.html#ftn43.

49. Zhang Yumo, “The Anti-Separatism Struggle and its Historical Lessons

since the Liberation of Xinjiang” in Yang Faren et al., Fanyisilanzhuyi,

fantujuezhuyi yanjiu (Study on Pan-Islamism and Pan-Turkism) (1994).

A Chinese document translated and published in English on the web

site of the Uyghur American Association. www.uyghuramerican.org/

researchanalysis/trans.html.

50. “East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away with Impunity,” People’s


eng20020121_89078.shtml.

51. “TIP calls for Jihad, demonstrates training,” SITE Intelligence Group

(March 27, 2009); and Wong, “Warning of Attacks on Olympics.”

(August 9, 2008).

52. Ibid.

53. “China: The Evolution of ETIM,” Stratfor Global Intelligence (May 13,

2008). http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/china_evolution_etim.

54. Ibid.

55. Rodger Baker, “China and Enduring Uighurs,” Rightside News (August 6,

2008). http://www.rightsidenews.com/200808061649/global-terrorism/

china-and-the-enduring-uighurs.html.

56. “ ‘Eastern Turkistan’ Terrorist Killed,” China Daily (December 24, 2003).

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003–12/24/content_293163.

htm.

57. The video “Turkistan Islamic Party: Biography of Abu Muhammad

al-Turkistani,” SITE Intelligence Group (March 31, 2009), trans. Mohamed

Redzuan Bin Salleh (Singapore: International Centre of Political Violence

and Terrorism [ICPVTR], 2009).

58. Ibid.

59. Ibid.


2008) and “China: The Evolution of ETIM,” Stratfor Global Intelligence

(May 13, 2008).


2008).


2008).

63. Ibid.

64. “China Seeks International Support in Counter-terrorism,” People’s Daily

(December 16, 2003).

194 NOTES



66. Ibid.

67. “Eastern Turkestan Terrorist Killed,” China Daily (December 24, 2003).


htm.

68. CACI Analyst, March 7, 2007, quoted in Waliullah Rahmani, “Has

al-Qaeda Picked a Leader for Operations in China?” Terrorism Focus, Vol. 5,

No. 41 (December 3, 2008).

69. “Profiles of 11 Terrorists Identified,” China Daily (December 16, 2003).

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003–12/16/content_290652.htm.

70. “China Says Terror Suspect Handed over by Pakistan,” Associated Press

Newswires (May, 1927, 2002).

71. The interview with Abdul Haq published in the magazine Islamic Turkistan,

Issue 1–3, released by Turkistan Islamic Party on January 26, February 6,

and March 25, 2009, SITE Intelligence Group, translated by Mohamed

Redzuan Bin Salleh (Singapore: International Centre of Political Violence

and Terrorism [ICPVTR], 2009).

72. “The Guantanamo Docket,” The New York Times. http://int-shared1.ec2.

nytimes.com/guantanamo/detainees/277-bahtiyar-mahnut/documents/5/

pages/317.

73. Ibid.

74. “Security Council Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee Adds

Name of One Individual to Consolidated List,” SC/9636 (New York:

UN Security Council, April 16, 2009). http://www.un.org/News/Press/

docs/2009/sc9636.doc.htm.

75. Ibid.

76. “ ‘Eastern Turkistan’ Terrorists Identified,” China Daily (October 21,

2008).

77. “Treasury Targets Leader of Group Tied to Al Qaeda,” (Washington, DC:

U.S. Department of the Treasury, April 20, 2009) TG-92. http://www.

treas.gov/press/releases/tg92.htm.

78. Ibid.

79. Abdul Haq’s statement in Islamic Turkistan, Issue 1. “ ‘Islamic Turkistan’-

First Issue of TIP Magazine,” SITE Intelligence Group ( January 29, 2009).

80. Ibid.

81. “China Identifies Alleged ‘Eastern Turkistan’ Terrorists,” Xinhua Net

(October 21, 2008). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008–10/21/


82. Rahmani, “Has al-Qaeda Picked a Leader,” 8–9.

83. Ibid.

84. Ibid.

85. “U.S. Treasury Targets Leader of Group Tied to Al-Qaeda,” Xinhua

Net (April 21, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–04/21/


86. “Treasury Targets Leader of Group Tied to Al Qaeda,” (Washington,

DC: U.S. Department of the Treasury, April 20, 2009) TG-92.

195NOTES

87. The Arabic communiqué of TIP issued on jihadist forums on May 1,

2009, posted by Al-Fajr Media Center. “TIP Responds to US Treasury

Designation, Arrests,” SITE Intelligence Group (May 1, 2009).




89. Ibid.

90. Ibid.

91. ICPVTR translation of the video “Islamic Party of Turkistan—Our

Blessed Jihad in Yunnan,” ( July 23, 2008), http://de.youtube.com/watch?

v=E6DLGShOnEg, accessed on August 20, 2008.

92. Ibid.

93. “TIP Calls for Jihad, Demonstrates Training,” SITE Intelligence Group

(March 27, 2009).

94. The audio message of Seifallah, issued on YouTube on July 9, 2009, and

the Arabic transcript of it posted on jihadist forums by the Al-Fajr Media

Center on July 16, 2009. “TIP Leaders Threatens China over Urumqi

Violence,” SITE Intelligence Group ( July 17, 2009).

95. Ibid.


(March 27, 2009).

97. Ibid.

98. Ahmed Rashid, “Jihad,” 33.

99. “China’s grip on Xinjiang Muslims,” BBC (November 29, 2005). http://

news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4482048.stm.

100. Ibid

101. Shaukat Piracha, “China asks Pakistan to investigate Xinjiang terrorists

list,” The Daily Times ( January 17, 2004). http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/

default.asp?page=story_17–1–2004_pg1_2.

102. “China Muslim group planned terror, U.S. says,” The New York Times

(August 31, 2002).

103. Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the UN,

“Terrorist Activities Perpetrated by ‘Eastern Turkistan’ Organizations

and Their Links with Osama bin Laden and the Taliban,” (November 29,

2001). http://www.china-un.org/eng/zt/fk/t28937.htm.

104. “East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away with Impunity,” People’s


eng20020121_89078.shtml.

105. Chien-pen Chung, “China’s ‘War on Terror’: September 11 and Uighur

separatism,” Foreign Affairs ( July/August 2002). http://www.cfr.org/

publication/4765/chinas_war_on_terror.html.

106. Ibid.

107. “Terrorist Activities Perpetrated by ‘Eastern Turkistan’ Organizations

and Their Links with Osama bin Laden and the Taliban” (New York:

Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the UN,

November 29, 2001). http://www.china-un.org/eng/zt/fk/t28937.htm.

108. Chung, “China’s War on Terror.”

196 NOTES

109. Didier Chaudet, “Islamic Terrorism in Greater Central Asia: The

‘Al-Qaedaization’ of Uzbek Jihadism,” Russie. Nei. Visions (December

2008): 25.

110. Didier Chaudet, “Islamic Terrorism in Greater Central Asia,” 25.

111. Chung, Chien-peng, “China’s War on Terror.”

112. Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia

(London: I.B. Tauris, 2000), 128. He also wrote that the mujahideen had

“come to fight the jihad . . . and to train in weapons, bomb-making, and

military tactics so they could take the jihad back home.”

113. Ahmed Rashid, Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia (New

Haven: Yale University Press, 2002), 140–141.

114. “Xinjiang Separatists Lose Ground,” Jane’s Terrorism and Security Monitor

(April 1, 2003).

115. Rahul K Bhonsle, “China: In Al Qaeda’s Cross Hairs,” News Blaze

( July 12, 2007), http://newsblaze.com/story/20070712062027rahu.nb/

newsblaze/TOPSTORY/Top-Stories.html.

116. “Chinese court rejects appeal of Canadian Muslim jailed for terrorism,”

International Herald Tribune ( July 10, 2007). http://www.iht.com/articles/

ap/2007/07/10/asia/AS-GEN-China-Canada-Detainee.php.

117. “US Has Evidence ETIM Plans Attack,” People’s Daily (August 30, 2002).

118. Shaukat Piracha, “China Asks Pakistan to Investigate Xinjiang Terrorists

List,” The Daily Times ( January 17, 2004). http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/

default.asp?page=story_17–1–2004_pg1_2.

119. “United General Assembly of East Turkistan National Congress,” PRT

Press Review (April 13, 2004).

120. Chung, “China’s War on Terror.”

121. “Combating Terrorism, We Have No Choice,” Xinhua Net (December

18, 2002).

122. Ibid.

123. Ibid.


(March 27, 2009); and E. Wong, “Warning of Attacks on Olympics Is Said

to be Linked to Muslim Separatist Group,” New York Times (August 9,

2008).


2008).

126. McDonald Joe, “China Targets Xinjiang Rebels,” The Washington Times

( January 22, 2002).

127. Stratfor Global Intelligence, “China: The Evolution of ETIM” (May 13,

2008).

128. Rohan Gunaratna, “China under Threat,” The Straits Times (August 3, 2008).

www.idss.edu.sg/short%20reports/CHINA_UNDER_THREAT.pdf.

129. Willy Wo-Lap Lam, “Exploiting a Favourable Climate,” China Brief, Vol, 2,

No. 19 (September 26, 2002), http://jamestown.org/china_brief/article.

php?issue_id=659.

130. Zeyno Baran, S. Frederick Starr, and Svante E. Cornell, “Islamic

Radicalism in Central Asia and the Caucasus: Implications for the EU,”

197NOTES

Central Asia- Caucasus Institute Silk Road Studies Program ( July 2006).

http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/Silkroadpapers/0607Islam.

pdf.

131. Erik Eckholm, “China Muslim Group Planned Terror, U.S. Says,” New

York Times (August 31, 2002). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.htm

l?res=9B0CEEDD133FF932A0575BC0A9649C8B63.

132. B. Raman, “Terrorism in Afghanistan and Central Asia,” South Asia

Analysis Group (November 24, 2004). http://www.saag.org/common/

uploaded_files/paper1172.html.

133. Gunaratna, “China under Threat.”

134. Holly Fletcher and Jayshree Bajoria, “The East Turkistan Islamic Movement

(ETIM),” Council on Foreign Relations, Backgrounder. http://www.cfr.

org/publication/9179/.

135. “Testimony of Detainees before the Combatant Status Review

Tribunal,” Combatant Status Review Tribunal (CSRT) and

Administrative Review Board (ARB), Documents Released March 3,

April 3, and April 19, 2006, http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/

csrt/.


137. Ibid.

138. “East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away with Impunity,”


139. “Albania Takes Guantanamo Uighurs,” BBC (May 6, 2006). http://news.

bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4979466.stm.

140. Hope Yen, “Court Bars Release of 17 Uighurs Detainees into US,”

Associated Press (February 18, 2009). http://news.yahoo.com/s/

ap/20090218/ap_on_go_ot/guantanamo_detainees.


2008).

142. Anders Nielsen and Syed Adnan Ali Shah Bukhari, “Talibanization of

FATA and NWFP: Status and key drivers,” ICPVTR Field study re-

port, 2007; Hassan Abbas, “Increasing Talibanization in Pakistan’s

Seven Tribal Agencies,” Terrorism Monitor, Vol. 5, No. 18 (September 27,

2007).

143. Ibid.

144. Ibid.

145. “Chinese Police Destroy Terrorist Camp in NW Region,” Xinhua

Net ( January 8, 2007). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007–

01/08/content_5580233.htm; and Country Reports on Terrorism 2007

(Washington, DC: Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, U.S.

Department of State, April 2008), 33. http://www.state.gov/documents/

organization/105904.pdf.

146. Ibid.

147. “Chinese police kill 2 terrorists, arrest 15 others,” Xinhua Net

(February 18, 2008). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008–02/18/


148. Ibid.

198 NOTES

149. “Chinese Police Kill 2 Terrorists, Arrest 15 Others,” Xinhua Net

(February 18, 2008).

150. Ibid.

151. Ibid.


153. Ibid.

154. Ibid.

155. Ibid.

156. “Tension Grips Waziristan as Uzbeks Find New Sanctuary,” The News 21st

(May 2007).


158. “Pakistan Hands over Nine Uyghur Militants to China,” Indian Express

(April 27, 2009). http://www.indianexpress.com/news/pakistan-hands-

over-nine-uyghur-militants-to/451721/.

159. Ibid.

160. “Statement from the Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP),” The NEFA Foundation

(May 1, 2009). www.nefafoundatin.org; and “TIP responds to US Treasury

Designation, Arrests,” SITE Intelligence Group (May 1, 2009).

161. Edward Wong, “Warning of Attacks on Olympics Is Said to be Linked to

Muslim Separatist Group,” New York Times (August 9, 2008). http://www.

nytimes.com/2008/08/10/sports/olympics/10uighurs.html?ref=asia

162. “Chinese Police Deny ‘Terrorist Attacks’ behind Recent Explosions,”

Xinhua Net ( July 26, 2008). http://news.xinhuanet.com/

english/200807/26/content_8775123.htm.

163. Didier Chaudet, “Islamist Terrorism in Greater Central Asia: The

‘Al-Qaedaization’ of Uzbek Jihadism,” Russie.Nei.Visions (December,

2008).

164. Rohan Gunaratna and Kenneth Pereire, “An Al Qaeda Group Operating

in China?” The China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 2 (2006): 58.

http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/May_2006/

GunaratnaPereire.pdf; and The Middle Eastern Web site. www.tajdeed.

org.uk.

165. ICPVTR translation of the video “Jihad in Eastern Turkistan,” uploaded

on November 8, 2006.

166. Ibid.

167. Kenneth Pereire, “The Beijing Olympics and China’s Militant Groups,”

RSIS Commentaries ( June 28, 2007).

168. ICPVTR translation of the video “Jihad in Eastern Turkistan.”

169. Ibid.

170. Ibid.

171. Pereire, “The Beijing Olympics.”

172. ICPVTR translation of the, “Shaheed Hasan Mahsum Rahimallah” (The

God bless Holy Martyrs Hasan Mahsum) uploaded on August 10, 2007.

www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lx5lwRm9UA.

173. ICPVTR translation of the video, “Hasan Mahsum,” uploaded on

March 16, 2008. www.youtube.com/watch?v=UqFZohw7Qak.

199NOTES

174. ICPVTR translation of the video, “Al-Zubayr Al-Turkistani,” uploaded

on March 10, 2008.

175. Ibid.

176. Ibid.

177. Abu ‘Ubaydah al-Maqdisi, Shuhada’ Fi Zaman al-Ghurbah (The Martyrs in

the Time of Alienation) (Markaz Al-Fajr al-I’lami, 2008), 131–133. Translated

by ICPVTR.

178. “Terrorism in Western China? An interview with Rohan Gunaratna,”

The Politic ( January 7, 2009). http://thepolitic.org/content/view/93/37/

179. Edward Wong, “Group says Video Warns of Plympic Attack,” New

York Times (August 7, 2008), http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/08/

sports/olympics/08china.html#; John Garnaut, “Beijing plays down

terror threat to Games,” Brisbane Times ( July 28, 2008). http://www.

brisbanetimes.com.au/news/olympics/beijing-plays-down-terror-threat-

to-games/2008/07/27/1217097093432.html?page=fullpage#contentSwa

p1; and The Sydney Morning Herald, “Group threatens Olympic terror,”

( July 26, 2008).

180. “Terrorists Issue New Threat to Olympics: US Analysts,” Thaindian News

(August 8, 2008). http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/

terrorists-issue-new-threat-to-olympics-us-analysts_10081297.html.

181. Ibid.

182. Ibid.

183. ICPVTR translation of the video, “Islamic Party of Turkistan ‘Our Blessed

Jihad in Yunnan,’ ” uploaded July 23, 2008.

184. Ibid.


Xinhua Net ( July 26, 2008). http://news.xinhuanet.com/

english/200807/26/content_8775123.htm.

186. “Turkestan Islamic Party (TIP): ‘Why Are We Fighting China,” The

NEFA Foundation ( July 2008). www.nefafoundation.org.


(March 27, 2009); and “TIP: ‘Steadfastness and Preparations for Jihad in

the Cause of Allah,” The NEFA Foundation ( January 20, 2009). www.

nefafoundation.org.

188. Ibid.

189. Ibid.

190. Ibid.

191. Islamic Turkistan, Issue 1, distributed by the Meda al-Sayouf (Ink of Swords)

Network. “ ‘Islamic Turkistan’- First Issue of TIP Magazine,” SITE

Intelligence Group ( January 29, 2009).

192. Ibid.

193. Ibid.

194. Ibid.

195. Islamic Turkistan, Issue 2, posted on the Al-Faloja jihadist forum on

February 6, 2009. “ ‘Islamic Turkistan’—Second Issue of TIP Magazine,”

Site Intelligence Group (February 9, 2009).

200 NOTES

196. Ibid.

197. Islamic Turkistan, Issue 3, released by Al-Fajr Media Center and posted on

jihadist forums on March 25, 2009. “ ‘Islamic Turkistan’—Third Issue of

TIP Magazine,” SITE Intelligence Group (March 25, 2009).

198. Mohamed Redzuan Bin Salleh trans., “ ‘Islamic Turkistan’—Third Issue of

TIP Magazine,” SITE Intelligence Group (March 25, 2009).

199. Ibid.

200. Ibid.

201. “Woman Confesses to China Plane Attack,” Associated Press (March

27, 2008). http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008–03–27-china-

terror_N.htm.


(21 October, 2008). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008–10/21/


203. “Xinjiang Official Calls Monday’s Raid on Border Police a Terrorist

Attack,” People’s Daily (August 6, 2008). http://english.people.com.

cn/90001/90776/90882/6467210.html.


(October 21, 2008).

205. Bu Ding, “Searching for Eyewitnesses for CZ6901 Incident,”

EastSouthWestNorth (March 11, 2008). http://zonaeuropa.com/20080311_1.

htm.

206. Chris Buckley and Benjamin Kang Lim, “China Plane Attackers Came

‘from Pakistan, Central Asia’,” Reuters (March 20, 2008). http://in.reuters.

com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-32593620080320?sp=true.

207. Ibid.

208. Bu Ding, “Searching for Eyewitnesses.”

209. Ibid.

210. “Woman Confesses to China Plane Attack,” Associated Press (March

27, 2008). http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008–03–27-china-

terror_N.htm.

211. Ibid.

212. Ibid.

213. Chirs Buckley and Benjamin Kang Lim. “China Plane Attackers Came

‘from Pakistan, Central Asia’,” Reuters India (March 20, 2008). http://

in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-32593620080320.

214. “Shanghai Police Swoops Thwart Stadium Terrorist Plot,”

People’s Daily ( July 25, 2008). http://english.peopledaily.com.

cn/90001/90776/90882/6459128.html.

215. Ibid.

216. “China Thwarts Terrorist Plot At Olympic Football Stadium,”

National Terror Alert Response Center ( July 25, 2008). http://

www.nationalterroralert.com/updates/2008/07/25/china-thwarts-

terrorist-plot-at-olympic-football-stadium/.

217. Ibid.

218. “Two Executed for Kashgar Terror Attack on Police,” China Daily

(April 10, 2009). http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009–04/10/


201NOTES

219. “Xinjiang Official Calls Monday’s Raid on Border Police a Terrorist

Attack,” Xinhua Net (August 6, 2008), http://news.xinhuanet.com/

english/2008–08/06/content_8984080.htm; and Austin Ramzy, “Jihad

in China’s Far West,” Time (August 6, 2008). http://www.time.com/time/

world/article/0,8599,1829791,00.html.

220. “16 police officer die in Kashgar terror strike,” China Daily (August 5, 2008).

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008–08/05/content_6903132.

htm.

221. “Two executed for Kashgar terror attack on police,” China Daily (April 10,

2009).

222. “Terrorist plot suspected in violent attack on police in west China’s

Xinjiang,” Xinhua Net (August 6, 2008).

223. Edward Cody, “Grenade Attack in China Kills 16 Policemen,” Washington

Post (August 4, 2008). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/ content/

article/2008/08/03/AR2008080302160.html.

224. Gonzalo R. Gallegos, Daily Press Briefing (Washington: US Department

of State, August 4, 2008), http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2008/

aug/107704.htm.

225. Andrew Jacobs, “Ambush in China Raises Concerns as Olympics Near,”

The New York Times (August 5, 2008).

226. Kuqa is the most populous county of Aksu prefecture in Xinjiang, with

a population of about 400,000. The site of Kuqa County is about 740

kilometers from Urumqi, the regional capital. “Serial Explosions Kill

Two in China’s Remote Xinjiang,” Xinhua Net (August 10, 2008).

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008–08/10/content_9113230.

htm.

227. Ibid.

228. “Fresh Deadly Attacks in Western China,” Financial Times (August 10,

2008), http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6d8b431c-6680–11dd-bc42–0000779

fd18c.html.

229. “Renewed Violence in West China,” BBC (August 12, 2008). http://

news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asiapacific/ 7555831.stm.

230. “Eight Dead after Wave of Bombings in China’s Xinjiang,” Bloomberg

(August 10, 2008). http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=2060108

0&sid=aS1Vnm16systc&refer=asia.

231. Edward Wong, “Attack in West China Kills 3 Security Officers,” New

York Times (August 12, 2008). http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/13/

sports/olympics/13china.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=China%20links%20

bombings%20in%20west%20to%20Olympics&st=cse.

232. Ibid.

233. “Two Women among Bombers,” The Straits Times (August 12, 2008), A13.

234. Ibid.

235. “Chinese Police Say 18 Turkistan Terrorist Suspects Arrested This

Year,” People’s Daily (August 5, 2008). http://english.people.com.

cn/90001/90776/90785/6467045.html.

236. “Three Die as Shanghai Bus ‘Burst into Fire’,” Reuters (May 5, 2008). http://

www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTON50903320080505.

237. Ibid.

202 NOTES

238. Tania Branigan, “Olympics Threatened by Islamic Separatists,” Guar-

dian ( July 27, 2008). http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/jul/27/

olympicgames2008.terrorism/.

239. Ibid.

240. Ibid.

241. Ibid


Xinhua Net ( July 26, 2008).

243. Ibid.

244. Ibid.

245. “Police Scramble to Find Bus Explosion Clues in SW China,” Xinhua



246. Ibid.

247. Ibid.

248. “Bomber Tied to Café and Bus Bombings, Identity Revealed,” Go Kunming

(December 29, 2008). http://www.gokunming.com/en/blog/item/767/

bomber_tied_to_cafe_and_bus_bombings_identity_revealed.

249. “Chinese Official Warns of ‘More Severe’ Security Situation in Xinjiang,”

Xinhua Net (March 6, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/

2009–03/06/content_10958204.htm.

250. Gunaratna, “China under threat.”

251. “Profiles of 11 terrorists identified,” China Daily (December 16, 2003).


htm.

252. Ibid.

253. Ibid.

254. Ibid.

255. Ibid.



htm.

257. Ibid.

258. Ibid.

259. “China Identifies Eastern Turkistan Terrorists,” Xinhua Net

(December 15, 2003). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2003–12/15/

content_1231167_1.htm.

260. “China Seeks Cooperation Worldwide to Fight ‘East Turkistan’

Terrorists,” Xinhua Net (December 15, 2003). http://news.xinhuanet.

com/english/2003–12/15/content_1232547.htm.

261. “Separatist Leader Vows To Target Chinese Government,” East Turkistan

Information Centre ( January 29, 2003). http://www.uygur.org/

wunn03/2003_01_30.htm.

262. Ibid.

263. Ibid.

264. Ibid.

265. Ibid.

203NOTES

266. “Kyrgyz Authorities Arrest Alleged Uyghur Separatist,” Radio Free

Europe/Radio Liberty (February 15, 2007). http://www.rferl.org/

content/Article/1074730.html.

267. Ibid.

268. “Kyrgyz Authorities Arrest Fugitive Uighur Separatist,” International

Herald Tribune (February 15, 2007).

269. “Introducing the World Uyghur Congress,” the Web site of the World

Uyghur Congress. http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/AboutWUC.

asp?mid=1095738888; and Yitzhak Shichor, “Changing the guard at

the World Uyghur Congress,” China Brief, Vol. 6, No. 25 (Washington,

DC: Jamestown Foundation, December 19, 2006). http://www.

jamestown.org/s ing le/?no_cache=1&tx_t tnews%5Bt t _news%5

D=32346.



271. ETNC Web site. http://www.eastturkistan.com/html/main.html.

272. PRT Press Review (United General Assembly of East Turkistan National

Congress, April 13, 2004).

273. “Eastern Turkistan terrorist evidence revealed,” China Daily (February 14,

2004).

274. Ibid.

275. “Introduction” and “UNPO Presidency & Secretariat,” UNPO Web site.

http://www.unpo.org.

276. Ibid.

277. “Combating Terrorism, We Have No Choice,” Xinhua Net



278. Ibid.

279. “Backgrounder: Recent Terrorist Activities by Eastern Turkistan Groups,”

Xinhua Net (April 16, 2004).

280. Darko Trifunovic, “Separatism Aimed at the PRC’s Xinjiang Province:

The Activities of “East Turkestan” in the West Analysis.”

281. Linkda K. Benson, The Ili rebellion: The Muslim challenge to Chinese

authority in Xinjiang, 1944–1949 (New York: M. E. Sharpe Inc., 1990),

163.

282. Ibid.

283. Ibid., 228.

284. “Biographical Note of Erkin Alptekin,” The World Uyghur Congress

(2005). http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/AboutWUC.asp?mid=1095

738888&mid2=1109104014&mid3=1109598091.

285. Ibid.

286. East Turkestan Information Bulletin. http://www.caccp.org/et/etib3_5.

html#1.

287. The UNPO Web site. http://www.unpo.org/; and “Introducing

the World Uyghur Congress,” the Web site of the World Uyghur

Congress. http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/AboutWUC.asp?

mid=1095738888.

204 NOTES

288. “UNPO Presidency & Secretariat,” the UNPO Web site. http://www.

unpo.org/content/view/6190/62/.

289. Rebiya Kadeer, Dragon Fighter: One Woman’s Epic Struggle for Peace with

China (Carlsbad: Kales Press, 2009), 10.

290. Ibid., 7.

291. Ibid., 23.

292. Ibid., 30.

293. Ibid., 56.

294. Ibid., 58.

295. “China Frees Top Uighur Prisoner,” BBC (March 17, 2005). http://news.

bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4357637.stm.

296. “Congressional Report on Rebiya Kadeer,” Uyghur Human Rights

Project (Washington, DC: Uyghur American Association, July 24, 2004).

http://www.uhrp.org/articles/27/1/Congressional-Report-on-Rebiya-

Kadeer/Congressional-Report-on-Rebiya-Kadeer.html.

297. “Evidence Shows Rebiya Kadeer behind Urumqi Riot: Chinese Gov’t,”

Xinhua Net ( July 9, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/

2009–07/09/content_11676293.htm.

298. “Dongtu sanfa chuandan, Xinjiang jishi chuli (East Turkistan Handed Out

Leaf lets, Xinjiang Authorities Handled in Time),” Ta Kung Pao (Hong

Kong) (February 10, 2009). http://www.takungpao.com:10000/gate/gb/

www.takungpao.com/news/09/02/10/EP-1029880.htm.


The Activities of ‘East Turkestan’ in the West Analysis.”

300. Dewardric L. McNeal, “China’s Relations with Central Asia States and

Problems with Terrorism,” (Washington, DC; Congressional Research

Service, December 17, 2001) 11–12.

301. Ibid.

302. Among the dead, 137 were Han Chinese, 64 were Uighurs, and one

was Hui nationality. Yuan Ye and Xia Wenhui, “After horrible riot,

Xinjiang people hope to mend tainted relations of ethnic groups,” Xinhua



303. “Police Have Evidence of World Uyghur Congress Masterminding

Xinjiang Riot,” Xinhua Net ( July 7, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/


304. Chris Buckley, “Xinjiang Riot Toll Hits 156 as Unrest Spreads,” Reuters

( July 6, 2009). http://mobile.reuters.com/mobile/m/FullArticle/CTOP/

ntopNews_uUSTRE5650SW20090706?src=RSS-TOP

305. “World Uyghur Congress’ Statement on July 5th Urumqi Incident,” the

WUC Web site ( July 7, 2009). http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/

PressRelease.asp?ItemID=-1553700856&mid=1096144499.

306. “Four Sentenced for Attacking Chinese Embassy in Netherlands,” Xinhua



307. Frank Langfitt, “China Pins Violence on Uighur Activist in D.C.” ( July 9,

2009). http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106415882.

205NOTES

308. “China Issues Alert for Tourists in Germany,” China Radio International

(CRI) ( July 11, 2009). http://english.cri.cn/6909/2009/07/11/53s500605.

htm.

309. “Uighur leader rejects Al-Qaeda,” The Straits Times ( July 15, 2009).

ht tp://www.st r a it s t imes .com/Break ing%2BNews/Asia/Stor y/

STIStory_403280.html.

310. Ibid.

311. Shichor, “Changing the Guard.”

312. “Introducing the World Uyghur Congress,” World Uyghur Congress.

http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/AboutWUC.asp? mid=1095738888.


The Activities of ‘East Turkestan’ in the West Analysis.”

314. “Eastern Turkistan Information Center a Terrorist Cover: Official,”

Xinhua Net (December 15, 2003). http://news.xinhuanet.com/


315. Ibid.

316. Ibid.

317. Ibid.

318. “ETIC strongly condemn Pakistan’s extradition of Uyghurs to China,”

ETIC Web site (April 28, 2009). www.uygur.org/wunn09/04_28.

htm - 26k.

319. East Turkestan Information Bulletin. http://www.caccp.org/et/etib3_5.

html#1.

320. “Profiles of 11 terrorists identified,” China Daily (December 16, 2003).


htm.

321. Ibid.

322. “China Discloses More Evidence of ‘Eastern Turkistan’ Terrors,” People’s

Daily (February 13, 2004). http://www. english.peopledaily.com.

cn/200402/13/eng20040213_134802.shtml - 13k -.

323. Ibid.


325. Ibid.

326. “Eastern Turkistan Information Center a Terrorist Cover: Official,”

Xinhua Net (December 15, 2003). http://news.xinhuanet.com/


327. Ibid.

4 Hui Muslims: The Milieu of

Radicalization and Extremism

1. Ma Ruxiong is a Muslim cleric in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture,

Gansu Province, China. Jim Yardley, “A Spectator’s Role for China’s

Muslims,” The New York Times (February 19, 2006). http://www.nytimes.

com/2006/02/19/weekinreview/19yardley.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1.

2. National Bureau of Statistics of China (2002).

206 NOTES

3. Justin Ben-Adam, “China” in Islam Outside the Arab World, ed. David

Westerlund and Ingvar Svanberg (Richmond: Curzon Press, 1999), 190;

and Dru C. Glandey, “Muslim Tombs and Ethnic Folklore,” The Journal of

Asian Studies, Vol. 46, No. 3 (1987): 495; and Muslim Chinese, 18.


5. Dru C. Gladney, “Islam in China: Accommodation or Separatism?” The

China Quarterly (2003): 453.

6. June Dyer, China’s Forty Million: Minority Nationalities and National Integration

in the People’s Republic of China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,

1979).

7. Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 21.

8. Michael Dillon, China’s Muslims (Oxford: Oxford University Press,

1996), 15.

9. Ibid.

10. Gladney, “Islam in China,” 454.

11. Ding Mingren, Yisilan Wenhua Zai Zhongguo (Islamic Culture in China)

(Beijing: Religious Culture Press, 2003), 2–3.

12. Donald Daniel Leslie, “The Integration of Religious Minorities in China:

The Case of Chinese Muslims” (paper presented at The Fifty-ninth George

Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology 1998, Canberra: Australia National

University, 1998), 11–13.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

15. Donald Daniel Leslie, Islam in Traditional China: A Short History to 1800

(Canberra: Canberra College of Advanced Education, 1986) and “Living

with the Chinese: The Muslim Experience in China, Tang to Ming” in

Chinese Ideas about Nature and Society: Studies in Honour of Derk Bodde, ed.

Charles Le Blanc & Susan Blader (Hong Kong, 1984), 175–193.

16. Leslie, “The Integration of Religious Minorities,” 11.


18. Ibid.

19. Haji Yusuf Liu Bao Jun, A Glance at Chinese Muslims: An Introductive Book

(Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Encyclopedia Research Berhad, 1998), 11.


21. Ding, Yisilan Wenhua, 18.

22. Haji Yusuf Liu Bao Jun, A Glance at Chinese Muslims, 14.

23. Ibid.

24. “The Hui Ethnic Minority,” China Net. http://www.china.org.cn/e-

groups/shaoshu/shao-2-hui.htm.

25. Ibid.

26. Ding, Yisilan Wenhua, 14.


28. Ibid., 43; and “The Hui Ethnic Minority,” China Net. http://www.china.

org.cn/e-groups/shaoshu/shao-2-hui.htm.

29. Ibid.

30. Yang Qichen & Yang Hua, Zhongguo Yisilanjiao De Lishi Fazhan He

Xianzhuang (The Historical Development and Present Situation of China’s

Islam) (Yinchuan: Ningxia People’s Press), 109.

207NOTES

31. Israeli, Islam in China, 122–123.

32. Justin Ben-Adam, “China,” 200.

33. Dillon, China’s Muslims, 19.

34. Ibid.

35. Ibid.



38. Ibid.

39. Raphael Israeli, “The Muslim Minority in the People’s Republic of China,”

Asian Survey, Vol. 21, No. 8 (August 1981): 917.


41. Ibid.

42. Ibid.

43. Ibid., 315.

44. Dru C. Gladney, “Islam in China: Accommodation or Separatism?” in

Religion in China Today: The China Quarterly Special Issues New Series, No. 3,

ed. Daniel L. Overmyer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).

45. Ibid., 453.


47. Ibid.


49. Ma Tong, Zhongguo Yisilanjiaopai Yu Menhuan Zhidu Shilue (The Brief

History of China’s Islamic Schools and Menhuan System) (Ningxia:

Ningxia People’s Press, 2000), 90.

50. G. Findlay Andrew, The Crescent in North-West China, 10, quoted in Dru C.

Gladney Muslim Chinese, 38.

51. Ma, Zhongguo, 60.


53. Ibid.


55. Jin Yijiu, “Sufeipai yu Zhongguo menhuan” (Sufism and China’s

Menhuan) in Xibei Yisilanjiao Yanjiu (Northwest Islam Research), Gansu

Provincial Ethnology Department (ed.) (Lanzhou: Gansu Nationality

Publishing Society, 1985), 187–203 and “The System of Menhuan

in China: An inf luence of Sufism on Chinese Muslims” Ming Studies,

Vol. 19, 35.


57. Berlie, Islam in China, 40; and Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 41.

58. Joseph F. Fletcher, “The Naqshbandiyya in Northwest China,” Journal of

Turkish Studies, Vol. 1 (1977): 113–119.

59. In Chinese, they are Hufuye, Zheherenye (or Zhehelinye), Gadelinye and

Kuburenye, called sida menhuan (Four Main Menhuan). Yang and Yang,

Zhongguo Yisilanjiao, 75–79; and Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 41 and Dillon,

China’s Muslims, 22.




63. Ibid.

208 NOTES

64. Ibid.

65. Ibid.

66. Gladney, “China’s Minorities,” 464.

67. Ibid.

68. Maris Boyd Gillette, Between Mecca and Beijing: Modernization and Consumption

among Urban Chinese Muslims (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000),

76–81.

69. Ibid.

70. John Esposito, Islam: The Straight Path (Oxford: Oxford University Press,

1988), 158; Jonathan Lipman, “Patch Work Society, Network Society: A

Study of Sino-Muslim Communities” in Islam in China, ed. Raphael Israeli

and Anthony Johns ( Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1984) and Familiar

Strangers: A Muslim History in China (Seattle: University of Washington

Press, 1997), 202–203.

71. Gillette, Between Mecca and Beijing, 76.


73. Ibid.

74. Lipman, Familiar Strangers, 204.


76. Yang and Yang, Zhongguo Yisilanjiao, 74.

77. Ibid.

78. Yang and Yang, Zhongguo Yisilanjiao, 86; and Ma, Zhongguo, 265.


80. The figure was based on Ma Tong, Zhongguo Isilanjiaopai Yu Menhuan

Suyuan (The Origins of China’s Islamic Schools and Menhuan) (Yinchuan:

Ningxia People’s Press, 1983) and Gladney Muslim Chinese, Appendix A.


82. Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 37–47.


84. Ibid.

85. Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 332–6.

86. Wang Hongjiang, ed., “More than 8,000 people in China’s largest Muslim

region pay pilgrimage to Mecca,” Xinhua News ( July 7, 2008). http://

news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008–07/07/content_8505548.htm.

87. “Majority of China’s Muslims Still Cannot Make It to Mecca,” Uyghur

Human Rights Project (Washington: Uyghur American Association,

October 29, 2007). http://www.uhrp.org/articles/589/1/Majority-of-

Chinas-Muslims-Still-Cannot-Make-it-to-Mecca-/index.html.

88. Ibid.

89. Fang Jinying, “The Development of Islam Groups in South Asia and

Southeast Asia and the Inf luence on China” (paper presented at the

International Conference on Harmonious Development of Religion,

Society and Economy, Beijing: Institute of Ethnic Minority Groups

Development Research Development Research Center of State Council,

R.C.’s, October 17, 2007).

90. Ibid.

209NOTES

91. Dru C. Gladney “Ehnoreligious Resurgence in a Northwestern

Sufi Community” in China off Center: Mapping the Margins

of the Middle Kingdom, ed. Susan Debra Blum and Lionel

M. Jensen (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2002), 123.

92. Ibid.

93. Ibid.

94. Fang, “The Development of Islam Groups.”

95. Gladney, “Ethnoreligious Resurgence,” 124.


97. Ibid.

98. ICPVTR translation of the video, “Power of Truth.”

99. Ibid.

100. Raphael Israeli, “The Muslim Minority in the People’s Republic of

China,” Asian Survey, Vol. 21, No. 8 (1981): 915–917.

101. Fang, “The Development of Islam Groups.”

102. Alex Alexiev, “Tablighi Jamaat: Jihad’s Stealthy Legions,” Middle Eastern

Quarterly (Winter 2005). http://www.meforum.org/686/tablighi-jamaat-

jihads-stealthy-legions.

103. Susan Sachs, “A Muslim missionary group draws new scrutiny in U.S.,” The

New York Times ( July 14, 2003). http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/14/

us/a-muslim-missionary-group-draws-new-scrutiny-in-us.html?.

104. Alexiev, “Tablighi Jamaat.”

105. Ibid.

106. Israeli, “The Muslim Minority,” 920.

107. Ibid., 916.

108. Paul George, “Commentary No. 73: Islamic Unrest In the Xinjiang Uighur

Autonomous Region,” Canadian Security Intelligence Service (Ottawa: Spring

1998). http://www.csis-scrs.gc.ca/pblctns/cmmntr/cm73-eng.asp/.


5 Threats to China from Al Qaeda

1. The dedication is excerpted from the sixth entry of the video serises,

“Knights of Martyrdom,” released by the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) on

October 6, 2009. “ISI ‘Kights of Martyrdom 6’ Video, Dedicated to

Uyghurs,” SITE Intelligence Group (August 24, 2009).

2. Venkatesan Vembu, “China May Be Next in al-Qaeda’s Crosshairs,”

DNA India (December 11, 2008). http://www.dnaindia.com/report.

asp?newsid=1213078.

3. “East Turkistan . . . The Forgotten Wound,” a speech by Abu Yahya al-Libi,

released on jihadist forums on October 6, 2009. “Libi Urges Support for

Uyghurs, Calls for Jihad,” SITE Intelligence Group (October 7, 2009).

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.

210 NOTES

8. Angel Rabasa et al., Beyond al-Qaeda, Part 1, “The Global Jihadist Movement,”

Rand Project Air Force (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2006): 1.

9. Yael Shahar, “Al Qaida: A Ref lection of Globalization?” (September 1,

2008). http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/490/currentpage/

1/Default.aspx

10. Angel Rabasa et al., Beyond al-Qaeda, xviii.

11. Goh Chok Tong, “Fight Terror with Ideas, Not Just Armies,” speech of

the Prime Minister of Singapore at the Council on Foreign Relations

(Washington DC May 6, 2004), as reproduced by The Straits Times (May 7,

2004).

12. Jason Burke, Al-Qaeda (London: Penguin Books, 2007), 3.

13. The phrase “propaganda by deed” was first used by Prince Pyotr Kropotkin

in his pamphlet Revolutionary Government (1880). Bruce Hoffman, Inside

Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 17.

14. Angel Rabasa et al., Beyond al-Qaeda, xviii.

15. Rohan Gunaratna, ed., The Changing Face of Terrorism (Singapore: Eastern

University Press, 2004), 14.

16. Rohan Gunaratna, “Al-Qaeda’s Trajectory in 2003,” IDSS Perspectives

(May 3, 2003). http://www.ntu.edu.sg/idss/Perspective/research_050303.

htm.

17. “Azzam Exclusive: Letter from Usamah Bin Muhammad Bin Ladin to the

American People,” Waaqiah (Internet), Foreign Broadcast Information Service

(October 26, 2002).

18. Barry Desker, “The Jemaah Islamiyah Phenomenon in Singapore,”

Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 25, No. 3 (2003), 489–490.

19. Ibid, 493.

20. Marc Sageman, “Understanding Terror Networks,” Foreign Policy Research

Institute (November 1, 2004). http://www.fpri.org/enotes/20041101.

middleeast.sageman.understandingterrornetworks.html.

21. Rohan Gunaratna, “The Post Madrid Face of Al Qaeda,” The Washington

Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Summer 2004), 93. The figure 4,000 members

come from Al Qaeda detainee debriefs, including the FBI interrogation of

Mohommad Mansour Jabarah, Canadian operative of Kuwaiti-Iraqi origin

now in USA custody since 2002.

22. Banks, de Nevers, Wallerstein, Combating Terrorism: Strategies and Approaches

(Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2008), 55.

23. Angel Rabasa et al., Beyond al-Qaeda, Part 1, “The Global Jihadist

Movement,” Rand Project Air Force (Santa Monica, CA, 2006), 68.

24. Peter Bergen et al., “Bombers, Bank Accounts, & Bleedout,” Harmony

Project, Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 5. www.ctc.usma.

edu/harmony/pdf/Sinjar_2_July_23.pdf.

25. Ibid., 7.

26. Bruce Hoffman, “Challenges for the U.S. Special Operations Command

Posed by the Global Terrorist Threat: Al Qaeda on the Run or on

the March?” (Written Testimony to the House Armed Services

Committee, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, February 14,

2007). http://armedservices.house.gov/pdfs/TUTC021407/Hoffman_

Testimony021407.pdf.

211NOTES

27. Donald Kerr, “Emerging Threats, Challenges and Opprtunities in the

Middle East,” Paper Presented at a Conference Sponsored by the Washington

Institute for Near East Policy (Washington DC, May 29, 2008), www.the-

washingtoninstitute.org/templateC07.php?CID=397.

28. National Intelligence Estimate, The Terrorist Threat to the US Homeland

(Washington, DC. : The National Intelligence Council, 2007). http://

www.dni.gov/press_releases/20070717_release.pdf.

29. Rohan Gunaratna, “The post-Madrid face of Al Qaeda,” The Washington

Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 3 (2004): 99.

30. Audrey Kurth Cronin, “How al-Qaida Ends: The Decline and Demise of

Terrorist Groups,” International Security, Vol. 31, No. 1 (2006): 7.

31. Jason Burke, “The New Matrix of Terror,” India Today ( July 25, 2005).

http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20050725/cs-al.html.

32. Brynjar Lia, “Al-Suri’s Doctrines for Decentralized Jihad Training,” Part 1,

Terrorism Monitor, Jamestown Foundation, Vol. V, No. 1 ( January 18, 2007):

2.

33. Jason Burke, Al-Qaeda (London: Penguin Books, 2007), 15.

34. Debriefing of Umar Al Faruq, detained at the Baghram Airbase in

Afghanistan on September 9, 2002, enabled the U.S. government to issue an

alert immediately before September 11, 2002, the first anniversary of 9/11.

Tactical Interrogation Report/Umar Al Faruq, CIA, Langley (September

2002).

35. Angel Rabasa et al., “Beyond al-Qaeda,” Part 1, The Global Jihadist Movement,

Rand Project Air Force (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation 2006),

38–39.

36. Ibid., 39.

37. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, 9/11

Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks

Upon the United States ( July 22, 2004), 151.

38. Abu Mus’ab al-Nadjdi, cited in Akram Hijazi, “A Journey into the Mind of

the Salafia al-Jihadia: Al-Qa’ida as a Model,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi newspaper

published in London, August 28 to 31, 2006 (four parts), “Part Two: The

Economy and the Theory of the Snake’s Head.”

39. Interview, Dr. Reuven Paz, International Policy Institute for Counter-

Terrorism, Israel (May 192003).

40. Eliza Manninghma-Buller, Terrorism Conference, Royal United Services

Institute (London, July 17, 2003).

41. Ibid.

42. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), “Remarks Prepared for Delivery by

Director Robert S. Mueller, III, Federal Bureau of Investigation,” (The

City Club of Cleveland, June 23, 2006). http://www.fbi.gov/ pressrel/

speeches/mueller062306.htm; and “New Profile of the Home-grown

Terrorist Emerges,” The Christian Science Monitor ( July 26, 2006). http://

www.csmonitor.com/2006/0626/p01s01-ussc.html.

43. Richard A. Falkenrath, “Prepared Statement of Testimony Before the

Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs,” (United

States Senate, Washington, DC, September 12, 2006). http://hsgac.senate.

gov/_files/091206Falkenrath.pdf.

212 NOTES

44. Gary LaFree, cited in Patrik Jonsson, “New Profile of the Home-grown

Terrorist emerges,” The Investigative Project on Terrorism ( June 26, 2006).

http://www.investigativeproject.org/133/new-prof ile-of-the-home-

grown-terrorist-emerges.

45. Ibid.

46. George J. Tenet, “The Worldwide Threat 2004: Challenges in a Changing

Global Context,” Testimony before the Senate Select Committee on

Intelligence (Global Security.org, January 24, 2004), http://www.

g loba l secur it y.org/intel l/ l ibrar y/congress/2004_hr/tenet_24feb

2004.htm.

47. McMillan and Cavili, “Countering Global Terrorism,” 22–23.

48. Angel Rabasa, Beyond al-Qaeda, 31

49. Ibid., 33

50. Robert F. Worth, “Freed by the U.S., Saudi Becomes a Qaeda Chief,” The

New York Times ( January 22, 2009). http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/23/

world/middleeast/23yemen.html?hp.

51. Paul J. Smith, “Prospects for US-China Cooperation,” (testimony before

the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Hearing

on “China’s Military and Security Activities Abroad,” Washington,

DC, the United States, March 4, 2009). http://www.uscc.gov/

hearings/2009hearings/written_testimonies/09_03_04_wrts/09_03_04_

smith_statement.pdf.

52. Richard K. Betts, “The Soft Underbelly of American Primacy: Tactical

Advantages of Terror,” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 117, No. 1 (2002):

20. Martha Crenshaw, “Why America? The Globalization of Civil War,”

Current History, Vol. 100, No. 650 (December 2001): 425.

53. Paul J. Smith, “Prospects for US-China Cooperation.”

54. Shirley A. Kan, “U.S.—China Counterterrorism Cooperation: Issues

for U.S. Policy,” (Washington, DC; Congressional Research Service,

October 29, 2008).

55. “The Power of Truth,” Al-Sahab Video Featuring Osama bin Laden,

Al-Zawahiri and others (September 20, 2007), ICPVTR Translation.

56. Ibid.

57. “Libi Urges Support for Uyghurs, Calls for Jihad,” SITE Intelligence Group

(October 7, 2009).

58. Ibid.

59. Ibid.

60. Akram Hijazi, “China under the Microscope of the Salafia al-Jihadia.”

61. Ibid.

62. Ibid.

63. Akram Hijazi, “China under the Microscope of the Salafia al-Jihadia,” Part

Four: Bloody Conf licts and Frantic Competition in Central Asia.

64. The video posted on as-Sahab Web site by al-Qaeda on the occasion of

the f ifth anniversary of the attacks of September 11, 2001, September 7,

2006.

65. Akram Hijazi, “A Journey into the Mind of the Salafia al-Jihadia: Al-Qa’ida

as a Model,”Al-Quds Al-Arabi newspaper published in London, August 28

213NOTES

to 31, 2006 (four parts), Part Two: The Economy and the Theory of the

Snake’s Head.


Three.


Four.

68. Shirley A. Kan (October 29, 2008).

69. Al-Qa’ida in Afghanistan, “Martyrs in Time of Alienation,” ( January 31,

2008).

70. Paul J. smith, “Prospects for US-China Cooperation,” (March 4, 2009).

http://www.uscc.gov/hear ings/2009hearings/written_testimonies/

09_03_04_wrts/09_03_04_smith_statement.php.

71. Imam Samudra Aku Melawan Teroris (“I am fighting for Terrorism”). For a

detailed discussion about Imam Samudra’s justif ication of Bali Bombings,

see Mohammad Haniff Hassan, Unlicensed to Kill: Countering Imam Samudra’s

Justification for the Bali Bombings (Singapore, Peace Matters, 2006).

72. Ibid.

73. “Pakistan Denies New Reactor Plan,” BBC ( January 3, 2006). http://news.

bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4577044.stm.

74. Urvashi Aneja, “China-Bangladesh Relations: An Emerging Strategic

Partnership?” Special Report No. 33 (Institute of Peace and Conf lict Studies,

November 2006), 5. http://www.ipcs.org/IPCS-Special-Report-33.pdf.

75. “China, Bangladesh to Further Bilateral Economic Ties,” Xinhua Net

( July 23, 2007). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007–07/23/content_

6416262.htm.

76. Urvashi Aneja, “China-Bangladesh Relations: An Emerging Strategic

Partnership?” 7.

77. B. Raman, “The Blast in Gwadar,” South Asia Analysis Group (May 8,

2004). http://southasiaanalysis.org/papers10/paper993.html.

78. Ibid.

79. “Pakistan blast kills 3 Chinese engineers,” China Daily (May 4, 2004). http://

www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004–05/04/content_328099.htm.

80. “Pakistan car bomb kills Chinese,” BBC (May 3, 2004). http://news.bbc.

co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3679533.stm.

81. “Two Chinese Engineers Kidnapped in Pakistan,” People’s Daily

(October 10, 2004). http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200410/09/eng

20041009_159503.html.

82. Ibid.

83. Fazal-ur-Rahman, “Targeted Attacks on Chinese: Myth and Reality,”

(Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad, 2007). http://www.issi.org.pk/

journal/2007_files/no_4/article/a6.htm and Jenny Booth & agencies,

“Chinese workers targeted in deadly Pakistan suicide bombing,” Times

Online ( July 19, 2007). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/

asia/article2103936.ece.

84. Ibid.

85. “Three Chinese Dead in Pakistan ‘Terrorist’ Attack,” Reuters ( July 8, 2007).

http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSISL27353120070708.

214 NOTES

86. Tarique Niazi, “China, Pakistan, and Terrorism,” FPIF Commentary ( July

16, 2007). http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/4384; and “Chinese Workers Shot

in Pakistan,” BBC ( July 9, 2007). http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/

south_asia/6282574.stm.

87. Ibid.

88. Zahid Hussain and Jane Macartney, “Suicide Bomb Attack Jolts China

into Realizing the Risks of Global Ambition,” The Times Online ( July

20, 2007). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/arti-

cle2106397.ece.

89. Jenny Booth and agencies, “Chinese Workers Targeted in Deadly Pakistan

Suicide Bombing,” The Times Online ( July 19, 2007).

90. Ibid.

91. “Pakistani Taliban Claims Fighter Kidnapped 2 Chinese Engineers,”

VOA news (September 2, 2008). http://www.voanews.com/english/

archive/2008–09/2008–09–02-voa19.cfm?CFID=139173390&CFTOKE

N=15164071&jsessionid=8430324afe1f23012b2228631a80233a6d37.

92. “Pak Taliban Kidnapped Two Chinese Engineers against Attacks on

Them,” Thaindian News (September 3, 2008). http://www.thaindian.

com/newsportal/india-news/pak-taliban-kidnap-two-chinese-engineers-

against-attacks-on-them_10091902.html.

93. “Zai bajisitan bei taliban bangjia de zhongguo gongchengshi anquan

huoshi” (The Chinese Engineers Kidnapped by Taliban in Pakistan Were

Released Safely,” Xinhua News (February 15, 2009). http://news.xinhua-

net.com/newscenter/2009–02/15/content_10820593.htm; and “Released

Chinese engineer leaves Pakistan for China,” People’s Daily (February

18, 2009). http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/6595649.

html.

94. “ ‘Afghanistan’s Enemies’ behind Killing of Chinese Workers: Karzai,” and

“Rebuilding Activities to Continue in Afghanistan: Chinese Ambassador”

Afghanistan News Center ( June 11, 2004). http://www.afghanistannews-

center.com/news/2004/june/jun112004.html; and Carlotta Gall, “Taliban

suspected in killing of 11 Chinese works,” New York Times ( June 11, 2004).

http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E3DA1530F932A2

5755C0A9629C8B63.

95. Ibid.

96. “Eleven Chinese Dead in Afghan Terrorist Attack, News Black-out

Imposed,” Afghanistan News Center ( June 11, 2004). http://www.afghan-

istannewscenter.com/news/2004/june/jun112004.html.

97. Carlotta Gall, “Taliban Suspected in Killing of 11 Chinese Workers,”

New York Times ( June 11, 2004); “Mystery Shrouds Killing of Chinese

in Afghanistan,” China Daily (updated June 21, 2004). http://www.

chinadai ly.com.cn/engl ish/doc/2004–06/21/content_341247.htm.

98. Ibid.

99. “Taliban Denies It Murdered 11 Chinese in North Afghanistan,” Afghanistan

News Center ( June 11, 2004) and http://www. afghanistannewscenter.

com/news/2004/june/jun112004.html.

215NOTES

100. H. H. Michael Hsiao and Alan Yang, “Ins and Outs of a China Courtship,”

Asia Times (December 4, 2008). http://www.atimes.com/atimes/

Southeast_Asia/JL04Ae02.html.

101. Sheng Ding and Robert A. Saunders, “Talking Up China: An Analysis

of China’s Rising Cultural Power and the Global Promotion of the

Chinese Language,” East Asia: An International Journal, Vol. 23, No. 2

(2006): 3.

102. Hsiao and Yang, “Ins and Outs of a China Courtship.”

103. “Trade and Commerce, Philippines-China Economic Relations,”

Philippine Consulate General Shanghai (October 2008). http://www.

philcongenshanghai.org/Trade.htm.

104. Ibid.

105. “China, Indonesia Intensify Economic Cooperation,” China Daily

(October 7, 2006). http://www.indonesia-ottawa.org/information/details.

php?type=news_copy&id=3024.

106. “China intends to increase investment in Indonesia,” ANTARA News

Agency (December 22, 2006). http://www.indonesia-ottawa.org/infor-

mation/details.php?type=news_copy&id=3264.

107. Brian Padden, “Indonesian Muslims protest against China’s crackdown

on Uighur,” VOA News ( July 16, 2009), http://www.voanews.com/

english/archive/2009–07/2009–07–16-voa10.cfm?CFID=283571748&

CFTOKEN=50252070&jsessionid=0030cf81462af08ec7a1237602a2e6

f452f1.

108. “Government Must Lodge Notes of Protest with China,” Bernama

( July 13, 2009), http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsworld.

php?id=424876.

109. “Indonesians Protest at Chinese Embassy,” AFP ( July 13, 2009),

ht tp://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/ar t icle/ALeqM5gzcZ_

G1WXp3AyiTvGjvgro6Gme7g.

110. Ibid.

111. Ibid.

112. Brian Padden, “Indonesian Muslims Protest against China’s Crackdown

on Uighur,” VOA News ( July 16, 2009).

113. The Web site of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia, http://hizbut-tahrir.or.id/.

Translated by ICPVTR.

114. “Barney Jopson, Somalia Oil Deal for China,” Financial Times ( July 13,

2007). http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/20a8a430–3167–11dc-891f- 0000779

fd2ac.html.

115. “Long-standing China-Algeria Ties Show Strong Momentum for

Growth,” Window of China (March 21, 2008), http://news.xinhuanet.com/


116. Ibid.

117. “China-Algeria Trade Has Great Potential: MOFTEC,” People’s Daily

(August 23, 2002), http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200208/23/eng

20020823_101976.shtml.

118. Ibid.

216 NOTES

119. Sun Shangwu, “China, Egypt Agree on Nuke Co-operation,” China

Daily (November 8, 2006). http://chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006–11/08/

content_727329.htm.

120. African Economic Outlook 2007, OECD Development Centre (May 2007),

245–246. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/26/6/38562553.pdf.

121. Ibid.

122. “China and Egypt Go Hand in Hand,” Jane’s Information Group ( January 18,

2007). http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jiaa/

jiaa070118_1_n.shtml.

123. “ ‘China Fever’ Sweeps Egypt,” People’s Daily (October 17, 2006).

http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200610/17/eng20061017_312665.

html.

124. “China, Egypt Launched Construction of Oil Rigs Plant,” Huliq News

(May 31, 2007). http://www.huliq.com/23222/china-egypt-launched-

construction-of-oil-rigs-plant.

125. “Feature: “China Fever” Sweeps Egypt,” People’s Daily (October 17,

2006).

126. “China and Egypt go Hand in Hand,” Jane’s Information Group ( January

18, 2007).

127. Liu Baijia, “Chinese SEZ Likely in Egypt,” China Daily (November 14, 2007).

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2007–11/14/content_6253381.

htm.

128. Ibid.

129. “Iraq and China Sign Oil Deal Soon, International Herald Tribune,”

The Associated Press (AP) (August 21, 2008), http://www.iht.com/

articles/2008/08/21/business/21oilchi.php.

130. “Four Oil Workers Killed in Algeria Bus Attack,” Reuters AlertNet

(March 4, 2007). http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L04254748.

htm.

131. Craig S. Smith, “Qaeda-Linked Group Claims Algerian Attack,” New

York Times (December 13, 2006). http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/13/

world/africa/13algeria.html.

132. “Algeria: Militants Focus on Energy Targets,” Stratfor ( June 25, 2007).

http://www.stratfor.com/algeria_militants_focus_energy_targets.

133. “At Least 24 Algerian Gendarmes Killed in Insurgent Ambush,” Xinhua

Net ( June 18, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–06/18/


134. Ibid.

135. “Aerjiliya 24 ming xianbing zaoxi shenwang (Algeria 24 gendarmes

attacked and dead),” Xinhua Net ( June 18, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.

com/world/2009–06/18/content_11563314.htm.

136. Tania Branigan, “Al-Qaida Threatens to Target Chinese over Muslim

Deaths in Urumqi,” Guardian ( July 14, 2009). http://www.guardian.

co.uk/world/2009/jul/14/al-qaida-threat-china-urumqi; and Cui Jia

and Cui Xiaohuo, “Al-Qaida threatens Chinese abroad,” China Daily

( July 15, 2009). http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009xinjiangriot/

2009–07/15/content_8428724.htm.

217NOTES

137. Cui Jia and Cui Xiaohuo, “Al-Qaida Threatens Chinese Abroad,”

China Daily ( July 15, 2009). http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/

2009xinjiangriot/2009–07/15/content_8428724.htm.

138. “ISI ‘Knights of Martyrdom 6’ Video, Dedicated to Uyghurs,” SITE

Intelligence Group (August 24, 2009).

139. Ibid.

140. Ibid.

141. Ibid.

142. “Three Suspects Arrested in Chinese Diplomat Shooting,” People’s Daily

( July 2, 2002). http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200207/02/print

20020702_98986.html.

143. Bakyt Ibraimov, “Uighurs: Beijing to Blame for Kyrgyz Crackdown,”

Eurasianet.org ( January 28, 2004). http://www.eurasianet.org/

departments/civilsociety/articles/eav012804.shtml.

144. “China Condemns Killing of Kidnapped Workers in Sudan,” Xinhua Net



6 China’s Perception of the Threat and Response

1. “Hu Jintao Promises to Stif le Unrest and Make Uighur Rich,” Taipei

Times (May 29, 2005). http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/

archives/2005/05/29/2003257059.

2. “Beijing Hunts Olympic ‘Terrorist’,” BBC (October 21, 2008).

h t t p://news .bbc .co.uk /nol /uk f s _ news/h i /news id _7680 0 0 0/

newsid_7681200/7681297.stm.

3. “Baming Dongtu kongbufenzi mingdan jiqi zhuyao zuixing,” (The eight

East Turkistan terrorists and their criminal activities), the Web site of the

Ministry of Public Security of PRC (October 21, 2008). http://www.mps.

gov.cn/n16/n1237/n1342/n803715/1634373.html.

4. “China Names Eight MUSLIM ‘Terrorists’ Abroad on Most Wanted

List,” AFP (October 20, 2008). http://afp.google.com/article/

ALeqM5ioMxf5vKzTvTkyVd9shnKBicSwiQ.

5. “Gonganbu fabuhui tongbao dier pi rending de ‘dongtu’ kongbufenzi

mingdan youguan qingkuang” (The MPS news brief ing on the second

bath of alleged ‘East Turkistan Theorists’ and relevant information),

the Web site of the Ministry of Public Security of PRC (October 21,

2008). http://www.mps.gov.cn/n16/n1237/n1432/n1522/1634347.

html.

6. “Rights at Risk: Amnesty International’s concerns regarding security leg-

islation and law enforcement measures,” Amnesty International (2002).

http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ACT30/001/2002/en/dom-

ACT300012002en.html.

7. Boaz Ganor, “Defining Terrorism: Is One Man’s Terrorist Another Man’s

Freedom Fighter?”http://www.ict.org.il/ResearchPublications/tabid/64/

Articlsid/432/currentpage/1/Default.aspx.

218 NOTES

8. Rohan Gunaratna, “Military and Non-military Strategies for Combating

Terrorism,” in Combating Terrorism, ed. Rohan Gunaratna (Singapore:

Marshall Cavendish Academic, 2005), 1.

9. Shirley A. Kan, “U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation: Issues for U.S.

Policy,” (Washington, DC; Congressional Research Service, October 29,

2008).

10. Yang Hui, “Strengthening Counter-Terrorism Intelligence Cooperation

and Promoting Peace in the Asia-Pacific,” (presented at the Asian-Pacific

Intelligence Chief ’s Conference, Singapore, February 18, 2009).

11. Nicolas Becquelin, “Xinjiang in the Nineties,” China Journal, Vol. 44

( July 2000): 87.

12. Ibid.

13. James Millward, Violent Separatism in Xinjiang: A Critical Assessment

(Washington, DC: East-West Center Washington, 2004), 13.

14. “East Turkestan’ terrorists cannot get away with impunity,” Information

Office of State Council ( January 20, 2002).


16. “East Turkestan’ Terrorists Cannot Get Away with Impunity,” Information

Office of State Council; and Millward, Violent Separatism in Xinjiang, 13.

17. An introduction of the first batch of “East Turkistan” terrorist organiza-

tions and terrorists identified by the Ministry of Public Security (December

2003). http://news.china.com/zh_cn/domestic/945/20031215/11587489.

html.



htm.

19. Ibid.

20. “Combating Terrorism, we have no choice,” Xinhua Net (December 18,

2003).

21. Sheo Nandan Pandey, “2008 Beijing Olympics Security Management:

Myth and Reality of Intelligence Inputs on Terror Attack” (Noida: South

Asia Analysis Group, November 10, 2008). http://www.southasiaanalysis.

org/papers30/paper2918.html.

22. Dru C. Gladney, “China’s ‘Uighur Problem’ and the Shanghai Cooperation

Organization,” The U.S.-China Economic & Security Review Commission

Hearings Washington, DC, the United States (2006).

23. “China: the Evolution of ETIM,” Stratfor Global Intelligence (May 13,


24. Ibid.

25. “Biographical Note of Erkin Alptekin,” The World Uyghur Congress

(2005). http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/AboutWUC.asp?mid=10957

38888&mid2=1109104014&mid3=1109598091.

26. Help the Uyghurs to Fight Terrorism (Munich: East Turkistan National

Congress, 2003), 20–27.

27. Ibid.

28. Dru C. Gladney, “Xinjiang” in Flashpoints in the War on Terrorism, ed. Derek

S. Reveron and Jeffrey Stevenson Murer (London: Routledge, 2006), 227.

219NOTES

29. Dru C. Gladney, “Xinjiang,” 235.

30. Ibid.


http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/AboutWUC.asp?mid=1095738888


2003).


34. Ibid.

35. Radio Free Asia, “Rebiya Kadeer: A Fight for Human Rights,” (April 5,

2005). http://www.rfa.org/english/news/in_depth/kadeer_appeal-

20050405.html.

36. Takungpao (Dagong Newspaper), “Dongtu sanfa chuandan, Xinjiang

jishi chuli” (East Turkistan spread leaf lets, Xinjiang handled on time)

(February 10, 2009). http://www.takungpao.com:10000/gate/gb/www.

takungpao.com/news/09/02/10/EP-1029880.htm.

37. Dru C. Gladney, “Xinjiang,” 227.

38. Ian Ransom, “China Names Eight Wanted Olympic Terror Plotters,”

Reuters (October 21, 2008). http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/

idUSTRE49K0IW20081021.

39. “Muslim Groups Denounce Inclusion on China’s List of ‘Terrorist’ Groups,”

East Turkistan Information Center (December 15, 2003). http://www.

uygur.org/wunn03/2003_12_16.htm.

40. The Web site: http://www.turkistan-islam.com/ has been inaccessible.

Dru Gladney, “Xinjiang,” 232.

41. Ibid.


43. Amnesty International, “China’s Anti-terrorism Legislation and Repression

in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region” (March 2002).

44. Martin I. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism: Counter-insurgency, Politics and

Internal Security (London and New York: Routledge, 2008), 72.

45. “Role of Xinjiang Production Construction Corps Important: White

Paper,” Xinhua News (Beijing, 2003).

46. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism, 77.

47. Dennis J. Blasko, The Chinese Army Today: Tradition and Transformation for the

21st Century (London: Routledge, 2006), 80.

48. Yitzhak Shichor, “The Great Wall of Steel: Military and Strategy,” in Xinjiang:

China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Fredrick Starr (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe,

2004), 122–123.

49. Yitzhak Shichor, “The Great Wall of Steel,” 122–123; and Dennis J. Blasko

(2006), 72–73.


51. David Shambaugh, Modernizing China’s Military: Progress, Problems, and

Prospects (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 8.


53. Ibid.

54. An armed version of French Aerospatiale Dauphine helicopters coproduced

in China. Yitzhak Shichor, “The Great Wall of Steel,”122–123.

220 NOTES

55. Yitzhak Shichor, “The Great Wall of Steel,” 125.


57. Millward, Violent Separatism in Xinjiang, 14; and Anwar Rahman, Sinicization

Beyond the Great Wall: China’s Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (Leisester:

Matador, 2005), 53.

58. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism, 81–82.

59. Ibid.

60. Ibid.

61. Richard McGregor, “Chinese Military in Muslim Region,” Financial Times

(August 15, 2001), 8.


63. Ibid.

64. “Chinese Military Preparing for Beijing Olympic Security,” Xinhua



65. “Chinese Military Steps up Counter-terrorism Preparations for

Olympics,” Xinhua Net (February 18, 2008). http://news.xinhuanet.com/


66. “Chinese military preparing for Beijing Olympic security,” Xinhua Net

( June 28, 2007).

67. Ibid.

68. “China’s Anti-terrorism Force in Action Ahead of Olympics,” Xinhua



69. “Chinese military steps up counter-terrorism preparations for Olympics,”

Xinhua Net (February 18, 2008).

70. China’s National Defense in 2008 (Beijing: The State Council Information

Office of PRC, January 20, 2009). http://www.china.org.cn/government/

central_government/2009–01/20/content_17155577.htm.

71. Ibid.

72. Ibid.


74. Ibid.



77. Jay Todd Dautcher, “Reading Out-of-Print: Popular Culture and Protest

on China’s Western Frontier,” in China Beyond the Headlines, ed. T. B.

Weston and L. M. Jensen (Lanham: Rowman and Littlef ield, 2000),

273–295.

78. Ibid.

79. Ibid.

80. Ibid.



82. Ibid.

83. Rémi Castets, “The Uighurs in Xinjiang: The Malaise Grows,” China

Perspectives (2003). http://chinaperspectives.revues.org/document648.html.

84. Ibid.

221NOTES


86. Ibid.

87. Wang Shacheng and Cao Feng, “Information Galaxy: Intelligence Study

on Security and Defense: Case of Potential Terrorism at the Beijing 2008

Olympic Games” at the Midwest Political Science Association National

Annual Conference (Palmer House, Chicago, April 3–6, 2008). http://belf-

ercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Information%20Galaxy_Intelligence%20

Study%20on%20Security%20and%20Defense.pdf.

88. Li Zhihui and Li Shu, “China’s Anti-terrorism Force in Action Ahead

of Olympics,” Xinhua Net ( June 19, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/


89. “China Sets Up Anti-Terror Squads as Riots Spread,” Reuters (August 17,

2005).

90. China’s National Defense in 2008 (Beijing: Information Office of State

Council of PRC, January 2009).

91. “China Sets Up Anti-Terror Squads as Riots Spread,” Reuters (August 17,

2005).

92. China’s National Defense in 2008.

93. Ibid.

94. The Official Web site of the Ministry of Public Security. http://www.

mps.gov.cn/cenweb/English/index.htm.

95. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads, 328.


97. So far, the Xinjiang government has not published the figures about the

number of arrests during the crackdown in the whole region.

98. South China Morning Post, July 17, 1997; December 29, 1997; February 6,

1998.

99. “China’s Anti-terrorism Legislation and Repression in Xinjiang Uyghur

Autonomous Region,” Amnesty International (March 2002). http://

a s i apac i f ic . am ne s t y.org / l ib r a r y/ Index/ENGASA1701020 02?

open&of=ENG-CHN.

100. “Anti-terrorism Legislation and Repression in XUAR,” Amnesty

International (2002), 11.

101. Pan Guang, “East Turkestan Terrorism and the Terrorist Arc: China’s

Post-9/11 Anti-Terror Strategy,” China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Vol. 4,

No. 2 (2006): 21.

102. Ibid.

103. Li and Li, “China’s Anti-terrorism Force.”

104. Ibid.

105. Ibid.

106. “Chinese Police Destroy Terrorist Camp in NW Region,” Xinhua

Net ( January 8, 2007). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007–01/08/


107. Ibid.

108. Ibid.

109. “Months Later, Xinjiang ‘Terror’ Raid Remains a Mystery,” AFP (April 7,

2008). http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jGUlp674YNDiKZrwMe

HeQcuHRuOw.

222 NOTES

110. “China Arrests East Turkestan ‘Terror’ Suspects,” Taipei Times (April 11,

2008). http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2008/04/11/

2003408949.

111. “Chinese police detain 82 suspected terrorists targeting Olympics in

Xinjiang in 1st half,” People’s Daily ( July 10, 2008). http://english.

peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90882/6447914.html.

112. Li and Li, “China’s Anti-terrorism Force.”

113. Ibid.

114. “Chinese Police Forces Kick off Anti-terrorism Drills for National Day

Security,” Xinhua Net ( June 9, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/


115. Rohan Gunaratna, “China under Threat,” The Straits Times (August 3,

2008).

116. Bill Smith, “ ‘Great Wall of Steel’ Tightens around Beijing,” Asia-Pacific News

( July 22, 2008). http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/ asiapacific/

news/article_1418554.php.


118. Ibid., 29.

119. Ibid.

120. Gunaratna, “Military and Non-military Strategies,” 1.

121. Kua shiji de Zhongguo renkou—Xinjiang fence (The Population of China towards

the 21st Century: Xinjiang Volume) (Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe,

1994), Table 13–7, 418.

122. Ibid.

123. Colin Mackerras, “Why Terrorism Bypasses China’s Far West,” Asia

Times Online (April 23, 2004). http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/

FD23Ad03.html.

124. Ibid.

125. Li Dezhu, “Xibu da kaifa yu minzu wenti” (The Opening of the

West and China’s nationality problem), Qiushi (Seeking Truth) ( June 1,

2000).

126. “Jointly Prosper: 4,000 Gansu Households Begin Work in Xinjiang’s

Construction and Production Corps,” Gansu Daily (April 21, 2005),

reprinted on Tianshan Net (April 22, 2005).

127. Nicolas Becquelin, “Staged Development in Xinjiang,” China Quarterly,

No. 178 ( July 2004): 375. http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?

file=%2FCQY%2FCQY178%2FS0305741004000219a.pdf&code=5aeb59

7a2d9f4c1b14e1b68b258da7cd.

128. Study Group of the Xinjiang CCP Committee, “Guanyu zhengque

renshi he chuli xingshi xia Xinjiang minzu wenti de diaocha baogao”

(Investigative report on correctly apprehending and resolving Xinjiang’s

nationality problems under the new situation) (February 2001).

Reproduced in Makesizhuyi yu xianshi (Marxism and Actuality) (February

2001), 34–38.

129. US Congressional-Executive Commission on China Annual Report 2005

(Washinton, DC: Congressional-Executive Commission on China,

October 11, 2005). http://www.cecc.gov/pages/annualRpt/annualRpt05/

223NOTES

CECCannRpt2005.pdf; and Colin Mackerras, “Why terrorism bypasses

China’s far west,” Asia Times Online (April 23, 2004).

130. Yang, “Strengthening Counter-terrorism Intelligence.”

131. “China Experiments with Debt,” The Wall Street Journal (March

25, 2009). http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123787407588322681.

html#mod=rss_asia_whats_news.

132. Xinjiang Regional Road Improvement Project, Final Report (Hong Kong: SMEC

Asia LTD, November 2006), Vol. 3. http://www.adb.org/Documents/

Reports/Consultant/39655-PRC/Volume-III.pdf.

133. “China to build twelve new highways linking its west region with

Central Asia,” Xinhua Net (6 April, 2007). http://news.xinhuanet.com/


134. Chinese “nan shui bei diao,” “xi qi dong shu,” and “xi dian dong song.”

National Development Programming Commission of PRC, “xi qi dong

shu, xi dian dong song, qing zhang tielu, nan shui bei diao si da gongcheng

jinkuang” (Recent situation about the four grant programs—“west-to-

east natural gas transfer,” “west-to-east power transmission,” “south-to-

north water diversion,” and Qinghai-Tibet railway. http://www.cec.org.

cn/news/content.asp?NewsID=12433.

135. Elizabeth Van Wie Davis, “Uyghur Muslim Ethnic Separatism in Xinjiang,

China,” (Honolulu: Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, January

2008). www.apcss.org/Publications/APCSS%20Uyghur%20Muslim%20

Separatism%20in%20Xinjiang.doc.

136. “Report on the Work of XUAR Government in 2008,” Xinjiang Gongyi

(Xinjiang Charity) ( January 18, 2009). http://www.xjgy.org/post/

Report-on-the-Work-of-Xinjiang.aspx.

137. Vincent Kolo, “The national question in Xinjiang,” Socialist World

( January 9, 2008). http://socialistworld.net/eng/2008/01/09chinaa.html.

138. Ibid.

139. Ibid.

140. Dillon, Xinjiang, 157–158.

141. Liam Stack, “China Raises Casualty Toll in Uighur Riots,” The Christian

Science Monitor ( July 12, 2009). http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0712/

p99s01-duts.html.


Myth and Reality of Intelligence Inputs on Terror Attack” (Noida: South

Asia Analysis Group, November 10, 2008).

143. Pan, “East Turkestan Terrorism,” 22.

144. Sheo Nandan Pandey, “Chinese Counter Terror Intelligence Module:

Compatibility to Nov 26 Mumbai Type Terror Attacks,” (Noida: South

Asia Analysis Group, December 27, 2008). http://www.southasiaanalysis.

org/%5Cpapers30%5Cpaper2993.html.

145. Ibid.

146. Pandey, “Chinese Counter Terror Intelligence.”

147. Ibid.

148. Pandey “Chinese Counter Terror Intelligence” and Pan, “East Turkestan

Terrorism,” 22.

224 NOTES


150. Dailymirror.lk, “Counter Terrorism in UK,” Counter-terrorism Strategies

in the West ( January 29, 2009). http://srilankatoday.com/index.php?

option=com_content&task=view&id=944&Itemid=52.



Myth and Reality of Intelligence Inputs on Terror Attack,” (Noida: South

Asia Analysis Group, November 10, 2008).



on Security and Defence- Case of Potential Terrorism at the Beijing

2008 Olympic Games,” (paper presented at the Midwest Political Science

Association National Annual Conference, Palmer House, Chicago, the

US, 3–6 April, 2008), 14–15. http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/

Information%20Galaxy_Intelligence%20Study%20on%20Security%20

and%20Defense.pdf.

155. Ibid.


157. “Zhongguo Jingfang Jianjue Daji Yiqie Kongbuzhuyi Zhuzhi” (Chinese po-

lice firmly strike all terrorist organizations in accordance with law), Xinhua

Net ( January 9, 2007). http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2007–01/09/


158. The Criminal Law f the People’s Republic of China, Part II Special Provisions,

Chapter I (Amended by the Fifth Session of the Eighth National People’s

Congress on March 14, 1997). http://www.lawinfochina.com/law/

displayModeTwo.asp?id=354&keyword=

159. Zhao Bingzhi and Wang Xiumei, “Countermeasures against Terrorism

through Criminal Justice in China,” (paper presented at the First World

Conference of Penal Law: Penal Law in the XXIst century, Guadalajara,

Mexico, November 18–23, 2007).

160. Amendment of the Criminal Law f the People’s Republic of China (III),

issued by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress

(December 29, 2001).

161. “Combating Terrorism, We Have No Choice,” Xinhua Net (December 18,


htm.

162. Zhao and Wang, “Countermeasures against Terrorism.”

163. “Woguo zhuanjia zhengzai jiajin zhiding zhuanmen de fankongfa”

(Chinese specialists are hastening making a sepcific Counter-terror Law),

Zhongguo Wang (China Net) ( January 1, 2008). http://www.china.com.

cn/news/2008–07/01/content_15916774.htm.

164. Xiang Junbo, “Combating Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing

in China,” (speech at the High Level Seminar on AML and Combating

Terrorist Financing, Beijing, China, September 22, 2005). http://www.

pbc.gov.cn/english//detail.asp?col=6500&ID=86.

165. Zhou Xiaochuan, “Anti-money laundering in China: the status quo and

prospects,” (speech at the first meeting of the Ministerial Joint Conference

225NOTES

on AML, Beijing, China, August 27, 2004). http://www.bis.org/review/

r040920a.pdf.

166. The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the People’s Bank of China

(amended by the Standing Committee of the 10th National People’s

Congress, December 27, 2003). http://www.pbc.gov.cn/english//detail.

asp?col=6800&ID=22.

167. Xiang, “Combating Money Laundering.”

168. Ibid.

169. The Criminal Law f the People’s Republic of China (Amended by the Fifth

Session of the Eighth National People’s Congress on March 14, 1997). http://

www.lawinfochina.com/law/displayModeTwo.asp?id=354&keyword=.

170. “China adopts anti-money laundering law,” China Daily (October 31, 2006).

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006–10/31/content_721316.htm.

171. Xiang, “Combating Money Laundering.”

172. The EAG official Web site. http://www.eurasiangroup.org/.

173. “U.S. Treasury targets leader of group tied to al-Qaeda,” Xinhua Net

(April 21, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–04/21/


174. “Treasury Targets Leader of Group Tied to Al Qaeda,” (Washington, DC:

U.S. Department of the Treasury, April 20, 2009) TG-92.

175. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads, 335.

176. Ibid.

177. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads, 335–336.

178. Ibid.

179. Pete Lentini, “The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and Central

Asia,” in M. Vicziany, D. Wright-Neville and P. Lentini (ed.) Regional

Security in the Asia Pacific (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2004), 128.

180. “Chinese President Calls For Joint Efforts In Fighting Terrorism in Central

Asia,” People’s Daily ( June 18, 2004).

181. “Kyrgyzstan and China Begin Joint Anti-terrorist Exercises,” Associated

Press World Stream (October 10, 2002).

182. “Shanghai Five Fight Terrorism,” China Daily (August 12, 2003).

183. “Counter-terrorism Exercise Ends,” China Daily (August 27, 2003).

184. “China’s Defence Minister Praises Shanghai Organization Antiterror

Exercise,” Xinhua Net, (August 15, 2003).

185. “First China-Russia Military Exercise Conclude,” Zhongguo Junwang

(Chinese Military Net) (August 25, 2005). http://english.chinamil.com.

cn/site2/special-reports/2005–08/26/content_281921.htm.

186. Ibid.

187. “Peace Mission 2005,” People’s Daily ( July 27, 2007). http://english.peo-

pledaily.com.cn/90002/91620/91644/6225701.html.

188. “Joint war games testify new concept of security: Chinese DM,” Zhongguo

Junwang (Chinese Military Net) (August 26, 2005) http://english. chinamil.

com.cn/site2/special-reports/2005–08/27/content_282258.htm.

189. Nadine Godehardt and Wang Pengxin, “Peace Mission 2009: Securing

Xinjiang and Central Asia,” RSIS Commentary (September 2, 2009).

190. Ibid.

226 NOTES

191. “China Looks back on Its Anti-terrorism Role over Past Year,” BBC

(September 10, 2002); “China Accuses Muslim Separatists of Getting

Weapons, Money from bin Laden,” Associated Press Newswires

( January 21, 2002).

192. Dru Gladney, “China’s ‘Uighur Problem’ ” (2006).

193. Philip P. Pan, “U.S. Warns of Plot by Group in W. China,” Washington Post

(August 29, 2002), A27.

194. “Husein Celil (known as Huseyin Celil) (m), aged 37, Canadian citizen:

Fear of Imminent Execution,” Amnesty International Canada (August 10,

2006). http://www.amnesty.ca/resource_centre/news/view.php?load=arc

view&article=3657&c=Resource+Centre+News.

195. “China, Tajikistan Pledge to Further Cooperate in Fighting ‘Three Evil

Forces’,” People’s Daily (May 16, 2006).

196. Gladney, “China’s ‘Uighur Problem’,” (2006).

197. “China, India Sign Defense Cooperation MOU,” China Net (May 31,

2006). http://www.china.org.cn/english/2006/May/169952.htm.

198. “India and China launch war games,” BBC (December 20, 2007). http://

news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7153179.stm.

199. “China, India kick off joint anti-terror military training,” Xinhua Net



200. Praful Kumar Singh, “India and China to hold joint counter terror, insur-

gency exercise,” Thaindian (December 4, 2008). http://www.thaindian.

com/newsportal/india-news/india-and-china-to-hold-joint-counter-

terror-insurgency-exercise_100127210.html.

201. Ibid.

202. Davis, “Uyghur Muslim Ethnic Separatism.”

203. Amnesty International, “People’s Republic of China: Uighurs Fleeing

Persecution as China Wages Its ‘War on Terror’ ” (2004). http://web.am-

nesty.org/library/index/engasa170212004.

204. B. Ramam, “Sino-Indian Co-operation in Counter-Terrorism-an

Update—International Terrorism Monitor- Paper No. 311,” (Noida: South

Asia Analysis Group, November 2007). http://www. southasiaanalysis.

org/%5Cpapers25%5Cpaper2472.html.

205. “Sino-Pakistani Joint Drill Concludes,” China Net (December 19, 2006).

http://www.china.org.cn/international/2006–12/19/content_1192951.

htm.

206. Ibid.

207. “Pakistan, China Sign Extradition Treaty,” Pakistan Latest (December 12,

2007). http://pklatest.com/2007/12/12/pakistan-china-sign-extradition-

treaty/.

208. “Pakistan Hands over Nine Uyghur Militants to China,” The Free Library

(April 27, 2009).http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Pakistan+hands+over+n

ine+Uyghur+militants+to+China.-a0198683701.

209. White House, “U.S., China Stand against Terrorism,” (October 19, 2001).

210. Dewardric McNeal and Kerry Dumbaugh, “China’s Relations with

Central Asian States and Problems with Terrorism,” (Washington, DC;

Congressional Research Service, December 17, 2001).

227NOTES

211. Shirley A. Kan, “U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation: Issues

for U.S. Policy,” (Washington, DC; Congressional Research Service,

October 29, 2008): 5–6.

212. Ibid.

213. Kan, “U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation,” 1.

214. Ibid.

215. Ibid., 2.

216. Ibid.

217. Kan, “U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation,” 5; quoted in Frank

R. Wolf, letter to Attorney General Holder Eric H. Holder, Jr., May 13,

2009.

218. Shirley A. Kan, “U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation: Issues for

U.S. Policy.”

219. Daniel Schearf, “U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigations Seeks Further

Cooperation with China,” VOA News ( June 13, 2007).


on Security and Defense: Case of Potential Terrorism at the Beijing 2008

Olympic Games,” (paper presented at the Midwest Political Science

Association National Annual Conference, Palmer House, Chicago,

April 3–6, 2008).

221. Shirley A. Kan, “U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation: Issues for

U.S. Policy,” 7.

222. Ibid., 9.

223. Ibid., 10.

224. “Rebiya Kadeer meets with President Bush at the White House,” Uyghur

Human Rights Project (Washington, DC: Uyghur American Association,

July 30, 2009). http://www.uhrp.org/articles/1239/1/Rebiya-Kadeer-

meets-with-President-Bush-at-the-White-House-/index.html.

225. “Group Says Chinese Saw Detainees,” Washington Post (May 26, 2004);

and “China: Fleeing Uighurs Forced Back to “Anti-Terror” Torture and

Execution,” Amnesty International ( July 7, 2004).

226. Robin Wright, “Chinese Detainees are Men without a Country,”

Washington Post (August 24, 2005).

227. Ibid.

228. Kan, “U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation,” 12.

229. Ibid.

230. Agence France Presse (AFP), “American court denies Uighurs release from

Guantanamo into US,” The Dailystar (February 29, 2009). http://www.dai-

lystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=2&article_id=99484

231. “Palau to resettle 17 Guantánamo detainees,” Guardian ( June 10, 2009).

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jun/10/palau-guantanamo-

detainees-housed

232. “Row over release of Guantanamo Uighurs on Bermuda,” AFP ( June

12, 2009). http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090612/pl_afp/ usattacksgu

antanamouighurbermuda;_ylt=AtXa484OA1Siv2ikP81mgLdSbA8F.

233. China’s National Defense in 2002 (Beijing: The Information Office of the State

Council of the PRC, December 9, 2002), Part VI, “International Security

Cooperation.” http://www.china.org.cn/e-white/20021209/VI.htm#2.

228 NOTES

234. Denny Roy, “Lukewarm Partner: Chinese support for U.S. counter-

terrorism in Southeast Asia,” (Honolulu: Asia-Pacific Center for Security

Studies, March 2006). http://www.apcss.org/Publications/APSSS/

LukewarmPartnerChinaandCTinSEA.pdf.

235. Roy, “Lukewarm Partner.”

236. P. Parameswaran, “US-China extend dialogue to cover counter-terrror-

ism,” AFP (September 11, 2009). http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090911/

pl_afp/uschinaattacks

237. Ibid., and “Clinton stresses key China goals,” BBC (September 11, 2009).

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8249824.stm.


239. Davis, “Uyghur Muslim Ethnic Separatism.”


241. Fangyang (ed.) “White Paper: China persists in int’l security coopera-

tion,” Xinhua Net ( January 20, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/


242. Gunaratna, “Military and Non-military Strategies,” 1.

Conclusion: Need for Moderation and a Humane

Approach

1. “Fourth Issue of TIP Magazine, ‘Islamic Turkistan’,” SITE Intelligence

Group ( July 29, 2009), 4.

2. T.R.Gurr, People versus States: Minorities at Risk in the New Century

(Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 2001).

3. T. Vanham, “Domestic Ethnic Conf lict and Etnic Nepotism: a Comparative

Analysis,” Journal of peace Research, Vol. 36 (1999): 55–73.

4. M. Reynal- Querol, “Ethnicity, Political Systems and Civil Wars,” Journal

of Conf lict Resolution, Vol. 46 (2002): 29–54.

5. Isak Svensson, Fighting with Faith: Religion and Conf lict Resolution in

Civil Wars, Journal of Conf lict Resolution, Vol. 51, No. 6 (December

2007): 930–949.

6. Kelvin Siqueria and Todd Sandler, “Terrorists versus the Government:

Strategic Interaction, Support and Sponsorship,” Journal of Conf lict

Resolution, Vol. 50, No. 6 (December 2006): 878–898.

7. K. J. Holsti, The State, War and the State of War (Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 1996), 128.

8. S.C. Poe, C. N. Tate and D. Lanier, “Domestic Threats: the Abuse of

Personal Integrity,” in Paths to State Repression: Human Rights Violations

and Contentious Politics, ed. C. Davenport (Latham, MD: Rowman and

Littlefield, 2000).

9. Rudelson and Jankowiak, “Acculturation and Resistance,” 299.

10. Nicolas Becquelin, “Staged Development in Xinjiang,” China Quarterly,

No. 178 (2008), 358–78.

11. Ibid.

12. Quoted in Stephen Schwartz “Beleaguered Uyghurs: Oppressed minority,

terrorist recruits, or both?,” Weekly Standard 9, No. 39 ( June 21, 2004),

229NOTES

posted online at Uyghur American Association. Source: http://www.

uyghuramerican.org/articles/59/1/Beleaguered-Uyghurs-Oppressed-

minority-terrorist-recruits-or-both.html.

13. Amnesty International, “China’s Anti-terrorism legislation and repression

in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region,” (March 2002). http:// asiapacific.

amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA170102002?open&of=ENG-CHN;

and “People’s Republic of China: Uighurs Fleeing Persecution as China

Wages Its ‘War on Terror’,” ( July 7, 2004). Source: http://web.amnesty.

org/library/index/engasa170212004

14. Amon N. Guiora, Global Perspectives on Counterterrorism (Aspen

Publishers, 2007), 19.

15. “Full Text: China’s National Defense in 2008,” Xinhua Net

( January 20, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–01/20/


16. “Mainland calls for military trust amid warming cross-Straits relations,”

Xinhua Net ( January 21, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2

009–01/20/content_10688477.htm.

17. The alleged leaders of the US-based organization are Professor Larry

Gerstein and Dalai Lama’s elder brother, Thubten Jigme Norbu. “The

Statement of International Tibet Independence Movement,” Taiwan

Gonglun Bao (Tianwan Tribune) (April 25, 2006). Source: http://www.tai-

wantribune.com/overseas/2006/04/25/tibet/

18. Wu Xinbo, “China: Security Practice of a Modernizing and Ascending

Power,” in Asian Security Practice: Material and Ideational Inf luences, ed.

Muthiah Alagappa (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), 131.

19. Kung Lap-Yan, “National Identity and Ethno-religious Identity,” A

Critical Enquiry into Chinese Religious Policy with Reference to Uighurs

in Xinjiang,” Religion, State and Society, Vol. 34, No. 4 (2006): 375–391.

20. Ishaan Tharoor, “Tearing Down Old Kashgar: Another Blow to the

Uighurs,” Time ( July 29, 2009). http://www.time.com/time/world/

article/0,8599,1913166,00.html.

21. Quoted in Ishaan Tharoor, “Tearing Down Old Kashgar.”

22. Sofia Jamil and Roderick Chia, “Lifting the Lid Off Xinjiang’s Insecurities,”

NTS Insight (Singapore S.Rajaratnam School of International Studies,

September 2008), 7–8.

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INDEX

Abdul Hakeem 53–54

Abdul Haq 53–54, 56–59, 64, 72–74,

110, 133, 160, 194

Abdullah Mansour 59, 71–72

Abu Mohammad al-Turkistani, see

Hasan Mahsum

Abu Sayyaf Group 117, 235

Abu Yahya al-Libi 1, 110, 122, 179, 210

Afghanistan 18, 32, 51, 55–58, 60–65,

71, 74, 81, 105, 113–114, 116,

119–122, 125–126, 143–144,

165–166, 213–215

Afghanistan-Pakistan border 54, 61

Ahong 96, 100, 103–104

Akram Hijazi 123, 211, 213

Al Qaeda (Al-Qaeda) 1–3, 5, 7, 18,

57–58, 60–65, 67–68, 70, 105,

109–129, 131–134, 160–161, 166,

174–175, 194–196, 209–213, 225,

232, 234

Al Qaeda in China 58, 110

Al Qaeda Organization in the Islamic

Maghreb (AQIM) 51, 86, 118,

120, 132, 134

Algeria 51, 114, 116, 130, 132, 216

Anti-Money Laundering (AML)

159–160, 224–225

Anti-Terror Bureau (ATB) 149, 156

Anti-terrorist drills

Great Wall 5 145, 150

Great Wall 6 150

Arab 3, 28, 62, 90–92, 96

Arab Muslims 74, 90, 92

Arabian Peninsula 99, 112, 120

Arabic 21, 23, 29, 61, 73, 96,

100–101, 104, 184

ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) 169

Ayman al-Zawahiri 2, 105, 112, 119,

121–122, 131, 212

Bangladesh 106, 126–127, 213

Bank of China 159, 168, 225

Beijing Olympic Games 2, 6, 48, 57,

59, 67–68, 70–72, 75–78, 124, 135,

144–145, 147, 150–151, 155–157,

166, 175, 193, 198, 201, 218,

220–224, 227, 238–239

Bin-Laden, see Osama bin-Laden

Bishkek 133, 161, 163

Bombings 48–49, 71, 73, 77–78, 82,

118, 144, 147, 161, 201–202

suicide 71–73, 128, 150

CCMS (Consequence Control and

Management System) 157

CCP, see Chinese Communist Party

CCTV (China Central Television) 74

Central Asia 22, 24, 28, 52, 62,

66–67, 79, 96–97, 153, 161

Muslims 22, 90–91

China Counterterrorism

Cooperation 212, 218, 227, 239

China International Oil and Gas

(CIOG) 130

China Islam Association, see Islamic

Association of China

China National Offshore Oil

Corporation (CNOOC) 130

China National Petroleum Corporation

(CNPC) 134

China Securities Regulatory

Commission 159

242 IN DEX

China’s anti-terrorism force 142,

220–222

anti-terrorism legislation 219,

221, 229

counter-terrorism intelligence 156

Islamic Schools 207–208, 233

Minorities 187, 191, 208, 238

Muslims (Chinese Muslims ) 16–17,

20, 24, 26–27, 29, 44, 46, 89, 90,

92, 100, 102–104, 190, 206–208,

231, 233, 239

nation-building process 17, 46,

172–173

National Defense 47, 146, 168, 175,

190, 220–221, 227–229

State Council, see State Council

Chinese Communist Party 26, 36–40,

42–43, 49, 101

Chinese engineers kidnapped 127,

213–214

government 28, 32–33, 36–37, 39,

44, 69–70, 74–75, 77, 80, 122,

137, 154, 156–158, 160, 167–169,

175–176

speaking Muslims 29, 89, 94

Chinese Muslim Association 26, 41

Chinese Muslim Educational

Association 26

Chinese Muslim General

Association 26

Chinese Muslim Mutual Progress

Association 26

Chinese Muslim Young Students

Association 26

Combatant Status Review Tribunals

(CSRTs) 64, 197

Combating terrorism 144, 151, 153,

155, 162–163, 166, 169, 191, 196,

203, 210, 218–219, 224, 232

Combating terrorist f inancing (Also

Countering the Financing of

Terrorism) 159, 160, 224

Commander Seifallah 47, 58–59,

71–72, 78, 195

Conf lict zones 115, 126

Consequence Control and Management

System (CCMS) 157

Constitution of the PRC 36, 39, 43,

189–190

Counter-terrorism exercise 148, 225

legislations 158–159

policies 167, 169

Dashi 90–92

Department of Public Security of

Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous

Region 148

Desecuritization 13

Development, socioeconomic 37–38,

40, 43, 45–46, 153, 173

Discrimination 1–2, 9, 18, 46, 85

Dolqun Isa 80, 82–83, 139

Domination 9, 16, 34

Early Warning and Prevention System

(EWPS) 156–157

East Turkistan 7, 47, 52, 55, 62, 75, 79,

80–82, 86, 110, 124, 133, 137–139,

141, 161, 175–176, 202–205, 218

East Turkistan Information Center

(ETIC) 48, 87–88, 139, 166,

205, 219

East Turkistan Islamic Movement

(ETIM) 2–3, 5, 7, 47–48, 51–79,

81, 110, 124–125, 135, 138,

164–166, 175, 193–194, 196–197,

203, 218

East Turkistan Islamic Party (ETIP) 49,

52–53

East Turkistan Liberation Organization

(ETLO) 2, 5, 48, 61, 79–82, 88,

138, 166

East Turkistan Union in Europe

(ETUE) 87, 140

Eastern Turkistan National Congress

(ETNC) 81, 83, 87, 140–141

Eastern Turkistan organizations 48, 87,

190, 195–196

Erkin Alptekin 83, 86, 140, 173

Ethnic conf lict 5, 7, 9–10, 17, 31, 35,

50, 95, 153, 171, 182, 237

groups 17, 28, 31–32, 37, 52, 56, 90,

92, 138–139, 176, 185, 189, 192

identity 4–5, 15, 19, 52, 94

243IN DEX

minorities 14, 17, 32, 38, 40–41,

43, 185

nationalism 4–5, 184, 232

tensions 16, 33–34, 45–46, 153–154,

169

Ethnicity 4–6, 59, 136, 153, 179, 182,

184, 228, 232, 237

Euro-Asian Group on Combating

Money-laundering and Financing

of Terrorism 160

Extremism 2, 6–7, 9, 57, 89, 102,

104–105, 137–138, 140, 143, 145,

148, 151, 162–163, 169–170, 174

FATA (Federally Administered Tribal

Area) 7, 60, 66–68, 87, 115, 127,

164, 175

Federal Bureau of Investigation

(FBI) 105, 165–166, 212, 244

Financial Action Task Force

(FATF) 160

Financial Counter-Terrorism Working

Group 165

Fundamentalism 102, 173

Fundamentalist Islam 53, 103

Gansu 3, 22, 29, 34, 75, 96–98,

100–102, 153

Gedimu 21, 23, 29, 96–97, 100–101,

184

Germany 51, 81–83, 85, 115, 140–141,

148, 151

Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) 168

Group for Preaching and Combat

(GSPC) 118, 120, 132

Guangzhou 20–21, 72, 78–79, 90–91

Guantanamo Bay 57, 64–65, 161, 167

Hajj 26–27, 100, 102–104, 173

Han Chinese 19–20, 22–23, 25, 28–30,

31–33, 37, 40, 42, 45, 48–50, 52,

59, 89, 91–95, 106, 152–153, 155,

172–174, 177–178

Hanafi Islam 23, 96

Hasan Mahsum 52–57, 61, 63–65, 70,

139, 199

Hezb-e-Islami 128

Hizbul Islam Li-Turkistan 53–54,

58, 63

Hong Kong 3, 20, 105, 145, 151, 204,

206, 223, 233

Hui 3, 25, 28–30, 32, 35, 46, 52,

89–90, 92–96, 98–99, 101–103,

105–107, 185–186, 231, 236

communities 7, 23, 90, 95–96, 98,

101, 103–105

Jiao 20, 89

Muslims 3, 7, 19–20, 28, 89–90,

93–95, 97–98, 100–102, 104,

106–107, 186, 206

Muslims in Beijing 29

Muslims in China 94–95, 98, 105

Huihui 23, 89–90, 92

Human rights 5, 10, 16, 80, 86–87,

166, 168, 177, 187, 191, 219, 238

Human security 10, 12, 180–182, 233,

236–237

Husein (Huseyin) Celil 62, 163, 226

Identity 1, 4–7, 10, 13–20, 28, 30–32,

37, 39, 95–96, 171–172, 182–183,

202, 234–237

conf licts 16

Hui 94–95

societal 14, 46, 90, 94–95, 105–106,

173, 177

Uighur 15, 31–32, 36, 177

Ikhwani 29, 99–100, 106

ILD (International Liaison

Department) 156

Independence 2, 43, 69, 79–81, 85, 87,

93, 133, 141, 176

Indonesia 120–121, 129–130, 215, 231

Indonesian Muslims 130, 215

Information Office of State

Council 168, 183, 187–189, 218,

220, 227

Insurgents 36, 136, 159, 245

Integration 4, 20, 22–23, 32–33, 101,

106, 139, 173, 245

of religious minorities in China

206, 239

Intelligence 155–157, 165, 212,

221, 224

244 IN DEX

International cooperation 136, 156,

159–160, 168–169

counter-terrorism treaties 148, 168

security 181–182, 211, 236–238

Internet 59, 66, 68, 71, 74–75, 87, 105,

112, 117, 119, 123, 142, 210

Interpol 79, 151

Iraq 18, 105, 109, 113–114, 119–120,

122, 126, 131, 245

Isa Yusuf Alptekin 83, 140, 184

Islam 3–7, 9, 17, 19–24, 26–33, 42,

45–46, 93–95, 101–102, 104–106,

112–113, 126, 184–186, 189–190,

206–208, 231–236

in China 4, 7, 17, 20–22, 69, 179,

184–186, 190, 206–209, 231–235

golden age of 23

radical 5, 27, 106, 116

in Southeast Asia 183, 236

traditionalist 26, 99

universal Ummah of 20, 102

in Xinjiang 24, 185–187, 232

Islamabad 115, 122, 128

Islamic Association of China 26,

102–103

Islamic education 32, 100

fundamentalism 90, 95, 101–106,

173, 186, 232

identity 18, 28, 31, 46

law 23, 49, 113, 132

orthodoxy 31, 98–99

reform movements 26, 95,

99–101

schools 43, 56, 95, 101, 104

states 105, 111–112

Ummah 23, 26, 106, 110

world 5, 25, 44, 92, 102–103, 123,

133, 190, 237

Islamic Institute 41, 56

Islamic Jihad Union (IJU) 2, 5, 62,

66–67, 133, 175

Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan

(IMU) 2, 5, 18, 61–62, 64–66,

115, 133, 175

Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) 105, 109, 122,

132, 209, 217, 239

Islamist extremism 1, 3

groups 18, 51, 111–112, 114, 118,

129–130

terrorism 6, 17, 109, 115, 135

terrorist threat 7

terrorist threat to China 6

Islamists 55, 99, 115

radical 10, 46, 123

Islamization 22, 26, 31, 90,

93, 101

of Xinjiang 25

Israel 111, 123–124, 148,

151, 211

Istanbul 79, 82, 140–141

ITIM (International Tibet

Independence Movement)

176, 229

Jeddah 55

Jemaah Islamiyah ( JI) 183, 210, 236

Jews 3, 112–113, 121–123

Jihad 2–6, 9, 18, 34, 51–52, 55,

57–59, 62–63, 69–73, 79, 105,

111–112, 116, 121–122, 125,

130–133, 171, 193, 195–196,

199, 239

Jihadi groups, see groups under Jihadist

forums

Jihadist forums 58–59, 74, 110, 132,

179, 184, 195, 200, 210

groups 60–62, 69, 153

Jihadists 3, 61, 104–105, 109, 114,

119, 124

Jungars 34

Kabul 61, 64, 71, 81

Kashgar 30, 36, 48, 50, 54, 77, 82–83,

93, 143

Kazakhstan 32, 52, 63, 79–80, 85,

160–162

Kunming 72–73, 78–79, 202

Kyrgyz 28, 30, 32

Kyrgyzstan 52, 62–63, 81, 85, 160–163,

165, 225

Land reforms 38–39, 101

Libyan Islamic Fighters Group 61

Local radical Islamic groups 81

245IN DEX

London 116, 118, 179–180, 182, 184,

186, 188, 191, 196, 210–211, 213,

218–220, 231–232, 234–235

Ma Wanfu 26, 100

Mahsum, see Hasan Mahsum

Manchus 25, 32, 34, 94

Mass Mobilization System

(MEMS) 157

Mecca 23, 25–27, 100, 102–103, 173,

208, 232

Menhuan 24, 97–98, 207–208, 233

Middle East 3, 21, 26, 33, 57, 59, 72,

83, 99–102, 104, 109, 112,

124–125, 130–131, 211

Militant Islam in Central Asia

196, 234

Ming dynasty 23–24, 34, 90, 92

Ministry of National Defense

(MND) 176

Ministry of Public Security (MPS) 48,

58, 75, 80–81, 135, 138, 148–151,

156, 158–159, 217–218, 221

Ministry of State Security (MSS) 156

Minorities 4–5, 7, 15–17, 19, 37–39,

41, 43, 133, 153–154,

170–172, 174, 177–179,

186, 188, 191, 232

Minority Conf lict 10, 15, 180

identities 2, 4, 6–7, 20

nationalities 28–29, 38–40,

42–43, 190

Modernization 99–100, 185, 208,

231–232

Mohammad Abdullah Saleh

Sughayer 110

Mohammad Emin Hazret 79–80, 139

Mongols 22, 25, 91–92, 94

Mosques 21–23, 27, 29, 42–44, 53,

92–94, 96–97, 100, 103–104,

122, 130

Mujahideen 62, 70–74, 111–113, 122,

125, 196

Mullah Mohammad Omar 124

Multinational states 9, 14, 16–17, 46

Munich 81, 83, 86–87, 141, 218

Muslim Brotherhood 60, 100

Muslim communities 18, 21–22, 27,

41–42, 46, 70, 90–91, 96, 102,

112, 115, 119, 122

countries 26–27, 72, 91, 104,

111–113

diversity 186, 232

Han conf licts 26, 99

identity 4, 6–7, 17, 19, 106, 172, 177

migrants 3, 90

minorities 4–5, 7, 17, 19–20, 25, 28,

37–39, 42, 46, 49, 94, 102, 106,

155, 172, 174, 183–184, 190, 207

opposition 4, 46, 95, 172

rebellions 25, 35, 93

states 23, 44, 104, 172

world 18, 27, 99, 103, 113, 126, 184,

186, 236

Muslims in China 5, 7, 19, 24–25, 27,

46, 89, 93, 104, 122, 124, 185

Nation-state 28, 94, 177

National Anti-Terrorism Coordination

Group (NATCG) 149–150, 156

National conf lict 5–6

identity 9, 16

security 13, 139–140, 175, 182, 236

unity 37, 152, 174

National People’s Congress (NPC) 84,

158–159, 168, 190, 224–225

Nationalist government 35–36, 94

Nationalists 36–37

Nationalities 26, 31, 38–39, 41, 46, 90,

94–95, 101, 111

Netherlands 51, 82–83, 85–86

New Terrorism 180, 183

Ningxia 3, 22, 28–29, 34, 96–97, 100,

102, 207, 233

Non-governmental organizations

(NGOs) 103–104, 106

Olympic Games, see Beijing Olympic

Games

Osama bin-Laden (bin Laden) 2, 18,

52, 55, 58, 61–62, 64, 67, 81,

110–113, 116, 119, 121–122,

124–126, 160, 190, 195–196

Overseas Uighur communities 61, 141

246 IN DEX

Pakistan 2, 32, 44, 53–56, 58–62,

64, 66, 68, 102–103, 115,

126–128, 161, 163–165,

194–195, 200, 214

Pakistani security forces 66–67,

128, 164

Taliban 2, 67, 127–128

Pan-Islamism 172, 193

Pan-Turkic nationalism 172

Peace Mission 145, 162, 225, 238

People’s Armed Police Force

(PAPF) 76, 135, 143, 146–148,

150–151, 162

People’s Bank of China (PBC) 159

People’s Liberation Army (PLA) 36, 49,

142–147, 150–151, 156, 164

People’s Republic of China (PRC) 1, 4,

10, 17, 19–20, 26–28, 31–32,

36–37, 39, 43, 50, 52, 85,

89–90, 94, 124, 126,

151–152, 158–159, 165,

184–185, 188–190, 195–196,

206–207, 224–226, 231–232

Persian 21–22, 28–30, 90–92, 96

Philippines 113, 116–117,

120, 129

Pilgrimage 23, 25, 27, 44,

102–103, 208

Political violence 1, 10, 13, 107, 169,

180, 193–194, 236

Qadi 23

Quick Response System (QRS) 150,

157

Qur’an 27, 70, 99–101

Radical 72, 81, 138

Radicalization 6–7, 89, 102–103, 105,

126, 152, 173–174, 206

Rebiya Kadeer 51, 83–86, 141, 166,

204, 219, 227

Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure

(RATS) 163

Regional autonomy 38–39, 43,

188, 190

security 161, 193, 225, 233

Republic of China 25, 83, 94, 185

Riots 36, 41, 50, 130, 132, 146, 148,

178, 217

Russia 32, 34, 89, 148, 160–163, 248

Salafia al-Jihadia 105, 123, 211, 213

Salafi Group for Call and Combat

(GSPC), see Al Qaeda

Organization in the Islamic

Maghreb

Salafism 28

Security 6, 10–14, 17, 76, 79, 90,

117–118, 124, 137, 145, 177–178,

180–182, 221–222, 231,

233–237, 248

Seifallah, see Commander Seifallah

Separatism 7, 57, 60, 87, 136–138, 140,

143–145, 148–149, 152, 162–163,

173–176, 185–186, 190, 206–207,

223, 232

Separatists 9, 45, 60, 85, 136–137,

142–144, 149, 152, 162, 192

Shanghai Cooperation Organization

(SCO) 136, 143, 145, 161–163,

169, 218, 225, 238

Snake’s head 124, 211, 213

Snow Wolf Commando Unit

(SWCU) 147

Societal identities 14–15, 46, 90,

94–95, 105–106, 173, 177

security 13–15, 177

Society 14–15, 26, 42, 142, 153,

181–182, 206, 209, 229, 232–233,

238, 248

Society Union of Uighur National

Association 85

South Asia 3, 126, 197, 239

Southeast Asia 3, 110, 112,

128–129, 228

Soviet Union 35–36, 38, 41–42, 113,

172, 188

State Council 20, 137, 146, 168, 183,

187–189

Sufism 24–26, 97–99, 207, 233

Tablighi Jamaat (TJ) 62, 105–106, 173,

209, 235

Taiwan 20, 175–176, 178

247IN DEX

Tajikistan 32, 52, 62–63, 160–161, 163

Taliban 2, 55, 57–58, 61–65, 74, 113,

115, 124–125, 128, 144, 160–161,

166, 190, 195–196, 214, 234

Tang dynasty 20–21, 33, 90, 184

Tarim Basin 22, 24, 30–32, 34, 53, 155

Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) 18,

67, 128

Terror 10, 52, 114, 117, 139, 155, 180, 196,

211–212, 231–232, 235–236, 249

Terrorism 1–7, 9–10, 16–18, 136–137,

140–142, 144–145, 147–148,

150–152, 156–161, 168–170,

172–174, 179–180, 218–220,

222–224, 231–233, 235–237

contemporary wave of 1, 10, 136

fighting 158, 163, 225

international 138, 162

threat of 10, 135, 143, 169, 174

transnational 161, 174

war on 46, 136

Terrorist attacks 46, 48, 59, 63, 70, 75,

78–79, 87, 105, 118, 146–147, 149–151,

156–157, 164–165, 198–199, 211

financing 159–160, 165, 224

groups 3, 47, 62, 72, 79–80, 83, 135,

138, 150, 165, 169, 180, 211, 219,

231, 236

incidents 48, 63, 142

organizations 48, 58, 81–82, 125,

138–139, 141, 156, 158, 165–166,

168, 224

threat 2, 6, 9, 109, 119, 137, 142, 150,

169, 171, 211

training camps 61–62, 64, 150, 162

violence 46–47, 80, 106, 133, 138–139

Terrorists 3, 48, 62, 67, 76, 79–80,

83–84, 104–105, 135–137,

141–144, 151–152, 158–160, 198,

200–202, 217–218, 249

designated, 58, 160

suspected 150, 163, 167, 222

Three evil forces 136–137, 140, 142,

148–149, 163, 174

Turkey 44, 55, 79–80, 82, 84, 140, 186, 236

Turkic Muslims 25, 28, 30, 89,

106, 187

Turkistan al-Islamia, 68, 73–4

Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP) 19, 47,

53–54, 58, 63, 68, 71, 73–74,

78–79, 88, 132, 160, 171, 193–195,

198–199, 239

Uighur 2–5, 30–34, 36–38, 40–43, 45,

50–53, 59–68, 74–76, 80–87,

121–122, 124–126, 138–142, 150,

152–153, 155, 166–167, 172–174,

193, 238

detainees 57, 64–65, 165, 167

Diaspora (émigrés) 4, 49, 82, 85, 140

identity 15, 31–32, 36, 177

kingdom 30, 33

militants 61–62, 64, 68, 71, 87

Muslims 5, 31–32, 42, 45, 57, 60,

70, 74, 86, 130, 132, 140, 146,

153, 172

nationalism 171, 191, 237

organizations 82, 140

separatism 47, 142, 190, 195, 236

separatist groups 47, 86

separatist movement 49, 52, 86, 106,

132, 137, 140–141

separatists 50, 55, 88, 140, 144, 151

Uighur American Association 85, 191

United States (also US) 3, 9, 44, 46,

50, 58, 61, 63–65, 74, 76, 78,

84–85, 109, 111–115, 121–125, 127,

129–131, 137, 155, 165–168, 170–

171, 175, 196–197, 211–212,

224, 227

UNPO (Unrepresented Nations and

People’s Organizations) 82–83,

140, 203–204

Urumqi 33, 35, 45, 48–56, 59, 62, 75,

80, 82, 84–86, 94, 129, 132,

143–145, 147–148, 150

US-China Cooperation 212–213

Uzbekistan 52, 62–63, 67, 161–163

Uzbeks 28, 30, 32, 62, 66–67

Values, dominant identity 14–15

Violence 1, 11, 13, 18, 46, 48, 51–52,

60, 63, 81–82, 86–87, 129–130,

135–139, 141–142, 146–147, 172

248 IN DEX

Violent incidents 49–50, 128, 164, 166

resistance 6

War on Terror 142, 173, 180, 182–183,

195, 226, 229, 236

Terrorism 5, 179, 191, 218–220, 222,

232, 235

Washington 64, 141, 165–166, 168,

189–191, 194–195, 197, 201,

203–205, 208, 210–212, 218, 225,

227–228, 231–233, 238–239

Wenzhou 72–73, 78

World Uighur Congress (WUC) 2, 5,

51, 77, 81, 83–86, 88, 140–141,

166, 173

World Uighur Youth Congress

(WUYC) 48, 80–83, 87, 138,

141, 166

Xinjiang 4–7, 24–25, 30–39, 41–46,

48–50, 52–56, 60–65, 82–85, 87,

135–144, 146, 148–155, 174–178,

182–193, 218–223, 231–238

and Central Asia 163, 225

independence of 80, 82, 85, 87, 141

needle attack in 192

occupation of 45, 80

police 77, 148–150

southern 25, 29, 34, 36, 53, 84,

144, 150, 160

stability of 141, 152, 154, 169

Xinjiang Military District (XMD)

143, 188

Xinjiang Military Region, see Xinjiang

Military District (XMD)

Xinjiang Nationalities Committee 36

Xinjiang Production Construction

Military Corps (XPCMC) 152

Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region

(XUAR) 29, 52, 56, 76, 79,

136–137, 140, 172, 174, 191, 220,

219, 234, 236

Xinjiao 26, 99

Yemen 98, 114, 120

Yinchuan 28, 207–208, 233, 235

Yining 34, 36, 41, 48–49, 53, 67,

146–147

Zeydin (Ziyauddin) Yusup 49, 53

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