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HBET 1403

Part A Questions

1. There are 8 qualities of PIDGINS. List FOUR. Has no native speakers, no one natlive lang.-means of comm.. for millions of people. Products of multilingual situation with at least 3 lang.- one is dominant. All the lang. involved will contributed to the new variety in terms of phonology,

morphology and syntax.

Reduced grammatical structure, limited vocab. And a narrow range of functionscompared to a fully developed lang.

Main function of pidgin is trading-buying and selling @ such related purposes. Speakers of pidgins have other lang. as their repertoire-pidgin is just an additional

repertoire for specific purpose.

It is not used as a means of group identification.Soci

2. Foreigner talk @ baby talk theory Asserts that pidgins and creoles are created by Europeans reducing and simplifying

their lang. to communicate with others.

The simplified form serve as the basic structure of the lang. and provide the vocab.input.

Pidgin / creoles as discussed share many similarities regardless of different lang.background and distance.

Their association with diff. European lang. are insignificant in influencing theirstructures.

Eventhough Europeans vocab is relatively broad, Europeans who the pidginisedvariety do so badly.

Evidence : Europeans learn pidgin from non-Europeans, Creole used more amongnon Europeans ( between non euro and Euro ).

3. What is jargon? Explain and give example. The specialized vocab. Of professional and occupation groups. The words often seem unnecessarily novel and obfuscatory to those outside a

specialisation but they re considered useful by the specialist

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4. Explain about TABOO and EUPHEMISM with example each.TABOO * concerns behaviours that are forbidden, harmful, immoral or improper.

* people avoid using taboo words- only to use it in restricted situations

* may be related to sex, bodily functions, excretion, religion, death,

supernatural and politics

* examples : the use of ( bloody ) in Shawss Pygmalion

EUPHEMISM * refers to words/expressions that are not used/things that are not

said.

Certains things can be referred to only by certain people, in certain circumstances @through deliberate circumlocutions.

Allows one to talk about taboo subjects/ unpleasant things by disguising @neutralizing the unplesasentness.

Examples : ( receiving waters) refer to rivers/ lakes where industrial waste isdumped.

5. What is Lang. Deficits Theory? Its relevance to childrens performance in school. Refers to LINGUISTICS INCOMPETENCE. Is a reality for babies /young children to acquire the 1 st lang @ speakers in process of

learning a 2nd

@ another lang, with regard to the target lang.

It concerns school speakers, children 2 adult who are still incompetent in their 1 stlang. as compared to others in their age group.

It seems to be characteristics of speakers from lower class which results in many ofthem underperforming in school.

6. Sociolinguistics against this theory.Why? They urge that normal children are not short of lang. Children can use lang. to

communicate just like any other human.

The only difference is the lang. variety that the children from the lower class may beusing.

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7. 4 social factors that influence 2nd lang. acquisitions.EXPLAIN.

Age -learners who commence learning an L2 after the onset of puberty @earlier are unlikely to acquire a native speaker accent.-learners who begin after 15 yrs are less likely to develop as much

grammatical ability as those begin before.

Sex* women

- always outstrips males in standardness of their speech and use of

prestige forms.

- tend to be forefront of linguistic change.

* Men- less sensitive to new forms but once theyve started to use them less likely to reject

them.

- perhaps because they are less likely to notice them.

Social Class-LOWER

-WORKING

-LOWER MIDDLE

-UPPER MIDDLE

Ethnic identity- Affects in 3 possible forms ;

1. Corresponding to normative2. Socio-psychological3. Sociostructural views of the relationship.