NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max...
-
Upload
cortez-francy -
Category
Documents
-
view
222 -
download
3
Transcript of NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max...
![Page 1: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
NORTRIP
Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08
![Page 2: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Tested pavements
• Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), Dmax and stone material
• Porous asphalt with porphyry• Rubber mixed asphalts – four types with two references• European pavements (SPENS project) – ACO11 with
gneiss/diorite and AC11 with limestone• Concrete
![Page 3: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Typ Stenstorlek Bergart Ursprung Stenegenskaper
Nötningsresistens Fragmentering
Största stenstorlek Stenmaterial > 8mm Anm. Kulkvarn Los Angeles Sprödhetstal Flisighetstal
ABS 8 Mylonit Durasplitt 6,1 20 - -
ABS 8 Porfyr Gustafs 5 12 - -
ABS 8 Kvartsit Dalbo 5,7 17,5 47 1,38
- -
ABD 11 Porfyr porös/tyst 5 12 - -
ABS 11 Kvartsit Kärr 6,1 17,5 37 1,32
ABS 11 Mylonit Durasplitt 6,1 20 - -
ABS 11 Porfyr Gustafs 5 12 - -
ABS 11 Kvartsit Dalbo 5,7 17,5 47 1,38
ABS 11 Kvartsitisk sandsten Hardeberga 8,7 22 37 1,38
ABS(g) 11 Kvartsitisk sandsten Hardeberga gummiinblandad
ABS 11 Ryolit Tösse 4,9 10 - -
GAP 11 Ryolit Tösse gummiinblandad 4,9 10 - -
GAÖ 11 Ryolit Tösse gummiinblandad 4,9 10 - -
ABT 11 Gneiss Tjeckien - 20 - -
ABT 11 Kalksten Slovenien - 25 - -
ABT 16 Granit Skärlunda 7,1 17 34 1,34
ABS 16 Kvartsit Dalbo 5,7 17,5 47 1,38
ABS 16 Porfyr Gustafs 5 12 - -
Betong Granit betong
Tested pavements
![Page 4: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Mean total wear and PM10
y = 1,8x + 4,8R² = 0,94
4,00
5,00
6,00
7,00
8,00
9,00
10,00
11,00
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
PM10
vid
50 k
m/h
Medelslitage per km (g)
Kvartsit
Porfyr
Mylonit
![Page 5: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Dmax
y = -0,13x + 2,8R² = 0,85
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Med
elsl
itage
per
km
(g)
Största stenstorlek
Kvartsit
Porfyr
Mylonit
![Page 6: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Nordic ball mill and Los Angeles value
4 5 6 7 8 9Kulkvarnsvärde
2
4
6
8
10
12
PM
10 (
mg
m-3)
8 12 16 20 24Los Angeles-tal
2
4
6
8
10
12
PM
10 (
mg
m-3)
Y = 0.37 * X + 0.39, R2 = 0.61Y = 1.21 * X - 1.40, R2= 0.70
![Page 7: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Speed
200 mg/vkm
![Page 8: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Load
0
1
2
3
4
5
PM
10 (
mg
/m3 )
13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00
TEOM
600 kg450 kg
300 kg
![Page 9: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Stud protrusion
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
400.00
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Stud protrusion (mm)
EF
PM
10
EF 70 km/h
EF 50 km/h
EF 30 km/h
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
![Page 10: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Share of studded tyres
0 25 50 75 100% dubbdäck
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
PM
10 [
µg
m3]
70 km /h
50 km /h
30 km /h
(PM 10 = 0 .016 * % dubbdäck + 0 .068 R 2 = 0 .98)
(PM 10 = 0 .013 * % dubbdäck + 0 .081 R 2 = 0 .95)(PM 10 = 0 .001 * % dubbdäck + 0 .005 R 2 = 0 .95)
![Page 11: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Main parameters for direct pavement wear emission
Pavement• Pavement type (basal information, but most info on SMA)• Stone material properties (nordic ball mill value useful)
• Dmax
Traffic• Speed• Share of studded tyres• Stud protrusion – hard to find data• Load (only one test made in road simulator) – share of
heavy/light?
![Page 12: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
VTI wear model
Pavement• Pavement type• Stone material properties (nordic ball mill value useful)
• Dmax
Traffic• Speed• Share of studded tyres• Stud protrusion• Load (only one test made in road simulator)
![Page 13: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Slitagemodellen – road wear model
Developed at VTI of Lars-Göran Wågberg and Torbjörn Jacobson.
From road simulator data and in situ measurements .
More than 500 pavements have been tested.
![Page 14: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Road wear model - areas of use
Used by entrepreneurs since late 1990s to optimise the choice of pavement.
![Page 15: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Input to the wear model
Rubrik i diagram: E4
Underrubrik i diagram:Södertälje
Typsektion (1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8): 5
(1=7 m; 2=9 m; 3=13 m; 4= breda körfält; 5=motorväg;
6=tunnel & (2)+1 vägar); 7=2+(1) vägar; 8= extr smala körfält)
Tillåten hastighet: 50 (50, 70, 90 alt 110 km/h)ÅDT körfält: 10000 fordon/dygn
Slitageperiod/år: 180 vinterdygn/årDubbandel: 60 % (medel under slitageperioden)
Saltad väg (J/N): JAntal beräkningsår: 5 St
Tillåtet spårdjup: 17 MmUppskattat övrigt
spårdjup: 4 MmTillgängligt slitage-
spårdjup: 13 Mm
Stenhalt >4mm: 75 vikt-%Största stenstorlek (MS): 16 Mm
Kulkvarnsvärde (KV): 7
Prallvärde: 20 cm3
Beläggningstyp (endast för Prall): 2
Pris - färdig beläggning: 60 kr/m2
![Page 16: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Relation wear and PM10 emission
![Page 17: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Output
Resultat för partikelemissioner till atmosfären:Enligt empirisk relation mellan slitage och PM10emission:Total bortsliten mängd per km och år 3.43E+06 gram/km/årBortsliten mängd/fordon_km 3.2 gram/fordonskmEmissionsfaktor 526.0 mg/fordonskmTotal emission 5.68E+08 mg/km/årMotsvarande koncentration i provvägsmaskinen PVM 10.5 mg/m3 16.55 % av bortslitet material hamnar i luften
![Page 18: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Using the total wear from the wear modelgives automatically speed dependence
![Page 19: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Speed dependence
![Page 20: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Dependence of the nordic ball mill value
![Page 21: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Stone size
![Page 22: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Emission factors derived from road simulator
Emissionsfaktor (mg fkm-1) EFPM0,6-andel av EFPMXX Emissionsfaktor
(antal fkm-1) Hastigh
et (km h-
1)
EFPM0,6 EFPM1 Korr EFPM1
EFPM2,5 Korr EFPM2,5
EFPM10 Korr EFPM10
EFPM1 EFPM2,5 EFPM10 EFantal,7-600nm
Michelin 30 0,1 0,3 0,10 3 1,00 39 13,00 0,32 0,03 0,0021 4,40E+10X-Ice North 50 0,1 0,9 0,30 20 6,67 302 100,67 0,14 0,01 0,0004 9,90E+11
70 0,2 1,9 0,63 24 8,00 1094 364,67 0,12 0,01 0,0002 2,30E+12Nokian 30 0,2 0,4 0,13 3 1,00 38 12,67 0,51 0,06 0,0058 7,00E+10Hakkapeliitta 4 50 0,2 1 0,33 15 5,00 166 55,33 0,25 0,02 0,0015 1,00E+12
70 0,3 2,1 0,70 23 7,67 666 222,00 0,15 0,01 0,0005 2,80E+12Bridgestone 30 0,1 0,2 0,07 2 0,67 12 4,00 0,55 0,06 0,0106 8,10E+10
Noranza 50 0,2 0,8 0,27 9 3,00 147 49,00 0,3 0,03 0,0016 9,90E+11 70 0,4 1 0,33 14 4,67 507 169,00 0,26 0,03 0,0002 3,60E+12
Michelin 30 0,2 0,2 0,07 0,2 0,07 0,7 0,23 0,94 0,79 0,25 2,10E+11X-Ice 50 0,1 0,1 0,03 0,1 0,03 0,8 0,27 0,92 0,78 0,13 3,10E+11
70 0,1 0,1 0,03 0,1 0,03 7 2,33 0,87 0,62 0,01 8,10E+10Nokian 30 0,1 0,2 0,07 0,6 0,20 3 1,00 0,67 0,27 0,047 3,30E+10Hakkapeliitta RSi*
50 0,1 0,2 0,07 0,5 0,17 6 2,00 0,65 0,24 0,022 2,60E+10
70 0,1 0,2 0,07 1,1 0,37 90 30,00 0,36 0,05 0,001 4,70E+10Bridgestone 30 0,3 0,3 0,10 0,3 0,10 0,48 0,16 0,95 0,85 0,581 2,20E+10
Turanza 50 0,3 0,3 0,10 0,3 0,10 0,45 0,15 0,95 0,85 0,569 1,70E+10 70 0,2 0,2 0,07 0,2 0,07 2 0,67 0,93 0,77 0,004 2,00E+10
Nokian 30 0,1 0,1 0,03 0,2 0,07 0,24 0,08 0,92 0,69 0,52 2,10E+10NRHi Ecosport 50 0,1 0,1 0,03 0,1 0,03 0,2 0,07 0,9 0,65 0,44 1,40E+10
70 0,1 0,1 0,03 0,2 0,07 0,92 0,31 0,83 0,39 0,09 1,20E+10
stud
ded
unst
udde
dsu
mm
er
![Page 23: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
ACO 11 S, asphalt 50/70 Diorite
Pavements used
AC 11 surf, B70/100 Limestone
![Page 24: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Tyres used
Summer tyre:Michelin Pilot Primacy
Winter tyre:Pirelli Sottozero
![Page 25: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
0.000
0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
PM
10 (
µg
/m3)
Dus
tTra
k
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7T im e a fter s tart (h )
L im estone w in te r tyre
L im estone sum m er tyre
D iorite sum m er tyre
D iorite w in ter tyre
Results: PM10 effect of tyre (DustTrak)
Ca 50% higher PM10 with winter tyres
![Page 26: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
0.000
0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
PM
10 (
µg
/m3)
Dus
tTra
k
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7T im e a fter s tart (h )
L im estone w in te r tyre
L im estone sum m er tyre
D iorite sum m er tyre
D iorite w in ter tyre
Results: PM10 effect of tyre (DustTrak)
Ca 40-50% higher PM10 with winter tyres at 50 and 70 km/h
![Page 27: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Water and CMA
Time series of the concentration in the road simulator during 3 different tests; 15 g/m2 CMA, 10 and 30 g/m2 water and 10 g/m2 CMA with 10 % potassium formiat.
![Page 28: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The RH ”problem”.
![Page 30: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Efficieny of sweepers
![Page 31: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Wet Dust Sampler
Can measure dust load on the road surface and chemistry of dissolved substances on the surface etc.
![Page 32: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Wet Dust Sampler (WDS)
![Page 33: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Wet Dust Sampler (WDS)
• High pressure water
• Filled cone spray
• Time controlled - repeatable
• Water sample with dust and salt/CMA
![Page 34: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Efficency of sweepers, dry road surface
0
50
100
150
200
250
Referens 250g Maskin B vacuum+borste Maskin B vacuum
PM
180
och
PM
10(g
/m2 )
250 g/m2
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Referens 500g Maskin B vacuum+borste
PM
180
och
PM
10(g
/m2 )
500 g/m2
![Page 35: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Efficency of sweepers, dry road surface
Maskin B vacuum+borste,
250 g/m2
Maskin B vacuum,250 g/m2
Maskin B vacuum+borste,
500 g/m2
-100%
-80%
-60%
-40%
-20%
0%
20%
40%
Fö
rän
dri
ng
i %
jä
mfö
rt m
ed
refe
ren
s Förändring PM180
Förändring PM10
![Page 36: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Efficency of sweepers, humid road surface
0
50
100
150
200
250
Referens Maskin A:1 Maskin A:2 Maskin B:1 Maskin B:2 Maskin C
PM
180
och
PM
10(g
/m2 )
250 g/m2
![Page 37: NORTRIP Workshop, NILU 2011-03-07-08. Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a888c550346e0158b4d45/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Efficency of sweepers, humid road surface
Maskin A:1
Maskin A:2
Maskin B:1
Maskin B:2
Maskin C-100%
-80%
-60%
-40%
-20%
0%
20%
40%
Fö
rän
dri
ng
av
PM
180
(%)
Förändring i PM180 jämfört med referens
Maskin A:1
Maskin A:2
Maskin B:1
Maskin B:2
Maskin C-100%
-80%
-60%
-40%
-20%
0%
20%
40%
Fö
rän
dri
ng
av
PM
10(%
)
Förändring i PM10 jämfört med referens