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Transcript of Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials Delaware Center for Transportation...
Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials
Delaware Center for Transportation
Alternative-Fuel Technology for Fleet
June 2010
Arde Faghri, Professor, Civil Engi.Director,Delaware Center for TransportationUniversity of Delaware
Amir ShahparResearch Assistant,Delaware Center for Transportation
Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials
Delaware Center for Transportation
Outline
Introducing DART Fleet Expansion Considerations Alternative-Fuel Transit Buses Data Collection Results
– Life-Cycle Cost – Emissions
Future Works
Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials
Delaware Center for Transportation
Delaware Authority for Regional Transit: DART
Delaware’s bus, train, and intermodal transportation provider Services include contracted SEPTA commuter trains,
intercounty bus, fixed route bus and paratransit
10.2 million passenger trips system wide ridership
Revenue sources: 18% fare – 77% State – 3% Federal – 2% bus advertising
One of the 43 transit agencies chosen to reduce energy consumption and GHG Emissions
Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials
Delaware Center for Transportation
69 fixed bus routes
430 buses all types– 40-foot buses config.
132 Diesel 15 Hybrid Diesel-
Electric
Fleet expansion Plan– 9 in 2011– 12 in 2012
New Castle CountyFixed Bus Routes
Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials
Delaware Center for Transportation
Fleet Expansion Considerations
Serious funding problems
Life-Cycle Cost (LCC)
APTA Strategic Plan 2010-2014– Economic Sustainability– Environmental Sustainability
Latest EPA Standards
State Implementations Plans (SIP)
Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials
Delaware Center for Transportation
EPA Emission Standards
Source: Generated based on the EPA web site (2010)
Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials
Delaware Center for Transportation
EPA Emission Standards
Source: Generated based on the EPA web site (2010)
Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials
Delaware Center for Transportation
Ozone Level in Delaware
Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials
Delaware Center for Transportation
Alternative-Fuel Buses
Clean Air Act 1990– Ethanol, Methanol, Biodiesel,
CNG, LPG, LNG, Hybrid,
Pure Electric, Fuel cell
2009 APTA database
(40-foot standard transit bus)
Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials
Delaware Center for Transportation
Other Technologies weaknesses
Ethanol & Methanol:– High maintenance cost and reduced engine life
LPG:– Lack of suitable commercially available engine – Practical option for small- to medium-sized transit buses
Fuel Cell:– Very pricy with an average price of $1.3M (zero emission)
Pure Electric:– Prototype design stage (very promising)
Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials
Delaware Center for Transportation
Other Technologies weaknesses
Source: University of Delaware Center for Fuel Cell Research
Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials
Delaware Center for Transportation
Dominant Technologies
Ultra-Low-Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
Biodiesel (B20)
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
Hybrid Diesel-Electric
Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials
Delaware Center for Transportation
Data Collection
DART: – Annual average mileage = 30,000 mile/year– Average speed = 12.7 mph– Bus life span = 12 years– Fuel economy
Delaware Air quality Reports: – key emissions: PM2.5 & ozone– non-attainment areas: Wilmington for PM2.5 & Delaware for
ozone
Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials
Delaware Center for Transportation
Data Collection
Federal reports including:– Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) – Federal Transit Administration (FTA)– Department of Transportation (DOT) – National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) – Department of Energy (DOE)– American Public Transportation Association (APTA)
Two major public transportation conferences:– BUSCON 2009, Chicago, IL– APTA 2009, Orlando, FL
Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials
Delaware Center for Transportation
Life-Cycle Cost Items
Capital Cost– Vehicle Cost – Refueling Station
(infrastructure)
– Depot Modification
Operating Cost– Fuel Cost– Total Maintenance Cost– Facility Maintenance– Compression Electricity– Battery Replacement
Infrastructure and depot modification cost were justified based on DART current facilities
Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials
Delaware Center for Transportation
Major Assumptions
Direct Cost That DART Pays 12-Years Life Span 50 New Buses Purchased in 2009 Type of Buses: 40 feet, low floor, 39 seats Buses Operated at Average National Conditions
– 12 mph Speed – 35,000 miles per year
80% Federal subsidy for bus procurement Mechanic Time ($50/hr) in maintenance costs
Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials
Delaware Center for Transportation
Capital Costs per Bus(50 Bus Fleet)
Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials
Delaware Center for Transportation
Operating Costs per Bus(50 Bus Fleet, 12 years)
Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials
Delaware Center for Transportation
Fuel Economy & Projected Fuel Price
Source: Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Federal Transit Association
Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials
Delaware Center for Transportation
The Life Cycle Cost per Bus(50 Bus Fleet, 12 years)
ULSD Biodiesel CNG Hybrid
Total Capital Cost (CC)
$68,682 $87,820 $218,158 $110,068
Total Operating Cost (OC)
$642,032 $673,200 $523,788 $592,881
Total CC+OC $710,714 $761,020 $741,946 $702,949
Total CC+OC ($/mile)
$1.69 $1.81 $1.77 $1.67
Total CC+OC ($/mile/seat)
$0.043 $0.046 $0.045 $0.042
Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials
Delaware Center for Transportation
Life Cycle Cost$/mile
Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials
Delaware Center for Transportation
Reliability Index
ULSD Biodiesel CNG Hybrid
Total MBRC 3,197 3,632 5,738 5,847
Propulsion MBRC
5,000 8,211 8,885 8,673
Cumulative Miles Between Road Calls (MBRC)
NYCTA Standard MBRC = 4,000 miles
Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials
Delaware Center for Transportation
Emission Estimation (gram/mile)
Technologies PM NOx NMHC VOC GHG
ULSD 0.021 5.49 0.09 0.05 2328
Biodiesel 0.017 7.14 0.08 0.03 2373
CNG 0.015 6.02 0.84 .69 2303
Hybrid 0.01 4.51 0.00 0.03 1972
Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials
Delaware Center for Transportation
Future Works
Multi-Criteria Decision Making Process
Experts Survey
– DelDOT Experts– DART-Management– DART-Bus operator– DART-Maintenance– DNREC– Passengers– UD researchers
Qualitative Criteria
– Vehicle Capability– Sense of Comfort– Energy Independence– Noise Pollution
Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials
Delaware Center for Transportation
“You'll know the green revolution has been won when the word ‘green’ disappears.”
- Tom Friedman, NYT Columnist
Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials
Delaware Center for Transportation
Acknowledgements
Ralph Reeb Delaware Department of Transportation
Brett TaylorDelaware Department of Transportation
Stephen KingsberryDelaware Transit Corporation
Mark GlazeDelaware Department of Transportation