Noncommunicable vs Communicable Diseases

What is the difference?

Non-Communicable DiseaseEssential Questions

1. What are non-communicable diseases?

2. Why should we be concerned about them?

3. How can we protect ourselves from a non-communicable disease?

Causes of Death Worldwide

*Adapted from The World Health OrganizationCommunicable Diseases 30%Non-Communicable Diseases 60%Other 10%

◦ Cardiovascular Diseases 17 million ◦ Cancer’s 7.6 million◦ Respiratory Diseases 4.2 million ◦ Diabetes 1.3 million

◦These four groups of diseases account for around 80% of all NCD deaths.

NCD Deaths Non-communicable diseases (NCD’s) kill more

than 36 million people each year.

More than nine million of all deaths attributed to non-communicable diseases (NCD’s) occur before the age of 60; 90% of these “premature” deaths occurred in low- and middle income countries.

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They share four risk factors: tobacco use, physical inactivity, the harmful use of alcohol and unhealthy diets.

Noncommunicable(NCD) Chronic diseases, NOT passed from person to person. Long duration and generally slow progression Four main types of non communicable diseases:

cardiovascular diseases (like heart attacks and strokes) cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructed pulmonary disease (COPD), and asthma) and diabetes.

NCD’s already disproportionately affect low- and middle-income countries where nearly 80% of NCD deaths - 29 million – occur. They are the leading cause of death in all regions except Africa, but current projections indicate that by 2020 the largest increases will occur in Africa.

Noncommunicable DiseasesDisease manifestations develop after

prolonged exposure to causative agents, many associated with personal behaviors and environmental factors.

Noncommunicable diseases cause pain, disability, loss of income, disruption of family stability, and an impaired quality of life.

Injuries, which have an acute onset, but may be followed by prolonged recovery period and impaired function, as well as chronic mental diseases.

Who is at Risk for NCDAll age groups and all regions are affected

by NCD’s.NCD’s are often associated with older age

groups, but evidence shows that more than 9 million al all deaths attributed to NCD’s occur before the age of 60.

Most of the NCD’s are attributed to unhealthy diet, inactivity, exposure to tobacco smoke or the effects of the harmful use of alcohol.

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So what do these risk factors do to a person’s body?

For one thing they can lead to four key metabolic/physiological changes that increase the risk for NCD’s: raised blood pressure, overweight/obesity, hyperglycemia (high blood

glucose levels), hyperlipidemia (high levels of fat

in the blood).

List of Non-communicable diseases cancer diabetes asthma Alzheimers Heart disease fibromyalgia hypertension osteoporosis autoimmune diseases malnutrition poisoning hormonal conditions

Injuries trauma fractures mental disorders

What are the socio-economic impacts of NCD’s?

NCD’s threaten progress towards the United Nations Millennium Development Goals.

Poverty is closely linked with NCD’s. ◦The rapid rise in NCD’s is predicted to impede

poverty reduction initiatives in lower income countries, particularly by forcing up household costs associated with health care.

◦Vulnerable and socially disadvantaged people get sicker and die sooner than people of higher social positions, especially because they are at greater risk of being exposed to harmful products, such as tobacco or unhealthy food, and have limited access to health services

Cancer

Cancer is a non-communicable disease that affects all ages. (CDC in 2011)

The three most common cancers among women are: breast, lung colorectal. The three most common cancers among men are:prostate lung Colorectal

* Lung cancer is at the top of the list for cancer deaths in men and women.

Prevention and controls of NCD’sFocus on lessening the risk factors

1. Low-cost solutions exist to risk factors (mainly tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and the harmful use of alcohol) and map the epidemic of NCD’s and their risk factors

2. Interventions that can be delivered through a primary health-care approach to strengthen early detection and timely treatment. Evidence shows that such interventions are excellent economic investments because, if applied to patients early, can reduce the need for more expensive treatment.

3. Creating healthy public policies that promote NCD prevention and control reorienting health systems to address the needs of people with such diseases

Communicable DiseaseA communicable disease is one that spreads from person to person and is often described with adjectives like "contagious" or "infectious.”

Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease

A communicable disease can travel as a Pathogen one of five ways: bacteria, virus, fungus protozoa rickettsia

The teen population is more likely than other age groups to spread certain communicable diseases.Awareness and education about these diseases can help teens and their parents become more proactive in efforts to prevent their spreading.

When does this occur?When one of the 5 pathogens finds it’s way into the body by:Direct contact

◦Cut on your hand◦Someone next to you sneezes

Indirect Contact◦You touch a door knob after someone

with the flu

Immune system is called into action Lymphocytes-white blood cells that help fight

pathogens (disease causing bacterium, fungus, virus, or protozoan.)

Lymphocytes multiply and fight pathogens when infected

Two types:◦ B-cells –produces antibodies to fight infection

Specific (missing one: Diabetes) Killer

◦ Helper T Cell-signals B-cells to produce antibodies Memory Helper Suppressor Killer

MacrophageMacrophages-white blood cell

that surrounds and destroys pathogens that are weakened by the antibodies produced by the B-cells.

Active ImmunityActive Immunity-resistance of the

disease due to presence of antibodies◦Why do most people get the chicken

pox only once?◦Vaccination-substance containing

dead or weakened pathogens that is introduced into the body by injection or orally

Passive ImmunityPassive Immunity-results from

introducing antibodies into a person’s bloodstream.◦Mother to child

List of Communicable DiseasesMenningitisStrep ThroatTuberculosisMononucleosisHepatitisInfluenzaCommon coldChicken Pox

Meningitis

Meningitis is an inflammation of the brain and spinal cord membranes.

Caused by a virus or bacteria,symptoms of high fever, headache and stiff neck

often develop quickly and can cause serious complications if not caught in time.

Meningitis can spread from person to person via respiratory and throat secretions, which can occur by coughing, sneezing or kissing

Although not as contagious as the flu, the Centers for Disease Control recommends routine vaccination of young people ages 11 to 18.

ImmunnizationProtection, pertaining to the

production of antibodies or lymphocytes that can react with a specific antigen

Immunization State LawMinnesota statutes 1980 , Section

123.70 requires that all children who are enrolled in a Minnesota school be immunized before starting school.

These requirements can be waived only for medical reasons or if you are conscientiously opposed to a particular immunization.

Student will not be allowed to start school if proof of immunization has not been presented.

Public Health RecordEach student has a record that follows

them throughout their educational experience.

Information that is pertinent to the student to ensure safety in school.

Most schools have IHP’s (Individual Health Plans) for students with chronic health concerns. These include health plans, modifications needed, person(s) responsible and an evaluation process