Non-Physiological Amino Acid (NPAA) Therapy in Pah enu2 Mice Relevance to PKU Therapy
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Non-Physiological Amino Acid (NPAA) Therapy in Pahenu2 Mice
Relevance to PKU Therapy
Mike Gibson, Professor and HeadSection of Clinical Pharmacology
Washington State University (WSU) SpokaneCollege of Pharmacy, Spokane WA
Disclosures: None
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Rationale and Goals
• To Selectively Lower Brain Phenylalanine – NPAAs targeting L and A systems (BBB and gut)– Maintain Other LNAAs at or Near Normal Levels
• Adjuvant Therapy, Target Cognitive Improvements
Mammalian System L Transporters Specific for LNAAsTransporter Expression Amino AcidsTransported LAT-1 Li (fetal), BM, Br, Pl, Te L-I-V-F-Y-W-M-H LAT-2 Je, Ile, Ki, Pl, Br, Te, Sp L-F-W-T-N-I-C-S-Y-V-Q LAT-3 Pa, Li (fetal, adult), SM L-I-V-F LAT-4 Pl, Ki, Leuc L-F-I-M
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Non-Physiological Amino Acids
A=Norleucine B=2-Aminoisobutyrate C=N-Methyl-2-aminoisobutyrate D=2-aminonorbornane-2-carboxylic acid
Only NL previously usedin a mammalian system
Km values of LNAAs for LAT(s) may lead to NPAA concentrations that selectively lower Phe while minimally altering other LNAAs
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Brain Amino Acid Transport Systems
• ~ Amino Acid Specificity• Considerable Overlap• Glutamine (Q): Numerous• Na
Dependent/Independent• A ~ Smaller Amino Acids• L ~ Larger Amino Acids
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Approach
• Dietary Administration-Clinical Relevance• Control Nitrogen Load with Casein• Monitor Brain LNAAs and Monoamines– Monitor Behavior/Movement in Future
• Blood Chemistries (Safety)– Assess Effects on Nitrogen Load
• Develop Methods to Quantify NPAAs
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LNAA Metabolic Roles
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Pilot Studies-Effect on Phe/TyrPhenylalanine Tyrosine
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Results for Monoamines
Serotonin Dopamine
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Additional LNAA Outcomes
Tryptophan Total Branched Chain AAs
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Effects on 1-Methyl Transfer
Methionine SAMe
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Conclusions
• Proof-of-Principle: Feasibility– Phe Reduction with NL, NB and MAIB– Other LNAA Effects: Lower Levels of NL and NB– Movement Effects of 3-5% NL Prominent– First Use of These in an Murine PKU Model
• MAIB is a Selective A System Inhibitor– Can Clearly Reduce Phe, However– Not Previously Documented– More Benign Effects than 5% NL, 0.5% NB
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Goals in Future Studies
• Different Concentrations of NPAAs• Combinatorial Administration (BBB-Gut)• NPAA Characterization in High/Low Protein• Address Variability in Some LNAA Levels• Evaluate Method of Sacrifice• Characterize Behavior during NPAA
Intervention
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AcknowledgementsColleagues/Funding
• Alliance Support• Kara Vogel• Brandi Wasek• Erland Arning• Terry Bottiglieri• R01 HD 58553• U54 DK 83916