NomenclatureNomenclatureNames and formulasNames and formulas

Using Flow ChartsUsing Flow Charts

Ionic FormulasIonic Formulas Ions combine in small, whole Ions combine in small, whole

number proportions so that the number proportions so that the sum of oxidation numbers will be sum of oxidation numbers will be zero!zero!

Cations retain the name of the Cations retain the name of the element and always comes first.element and always comes first.

Anions keep the root name but Anions keep the root name but add “ide” ending.add “ide” ending.

Examples…Examples…

Lithium + chlorineLithium + chlorine

magnesium + brominemagnesium + bromine

aluminum + oxygenaluminum + oxygen

Lithium Chloride

Magnesium Bromide

Aluminum Oxide

Transition MetalsTransition Metals

Some of the transition metals have Some of the transition metals have variable oxidation numbers. variable oxidation numbers.

(They have more than one.)(They have more than one.)

Roman numerals are used to indicate Roman numerals are used to indicate oxidation numbers for elements with oxidation numbers for elements with variable oxidation states.variable oxidation states.

Roman numerals are always positive!Roman numerals are always positive!

Examples…Examples…

Nickel (III) oxideNickel (III) oxide

Nickel (II) oxideNickel (II) oxide

FeFe22OO33

FeOFeO

Ni2O3

NiO

Iron (III) Oxide

Iron (II) Oxide

Polyatomic IonsPolyatomic Ions

a group of atoms that stay a group of atoms that stay together and have one oxidation together and have one oxidation number. number.

They combine like single atom They combine like single atom ions, so that the total charge ions, so that the total charge must be zero.must be zero.

No name change hereNo name change here

Examples…Examples…

Na Na 1+1+ and SO and SO44 2-2-

Ca Ca 2+2+ and OH and OH1-1-

NHNH44 1+1+ and O and O2-2-

NHNH44 1+1+ and PO and PO44 3-3-

Sodium SulfateCalcium Hydroxide

Ammonium Oxide

Ammonium Phosphate

POLYATOMIC IONS POLYATOMIC IONS (charged building blocks)(charged building blocks)Polyatomic ions are mostly made of two non-metals.Polyatomic ions are mostly made of two non-metals.

Ions with -1 chargeperbromate BrO4

-

1

bromate BrO3-1

bromite BrO2-1

hypobromite BrO-1

perchlorate ClO4-1

chlorate ClO3-1

chlorite ClO2-1

hypochlorite ClO-

1

periodate IO4-1

iodate IO3-1

iodite IO2-1

hypoiodite IO-1

nitrate NO3-1

nitrite NO2-1

hydroxide OH-1

cyanide CN-1

acetateC2H3O2

-1

PermanganateMnO4

-1

bicarbonate HCO3-

1

Ions with a -2 Charge

carbonate CO3-2

sulfate SO4-2

sulfite SO3-2

chromate CrO4-2

dichromate Cr2O7-

2

oxalate C2O4-2

Ions with a -3 Charge

phosphate PO4-3

phosphite PO3-3

arsenate AsO4-3

Ions with +1 chargeammonium ion

NH4+1

Name OriginsName Origins ““ate” suffixate” suffix most commonmost common

– bromate BrObromate BrO33-1-1

““ite” suffixite” suffix 1 oxygen less1 oxygen less

than “ate”than “ate”

– bromite BrObromite BrO22-1-1

““hypo” prefixhypo” prefix 1 oxygen less1 oxygen less

than “ite”than “ite”– hypobromite BrOhypobromite BrO-1-1

““per” prefixper” prefix 1 oxygen more1 oxygen more

than “atethan “ate

– perbromate BrOperbromate BrO44-1-1

Name Covalent BoundsName Covalent Bounds Covalent BondsCovalent Bonds

– Between 2 or more non-metalsBetween 2 or more non-metals

CO2

SO3

PO3

SF4

NO2

Naming MoleculesNaming Molecules

1.1. The least electronegative The least electronegative element comes first.element comes first.

– Increases Left to RightIncreases Left to Right– Decreases top to bottomDecreases top to bottom

2.2. A prefix is A prefix is alwaysalways used for the used for the first and second elementfirst and second element to to indicate quantity and the indicate quantity and the suffix suffix “ide“ide” is applied” is applied

ElectronegativityElectronegativityThe ability of an atom to attract the electrons of another

atom when bonded

INCREASING

DEC

REA

SIN

G

Prefixes to KnowPrefixes to Know

1 = mono 1 = mono

2 = di2 = di

3 = tri3 = tri

4 = tetra4 = tetra

5 = penta5 = penta

6 = hexa6 = hexa

7 = hepta7 = hepta

(NEVER use the prefix Mono on the first element )

Examples…Examples… phosphorus trichloridephosphorus trichloride

nitrogen trihydridenitrogen trihydride

diphosphorus pentoxidediphosphorus pentoxide

tetraiodine heptoxidetetraiodine heptoxide

sulfur hexachloridesulfur hexachloride

phosphorus pentoxidephosphorus pentoxide

dihydrogen monoxidedihydrogen monoxide

PCl3

NH3

P2O5

H2OPO5

SCl6

I4O7

Examples…Examples… COCO22

COCO

SOSO33

NN22OO33

NN22OO55

AlClAlCl33

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Monoxide

Sulfur Trioxide

Dinitrogen Trioxide

Dinitrogen Pentaoxide

Aluminum Trichloride