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Transcript of Nokia Siemens Networks White Paper Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience
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8/12/2019 Nokia Siemens Networks White Paper Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience
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White paper
Efcient resource utilizationimproves the customer experience
Multiow, aggregation and multi band load
balancing for Long Term HSPA Evolution
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Contents
2. Executive summary
3. Resource utilization in
current networks
5. Features enhancing
network utilization
5. Multi Band Load
Balancing
7. Multi Carrier HSDPA
9. Multiflow
12. HSPA LTE Carrier
Aggregation
13. Further considerations
14. Summary
15. Abbreviations
2 Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience
The first of these features is Multi Band
Load Balancing (MBLB), which spreads
traffic over the different layers, such that
more resources are made available for
each user and performance is therefore
improved.
Another feature is Multi Carrier HSDPA,
which is extended in Rel 11 to eight
carriers. This improves utilization by
allowing free resources in the other
carriers to be used flexibly.
Multiflow is a 3GPP Rel 11 feature
candidate, designed to improve cell edge
data rates by enabling the transmission of
data from multiple cells instead of via a
single cell as in HSDPA today. This leads
to a doubling of the power available for
the wanted signal, increasing the overall
user throughput
HSPA-LTE carrier aggregation, a feature
candidate for future 3GPP releases,
enhances traffic steering by enabling fast
load balancing between the two radios,
ensuring efficient spectrum utilization
even when traffic is very bursty. The gain
is similar to that of multi carrier HSPA: if
the load is low, large efficiency gains can
be expected, whereas when loads are
high, the gain decreases.
These features bring a major
improvement to HSPA by using network
resources more efficiently, giving larger
throughputs for end users and allowing
faster response times.
Executive summary
With the growing popularity of
smartphones and the increasing use of
applications designed to make use of
their capabilities, traffic is rising
dramatically. As well as application
related traffic, with frequent updates to
and from applications such as social
networking sites and health monitoring
functions, smartphones are giving rise
to significant signaling loads.
Much of this traffic is bursty in nature,
leading to imbalances in network
utilization. Resource requirements vary
greatly over time and between cells
and frequency layers. At any one time,
many parts of the network have
significant free resources, while other
parts need to deliver high data speeds.
Underused resources are common in a
typical network. This is inefficient for
network operators, as well as
potentially degrading the user
experience, it also means
communications service providers
(CSPs) may not be making efficient
use of network investments.
An answer to this is provided by
features that form part of the latest
3GPP standardization release of Long
Term HSPA Evolution, the 3GPP Rel
11, as well as related features from
earlier HSPA standardization releases.
These features take advantage of
under-used resources to enhance
performance for the user.
Figure 1. Long Term HSPA Evolution components.
3GPP Release
11+ Long Term
HSPA Evolution
FuturePresent New features
Carrier aggregation
Multipoint systems
Further enhancements
to CELL_FACH
HSPA+LTE
aggregation+
MIMO
4x
MIMO
2x
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HSPA is the leading cellular data
service currently in use around
the world. Traffic on HSPA
networks continues to grow and
evolve as users develop new
ways of interacting with one
another and the information
around them, and CSPs seek
to differentiate and maximize
their revenue.
The smartphone segment of the
market has experienced very
rapid growth within a short time,
leading to a wide user base and
a rich diversity of applications.
Smartphone traffic may be driven
by a number of processes that
Resource utilization incurrent networks
3Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience
expect always on, landline-like
connectivity and which may operate
even while the user is not interacting
with the phone. Social networking,
news, healthcare monitoring, push
e-mail and other autonomous apps
may give rise to small amounts of
update data in both directions. Another
factor is interactive usage, which may
range from web browsing, for which
short, high burst speeds are critical to
the user experience, to voice and
video, where steady QoS is key. It also
covers file down/uploading, in which
average burst speeds affect the user
experience. Apart from application
data, smartphones generate signaling
load that must be dealt with effectively
by the network.
In many markets, tablets and PC
dongles have seen significant uptake,
generating large amounts of data when
users are active. Traffic patterns may
involve web browsing, video streaming
and file up/download, with
requirements similar to smartphones
The coming years are also expected to
witness a significant expansion in the
amount of machine-to-machine (M2M)
communications within networks,
which will bring new types of traffic
profile and QoS requirements.
A key characteristic of the traffic growth
is that traffic has become bursty, with
periods of activity in which high burst
speeds are critical to user experience,
interspersed with periods of inactivity.
Radio resource requirements vary
greatly over time and between cells
and frequency layers. At any one time,
many parts of the network have
significant unused resources, while
other parts need to deliver high
data speeds.
An example of this can be seen in
Figures 2 and 3, where the average
Transmission Time Interval (TTI) usage
over all cells in a Radio Network
Controller (RNC) area of a mature 3G
network is shown, both against the
hours in a 48 hour period and as a
cumulative distribution function (cdf)
over the different cells. The TTI usage
is a measure of the network load in
a cell.
From the figures, the following can
be seen:
The average load over 48 hours
is 12.2%.
During the busiest hour of the day,
20% of the cell capacity is used on
average, or 6.8% of the overall
daily traffic.
19% of the cells have a load of
less than 1%, where the median
TTI load over the different cells
is 9%. 5% of the cells have an average
load during busy hour of more
than 77%.
Figure 2. Average TTI usage over all cells in an RNC area versus the hours in a 48 hour period.
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
05 10 15 20
Hours for two days
AverageTTIusageove
rallcells
25 30 35 40 45
Average usage
12.2% over
48 hour period
Figure 3. Cumulative distribution of average TTI usage during busy hour per cell.
0
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0.3
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0.5
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0.7
0.8
0.9
1
00.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
TTI usage
Cumulativedistribution
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
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Figure 4. Cumulative distribution of the number of connected users and number of users with data in the buffers over a 24 hour period in a mature 3G network.
0.01 0.1
Number of users
1 10 100
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
Cumulativedistribution
Number of
active users
Number of
active users
with data
Due to the bursty nature of the data
traffic and delays in state transfers
between idle and connected modes,
the number of users connected to a
cell is much larger than the number of
users with actual data reception or
transmission. An example of this can
be seen in Figure 4. Sampled over a
24 hour period and across all cells in
one RNC area, it compares the
cumulative distribution of the average
number of connected users per hour
with the average number of
connected users with data in the
buffers. The median for the number of
connected users is around 3.6, while
only in 5% of the time and cells is
there more than one user with
data present.
With packet traffic, two key aspects of
performance are user equipment
(UE) burst throughput and packet call
capacity. Packet call capacity is the
maximum packet call load that, when
offered to a cell, can be served to the
users. Packet call capacity is typically
restricted by the slowest burst
throughputs, so improving these not
only makes it fairer for users but also
improves packet call capacity.
In recent years, research and
standardization has focused on
maximizing link spectral efficiency
through features such as Higher order
Modulations, MIMO, Continuous
Packet Connectivity (which also aims
to improve user equipment battery life)
and on managing or mitigating
interference via technologies such as
interference cancelling receivers in the
downlink and uplink interference
cancellation. Progress on these
features has enabled good link
efficiency and interference
management. However, improving the
ability of the network to focus
resources instantly where they are
needed by using a more liquid capacity
has great potential for enabling
improved user experiences and higher
packet call capacities. The rest of this
paper focuses on these features.
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Maximum coverage
from low frequency band
900 900 900
Balance the network load Avoid frequent handovers
Match UE and
network capability
Only far away calls
go to low band
Direct load to least loaded
layers, ensuring that micro
layer also gets traffic
High speed UE goes to
umbrella layer, avoid macros
Direct UEs according
to service or HSPA
capability (DC, MIMO)
2100 2100
Micro Micro
2100 2100 2100 2100 2100
Figure 5. Example of Multi Band Load Balancing features and the improvements they bring.
Features enhancingnetwork utilization
As we saw in the previous section,
underused resources are common in a
typical network. In this section, we
introduce four features that use these
free resources to enhance
performance for the user.
Multi Band Load Balancing
Multi Band Load Balancing (MBLB) is
applicable when separate bands are
used for HSPA, such as the 900 and
2100 MHz band. The feature spreadsthe traffic over the different layers, such
that more resources are made
available for each user and
performance is improved. This is
relevant for todays mature HSPA
networks today, since, as shown in the
previous section, traffic is distributed
quite unequally over the different cells
(see Figure 2). There are several
benefits, as illustrated in Figure 5.
Maximize coverage from the low
frequency layer.
Balance the network load, i.e.
maximize the user throughputs.
Avoid frequent handovers by, for
instance using different settings for
fast moving mobiles.
Matching device and network
capability, such as MIMO, Dual
Carrier (DC), and operating band
capability.
Matching services to network
capability, such as speech service.
The MBLB feature uses several
mechanisms to manage the load and
customer experience in multi-layer and
multi-band HSPA networks. A user can
be redirected to another layer under
different circumstances:
During the setup of a call
When there is no active data
transmission and reception
During transition to the
Cell_DCH state
When entering a new cell with
different preferred layer priorities
Several criteria are taken into account
in the layer selection decision,
including capabilities and speed, the
service used, the load and channel
quality in the source and target cells
and the signal strength of the target
cell. The actual change of layer can
then be applied via handover, radio
bearer re-configuration, or redirection.
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As an example, Figure 6 shows the
performance in terms of user
throughput of the redirection scheme at
the transition to Cell_DCH. The layer
selection in this example takes into
account information on channel quality
and load in the serving and target cells:
at the transition to Cell_DCH, a UE
(Rel 6 or later) can report the best
intra/inter-frequency cells (target cells).
The RNC may then enforce a redirect
to a target cell if it has sufficient
channel quality and whose load is
lower than the serving cell, thus
optimizing the customer experience.
The performance plot shows that the
redirection mechanism offers no
significant benefit in terms of UE
throughput when the mobility settings
for idle and connected mode are
optimized. However, redirects provide
a large gain when non-optimal mobility
settings are adopted. The optimum
settings are challenging to identify in
real networks with inconsistent load,
cell size, antenna orientations and
tilting. Therefore, the redirect scheme
could be a simple way to boost
network performance.
Figure 6. Average UE throughput with and without MBLB redirection (redirect).
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0
Optimal settings Suboptimal settings Suboptimal settings
with MBLB redirection
Userthroughput(Mbps)
Average user throughput
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Multi Carrier HSDPA
Dual Carrier (DC) HSDPA is a 3GPP
release 8 feature commercially
deployed in a large number of markets.
However, the disadvantage of the
feature is that it limits the aggregation
to two 5 MHz radio carriers within the
same band. This is changed in Rel 9,
which introduces DC for carriers in
different bands. Rel 10 extends the
functionality to aggregation over four
carriers, with Rel 11 extending it still
further to eight carriers. This leads to a
peak data rate of 672 Mbps when
combined with 4x4 MIMO.
The benefits of aggregating multiple
carriers are significant for the end user,
since a diversity gain can be achieved
from scheduling on the best carrier(s)
and especially due to the fact that free
resources in the other carriers can be
used flexibly. As described in the first
section, free resources are often
available. The gains can be seen in
Figures 7 and 8. These show the
cumulative distribution of the average
user throughput and the mean packet
call delay for the macro cells scenario,
with an average cell load of 1 Mbps
consisting of bursty traffic.
Figure 7. Cumulative distribution of the average data throughput (Mbps) for 1, 4 and 8 carriers at low
offered load (1 Mbps).
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
010 20 30 40
User data throughput (Mbps)
Cumulativepr
obability
50 60 70 80 90 100
1 carrier available from 8 carrier bandwidth
4 carriers available from 8 carrier bandwidth
All carriers available in 8 carrier bandwidth
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Figure 8. Mean data connection delay (s) for 1, 4 and 8 carriers at low offered load (1 Mbps) with data
connections of 1 Mbit.
Figure 9. Mean normalized cell throughput (Mbps) for 1, 4 and 8 carriers as a function of the offered load.
The gains depend significantly on the
load in the system. If the load is high,
then there will be fewer free resources
on the other carriers, which results in
lower gains. Multi carrier HSPA also
gives a capacity gain, which can be
seen in Figure 9, which shows the
mean cell throughput per carrier as a
function of the offered load per carrier.
It can be seen that with an offered load
per carrier of around 2 Mbps, the
system with a single carrier starts to
become saturated, whereas with a
larger number of carriers, the offered
load can still be served. Using
multicarrier aggregation increases the
total packet call capacity of the
network, in addition to the gains in
individual user throughput.
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0
Scheme
Meandataconnectiondelay(s)
1 carrier available from 8 carrier bandwidth
4 carriers available from 8 carrier bandwidth
All carriers available in 8 carrier bandwidth
10
20
30
40
50
60
00 1 2 3 4 5
Offered load per carrier (Mbps)
Meanpacketcallthroughput(Mbps)
Single carrier
Quad carrier
Oct carrier
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Multiflow
Another feature enabling a better use
of resources in cellular systems is
Multiflow. This is a 3GPP Rel 11
feature candidate, designed to improve
cell edge data rates by enabling the
transmission of data from multiple cells
to a UE at the common cell edge,
instead of transmitting the data via a
single cell as in HSDPA today. This is
illustrated in Figure 10 for dual cell
operation.
Each of the data flows in Multiflow can
be scheduled independently. This
leads to a doubling of the power
available for the desired signal at the
UE, which is used to increase the
overall user throughput. For Rel 11,
Multiflow is considered for up to four
different flows over two different
frequencies, one can send data from
up to four different cells to a UE.
Multiflow can be done among cells of
the same site (intra-site Multiflow) orbetween sites (inter-site Multiflow). In
the latter case, the data is split in the
RNC and directed to each of the
different base stations, taking the
throughput and load from that cell into
account. In the intra-site case, the data
is split in the MAC layer and the base
station can perform joint scheduling in
order to further optimize resource
usage (similar to DC HSDPA). Both of
these cases are illustrated in Figure 11.
Scheduling of the Multiflow streamscan be done in different ways. A
common requirement for the scheduler
is to minimize the effect on the non
Multiflow terminals. This can be done
by differentiating scheduling for the
serving cell and the cell that is assisting
in Multiflow transmission. More
precisely, the traffic in each cell is
prioritized in such a way that traffic
belonging to UEs that use the cell as a
serving cell is prioritized over the UEs
that use it as an assisting cell. This
means the benefit from Multiflow willonly be seen when the neighboring cell
has unused resources. As outlined
previously, in current networks there is
a large Multiflow potential, as typically,
many TTIs are available where there is
no user scheduled.
Interference Signal Signal Signal
Current HSDPA HSDPA Multi Point
Data stream 1 Data stream 1Data stream 2
Inter-site multi flow
Inter-site multi flow
Base station
Base station
RNC
Base station
RNC
Figure 10. Multiflow transmission and conventional HSDPA.
Figure 11. Intra-site and inter-site Multiflow.
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Other scheduling methods are also
possible, based, for example, on the
UE throughput, load, service type, or
QoS.
Multiflowdoes not require coordination
of the packet schedulers taking part in
the Multiflow transmission, thus
simplifying the concept and enabling
inter-site deployment. Uncoordinated
transmission, however, may lead to
situations where a UE receives two
flows simultaneously from two base
stations. To spatially separate and
successfully decode the flows, the
terminal must have a minimum of two
receive antennas and interference-
aware receiver chains.
Figure 12 shows the cumulative
distribution of the throughput
experienced by the user with and
without Multiflow (including both intra-
site and inter-site Multiflow UEs). At the
low values of the cumulative
distribution, users at the cell edge gain
particular benefit from Multiflow, since
they are the most likely to receive
transmissions from multiple cells with
adequate signal quality.
Figure 12. Cumulative distribution of throughputs experienced by users with and without inter-site multiflow. Total offered load is 400 kbps/cell.
0.1
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0.8
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1.0
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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 18 20
User experienced throughput (Mbps)
Cumulativedistribution
Reference all UEs
Multiflow all UEs
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The Multiflow gain depends on the
offered load, see Figure 13. At lowload, the gains are considerable,
whereas they disappear at high load.
This is because at high load, the
assisting cells do not have free
resources and thus will never
schedule to the Multiflow user.
Several variations of Multiflow are
considered in 3GPP, depending on
the number of carriers in use in the
network and on the amount of
simultaneous RX chains that the UE
can handle. In a network in which onlyone carrier frequency is used, the UE
will be required to receive up to two
links simultaneously. Hence this
variant is called Single Frequency
Dual Cell (SF-DC) aggregation. In a
dual carrier network, the UE can best
take advantage of a neighboring cells
carriers if it has a receiver with four
RX chains; hence this variant is
labeled Multiflow Dual Frequency
Quad Cell (DF-4C) aggregation.
The combination of Multiflow andmultiple beams can be used to further
Figure 13. Mean user throughput versus offered load per cell.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
00.5 1 1.5
Offered load (Mbps)
Userexperiencedthroughput(Mbps)
2 2.5 3 3.5
All UEs refAll UEs mflow5-% tile ref
5-% tile mflow
Figure 14. Combination of vertical sectorization and multipoint.
Potential Multiflow areas
optimize the system. As an example,
Figure 14 shows the case where
vertical sectorization is used in
combination with Multiflow. This way,
during high load, one can utilize the
capacity increase due to vertical
sectorization, whereas during low
load, users at the cell edges benefitfrom Multiflow.
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Figure 15. HSPA + LTE aggregation.
HSPA LTE Carrier
Aggregation
HSPA-LTE carrier aggregation is a
feature under consideration in 3GPP
for future releases beyond 3GPP Rel
11. The idea is that one UE can
simultaneously use resources from
both LTE and HSPA, thus increasing
the peak data rate and cell edge data
rates of both systems. Even before Rel
11, it is possible to aggregate over
several carriers in both LTE and HSPA,
with traffic being steered between the
two systems by inter-system
handovers, as illustrated in Figure 15.
HSPA-LTE carrier aggregation
enhances traffic steering by enabling
fast load balancing between the two
radios, ensuring efficient spectrum
utilization even under the most bursty
traffic conditions. The gain
mechanisms are very similar to that of
multi-carrier HSPA: if the load is low,
large gains can be expected, whereas
when loads are high, the gain
decreases.
Simultaneous
reception ofHSPA and LTE
Handover
between HSPAand LTE
Multi carrier
reception of
HSPA
Multi carrier
reception of LTE
HSPA + LTE
aggregation
HSPA carrier
aggregation
LTE carrier
aggregationLTE
HSPA
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Further considerations
The previous section described
different features which help boost the
customer experience by improving
radio utilization. These features focus
primarily on the downlink but also lead
to uplink improvements:
Multi Band Load Balancing
improves the uplink performance,
since, when directing the UE to
another layer, both downlink and
uplink are considered in cell and
layer selection. Benefits are similar
to those in the downlink.
Multiple carrier HSPA is also
supported for the uplink from Rel 9,
however the number of carriers is
limited to two. A different number of
carriers is supported in the
downlink and uplink because
downlink traffic volumes exceed
uplink volumes, and because the
UE will often become limited by
transmit power as the number of
carriers increases.
Multiflow is a pure downlink feature.
The uplink signal will typically be in
soft or softer handover when
multipoint is being used in the
downlink.
In addition to the features mentioned in
the previous section, Long Term HSPA
Evolution brings further improvements:
Further enhancements to Cell_
FACH, while maintaining the good
performance of Cell_PCH and
Cell_DCH. This is mainly focused
on traffic from smartphones.
Uplink Closed Loop Transmit
Diversity, enhancing the uplink to
support TX diversity. At a later
phase, uplink MIMO may be added
to the specification, enhancing the
uplink peak data rate.
Downlink 4x4 MIMO, enhancing
spectral efficiency and peak data
rate in the downlink.
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Summary
Figure 16. Feature overview.
Multi band load
balancing (MBLB)
- Improves the user performance
- Utilizes free downlink and uplink resources in other bands/carriers
- Operates on a per second level
- Supported for all UEs
Multi carrier HSPA
- Improves peak rates and user throughput
- Utilizes free downlink and uplink resources in other co-located carriers/cells- Operates on a per TTI level
- Supported for Rel 8+ UEs (2 carriers for Rel 8 up to 8 carriers for 3GPP Rel 11)
Multiflow
- Improves cell edge user throughputs
- Utilizes free downlink resources in other cells (intra- and intersite)
- OPrates on a per TTI level
- Candidate for 3GPP Rel 11
- Requires UE support
HSPA - LTE
aggregation
- Improves the user performance
- Utilizes free downlink and uplink resources in other systems
- Requires UE support
Traffic in todays networks is bursty,
alternating between periods of activity
in which high burst speeds are critical
to user experience, and periods of
inactivity. This results in a significant
amount of free resources in todays
mature HSPA networks. A number of
features are being introduced to
improve the customer experience by
increasing the utilization of these
network resources. An overview of the
different features and their benefits is
given in Figure 16.
These features bring a major
improvement to HSPA by simply using
network resources more efficiently
leading to the end user seeing larger
throughputs and faster response times.
The benefits of these features are hard
to quantify because they are often
inter-dependent and also vary
according to the actual network
scenario. However, some possible
benefits include:
MBLB: Optimum performance can
be achieved with a minimal amount
of tuning needed, leading to lower
operational costs
Multi carrier HSPA: With eight
carriers, an increase in user
throughput of up eight times that of
a single carrier could be expected
Multiflow can lead to a gain at
the cell edge of up to 50%
HSPA-LTE carrier aggregation
can achieve significant peak
data rate gains although the
amount depends on spectrum
allocations and load.
As well as the features dealt with in
this white paper, other features
beyond its scope are being
developed and will be introduced
simultaneously, maintaining the
rapid evolution of HSPA.
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Abbreviations
3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project
Cell_DCH Cell Dedicated Channel
Cell_FACH Cell Forward Access Channel
Cell_PCH Cell Paging Channel
CSP Communications service provider
DC Dual Carrier
DF-4C Dual Frequency Quad Cell
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
HSPA High Speed Packet Access
LTE Long Term Evolution
M2M Machine-to-machine
MBLB Multi Band Load BalancingMIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
QoS Quality of Service
RNC Radio Network Controller
SF-DC Single Frequency Dual Cell
TTI Transmission Time Interval
UE User Equipment
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Copyright 2012 Nokia Siemens Networks.All rights reserved.
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