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No Time to LoseThe Imperatives to Educate A New Majority: Low Income Students in Georgia“One by one their seats were emptied…Here the circle has been broken…”

‐ Will the Circle Be Unbroken

PAGE Foundation Meeting Georgian Terrace Hotel Atlanta, GA September 21, 2015

© SEF 2015

www.SouthernEducation.org2

The Population of Schools Has Changed… Low Income Students Are Nation’s New Majority

The World Has Changed School’s Importance

www.SouthernEducation.orgSource: US Census

A Steady Economic Decline Without Higher Education Degree…

$0.20

$0.30

$0.40

$0.50

$0.60

$0.70

$0.80

$0.90

1958 1961 1965 1968 1971 1975 1978 1981 1985 1988 1991 1998 2001 2005 2011 2012

Fam

ily In

com

e of

Hou

edol

der

wit

h A

t Le

ast

a B

A D

egre

e =

$1.0

0

Changing Value of Education: 1958-2012 For Every Dollar A College Graduate Makes...

Dropout Before HS High School Dropout High School Graduate Some College- No Degree

$.75

$.67

$.52

$.39

$.54

$.63

$.57

$.49

$.30

$.28

$.35

$.29

www.SouthernEducation.org 4

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Estimated BA Attainment by Age 24 by Family Income Bottom/Top Quartiles of US Family Income: 1970‐2012

Bottom Quartile Income Top Quartile Income

Source: Tom Mortenson, Pell Institute

BA Graduation Rates Shape Outcomes in Life


0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1970 1977 1987 1997 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012

Trends in College Completion and Economic Value of Education 1970‐2012

Relative Value of Some College, No Degree

Relative Value of High School Diploma

Relative Value of High School Dropout

Rate of BA Degrees for Students in Top Quartile of Income

Rate of BA Degrees for Students in Bottom Quartile of Income

Fairness Becomes a Big National Imperative Asa New Majority Emerges in South and the Nation

Source: US Census; Tom Mortenson, Pell Institute


The Population of Schools Has Changed… Low Income Students Are Nation’s New Majority

Source: National Center for Education Statistics


Educational Inequality Effects the Whole Nation

SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Program for International Student Assessment (PISA).

613573

561560559554

538536535531524523521519518518515514511506506504501501500500499495494

Shanghai‐ChinaSingapore

Hong Kong‐ChinaChinese Taipei

USA ‐ Less than 10 percent Low Income SchoolsKorea, Republic of

Macao‐ChinaJapan

LiechtensteinSwitzerland

USA ‐ 10 to 24.9 percent Low Income SchoolsNetherlands

EstoniaFinlandCanadaPolandBelgiumGermanyVietnamAustria

USA ‐ 25 to 49.9 percent Low Income SchoolsAustraliaIreland

SloveniaDenmark

New ZealandCzech Republic

FranceOECD average

Math Scores Above OECD Average Score of 15‐year old on PISA Math Literacy Scale‐2012


494494493491490489487485484482482481479478477

471466464

453449448445440439434432432427423421

413410409407

394391388388386

376376375

368

OECD average

Iceland

Luxembourg

Portugal

Spain

Slovak Republic

Lithuania

Hungary

Israel

Greece

Turkey

Cyprus

United Arab Emirates

USA ‐ 75 percent or more Low Income Schools

Chile

Mexico

Uruguay

Albania

Argentina

Jordan

Qatar

Peru

Math Scores At or Below OECD Average Score of 15 year‐old Students on PISA Math Literacy Scale: 2012

United States

USA – 50 to 74.9 percent Low Income Schools

SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Program for International Student Assessment (PISA).

Educational Inequality Effects the Whole Nation


220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

1996 2000 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013

NAEP Average Scores in 8th Grade Math By Students' Family Income: 1996‐2013

Low Income Students Higher Income Students

Gaps in Math Scores Between Low Income and Higher Income Students

The Challenges of Equal Education Persist…

Source: National Assessment of Educational Progress


300316

299

278

258267

100

150

200

250

300

350

Higher Income White Higher IncomeAsian/Pacific Islander

Higher Income Mixedraces

Low Income White Low Income Black Low Income Hispanic

8th Grade Math Scores in US by Race/Ethnicity and Income: NAEP Average Score: 2013


Challenge Involves Income, Race, Ethnicity


In Georgia the Nation’s Future is Now…Low Income Level Approaching 2 of Every 3 Students

Source: Georgia Department of Education

Statewide = 62.2 Percent


Students Performance in Georgia Follows Income…Students and Schools with the Largest Needs


93.7

90.2

83.5

76.2

65.1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Less than 10%

10% to 24.9%

25% to 49.9%

50% to 74.9%

75% and Above

Georgia Public Schools' Median CCRPI Single Scores By Schools' Percent of Low Income Students: 2013

Per

cent

of L

ow In

com

e St

uden

ts State Average Score = 75.8

CCRPI Score


Latest Test Scores Across Georgia Reflect Trends In Students’ Family Income


State Average Score = 75.8


How Did We Get Here? Large Majority of Low Income Students



www.SouthernEducation.org 15Source: National Center for Education Statistics / Georgia Department of Education

Trend Has Been Coming Over the Last Two Decades … Low Income Growth More than Doubled in 20 Years

492,240

1,071,193

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1995 2014

Growth in the Number of Low Income Students in Georgia Public Schools: 1995‐2014

Increase of 118 Percent

www.SouthernEducation.org 16Source: National Center for Education Statistics

Response of State Leaders to Trends… Primary Policies in Public education in Georgia

Primary State-Mandated Education Changes in Georgia: 1995-2015

• Higher Standards for Learning (Common Core, etc.)

• Increased Accountability :• Increased Standardized Student Testing• Adoption of Teacher Evaluation Using Standardized Student Testing• School and District Ratings and Rankings by Standardized Test Scores

• Increased Choice:• Career / College Academies• Charter Schools• Private Schools with Public Funding

• Education Study Commission on School Reform and Funding…



Georgia Charter Schools Appear to Score No Better Even with Fewer Low Income Students

75.8 75

62.2

52.9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

All Public Schools Charter SchoolsBased on Reported CCRPI Scores of 93 Charter Schools for 2013; FLR data for 2014

Preliminary Findings by Type of Georgia Public School:Comparison of CCRPI Scores and Low Income Rates

CCRPI Median Score Percent‐ Low Income Students

Tax Credit Scholarships for Private Schools as “Reform”

• $341 million in state tax funds diverted to private schools since 2008

• Administered by private, self‐appointed organizations and private schools

• Complete lack of financial and educational accountability• No reporting on how money is spent, who gets scholarships, if

students improve learning

• Program racked with scams and illegal contributions • Tens of millions of dollars in state revenue illegally

designated for specific students• Private Schools Get “Choice” of Students on

Schools’ Own Criteria with Public Funds

In the Name of Helping Low Income Students…

‘Black Hole’ State Program Finances Private Schools

Students Ineligible for Scholarships Due to Schools’ Standards on Religion, Income, Grades, Sexual Identity, etc.



Georgia’s Private Schools Lack Students of Color

63%

14%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Private Schools

Public Schools

Virtually Exclusionary Schools in Georgia: 2012

Schools with 10 Percent or Less African American, Hispanic, and Native American Students


10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2000 2007 2009 2011 2013

Differen

ce in

Score Points

Public and Private Schools Income Gaps in Math Difference in NAEP Average Scores in 8th Grade Math:

2000‐2013

Public Schools Private Schools


Public Funding of Private Schools Is No Answer for Increasing Low Income Students’ Performance

Gaps in Math Scores Between Low Income and Higher Income Students


Make No Mistake: Score Gaps Wide or Wider in Private Schools

10

15

20

25

30

35

2003 2007 2009 2011

Differen

ce in

Score Points

Public and Private Schools Gap in 4th Grade Average Reading Scores

By Income: 2003‐2011


Gaps in Reading Scores Between Low Income and Higher Income Students



State Response to De-Funding QBE

Commission Studying Education Changes


State Response to De-Funding QBE

Commission Subcommittee on School Choice

Basic Recommendations:• Expand Access to Charter Schools

• Create a New Tax Credit Scholarship Program

• Consider Education Savings Accounts

• Allow Non‐traditional Education Centers (supporting home schooling) to Accredit Themselves and their Students


Make No Mistake: Score Gaps Wide or Wider in Private Schools

10

15

20

25

30

35

2003 2007 2009 2011

Differen

ce in

Score Points

Public and Private Schools Gap in 4th Grade Average Reading Scores

By Income: 2003‐2011


Gaps in Reading Scores Between Low Income and Higher Income Students


www.SouthernEducation.org

Commission Response to De-Funding QBE

Change How to Distribute Reduced QBE – Not How To Increase QBE Funds


State Share of Georgia Public Education Funding Declines As Low Income Students Increase

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

55%

60%

65%

1995 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Percent of Low income Students and State Government Funding - Georgia Public Schools: 1995-2012

FRL State Share


State Share of Georgia Public Education Funding Declines Below National Average

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Perc

ent

Year

State Government Share of Public School Funding: 1992-2011

United States Georgia



State Per Pupil Allocations for Georgia Public Education Funding Declines Below National Average

$2,500

$3,000

$3,500

$4,000

$4,500

$5,000

$5,500

$6,000

$6,500

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Year

Per Pupil Revenue for Public Schools From State Governments: 1992-2011

All 50 States Georgia

www.SouthernEducation.org 29Source: Georgia Department of Education

State De-Funds the State’s Own Formula for “Quality Basic Education” in Georgia

-$1,400,000,000

-$1,200,000,000

-$1,000,000,000

-$800,000,000

-$600,000,000

-$400,000,000

-$200,000,000

$0FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16

Annual "Austerity Cuts" in Georgia QBE Formula:Quality Basic Education Reductions: 2003‐2016

Total Cuts = -$7,984,210,381


Here is How It Has Happened …


14%

51%

20%

-2%-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

All Students Low Income Students State Revenue State Revenue (InflationAjusted)

Changes in Georgia Education During Under‐Funding of QBE: 2003‐2013

www.SouthernEducation.org 31Source: Georgia Department of Education

State De-Funds the State’s Own Formula for “Quality Basic Education” in Georgia

-$1,400,000,000

-$1,200,000,000

-$1,000,000,000

-$800,000,000

-$600,000,000

-$400,000,000

-$200,000,000

$0FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16

Annual "Austerity Cuts" in Georgia QBE Formula:Quality Basic Education Reductions: 2003‐2016

*

* FY2016 Estimated

Total Cuts = -$7,984,210,381

56 Percent of the Cuts - $4.6 Billion - Since FY 2012


This is the Reality of Georgia Public Education…




This is the Reality of Georgia Public Education…


14%

51%

20%

-2%-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

All Students Low Income Students State Revenue State Revenue (InflationAjusted)

Changes in Georgia Education During Under‐Funding of QBE: 2003‐2013


No Time To Lose… What Are You Going

To Do About It?

“The provision of an adequate public education for the citizens shall be a primary obligation of the State of Georgia.” --- Georgia Constitution


A Prosperous State Must Have Schools that Prepare Each Child for a Good Life

High Quality Education for All Children: Issues of Basic Fairness & State Prosperity

“In the joyous days of childhood…Oft they told of wondrous love…Will the circle be unbrokenBy and by, by and by?

Steve Suitts, Senior Fellow, Southern Education [email protected]

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