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REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CRIMINAL/CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION

WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO.120 OF 2012

Manoa! La" Sa!#a $$.P%&'&'on%!

V%!

T% P!'n*'+a" S%*!%&a!, an- O!. $$R%+on-%n&

WITH

WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. OF 2012

WITH

WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.2 OF 2012

WITH

WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. OF 2012

WITH


AND


ORDER

R.M. LODHA, J.

T% 4%&'on 5o! &% +!+o% o5 &' o!-%! !%a"", !%o"6%

'&%"5 'n&o &'7 8%&%! &% a++!o6a" o5 &% C%n&!a" Go6%!n#%n& '

1


2/61Page 2

n%*%a!, n-%! S%*&'on A o5 &% D%"' S+%*'a" Po"'*% E&a9"'#%n& A*&:

1 (;DSPE A*&< 5o! o!&) 'n a #a&&%! 8%!% &% 'n4'!,/'n6%&'=a&'on 'n&o

&% *!'#% n-%! &% P!%6%n&'on o5 Co!!+&'on A*&: 1 (;PC A*&< 5o! o!&)

' 9%'n= #on'&o!%- 9, &% Co!&. I& ' no& n%*%a!, &o %& o& &% 5a*& 'n

-%&a'": 55'*%: o8%6%!: &o a, &a& &% C%n&!a" >!%a o5 In6%&'=a&'on

(C>I) a !%='&%!%- +!%"'#'na!, %n4'!'% (PE) a=a'n& n?no8n +9"'*

%!6an&: inter alia, o5 &% o55%n*% n-%! &% PC A*&!%"a&'n= &o a""o*a&'on

o5 *oa" 9"o*? 5o! &% +%!'o- 5!o# 1 &o 2003 an- 200 &o 200. F%8

!%="a! *a% a6% a"o 9%%n !%='&%!%-. In +!an*% o5 &% o!-%!

+a%- 9, &' Co!&: &% 'n4'!'% an- 'n6%&'=a&'on 'n&o &% a""o*a&'on o5

*oa" 9"o*? a!% 9%'n= #on'&o!%- 9, &' Co!& an- &% C>I a 9%%n

9#'&&'n= !%+o!& a9o& &% &a& o5 &% +!o=!% #a-% 'n &a& !%=a!-.

2. On 0.03.201: &% Co!& no&%- &a& 'n &% #a&&%! o5

'n6%&'=a&'on: C>I n%%-%- 'n"a&'on 5!o# %@&!an%o 'n5"%n*% o5 &%

*on&!o""'n= %@%*&'6%. On &a& -a,: &% Co!& 8an&%- &o ?no8 5!o# &%

"%a!n%- A&&o!n%, G%n%!a": 8%&%! &% C%n&!a" Go6%!n#%n& 8a 'n&%n-'n=

&o +& 'n +"a*% &% a++!o+!'a&% "a8 5o! &% 'n-%+%n-%n*% o5 &% C>I an- '&

5n*&'ona" a&ono#, an- 'n"a&% '& 5!o# %@&!an%o 'n5"%n*% o &a& C>I

' 6'%8%- a a non+a!&'an 'n6%&'=a&'n= a=%n*,. T% "%a!n%- A&&o!n%,

G%n%!a" o=& &'#% &o %%? 'n&!*&'on an- !%+o!& &o &% Co!& 9, 8a, o5

2


3/61Page 3

an a55'-a6'& on 9%a"5 o5 &% C%n&!a" Go6%!n#%n&. T% #a&&%! 8a:

a**o!-'n=",: 5'@%- 5o! J", 10: 201.

. In +!an*% o5 &% o!-%! -a&%- 0.03.201: an a55'-a6'& 8a

5'"%- 9, &% C%n&!a" Go6%!n#%n&. In &a& a55'-a6'& 6a!'o a*&'on 8'*

8%!% &a?%n 'n *o#+"'an*% o5 &% -'!%*&'on o5 &' Co!& 'n Vineet Narain1

8%!% 'n-'*a&%-. In &% a55'-a6'&: '& 8a a"o &a&%- &a& a G!o+ o5 M'n'&%!

(GoM) a 9%%n *on&'&&%- &o *on'-%! &% a+%*& no&%- 'n &% o!-%! o5

0.03.201. T% GoM a- +!o+o%- *%!&a'n a#%n-#%n& 'n &% "a8B &%

+!o+oa" o5 GOM a6% a"o 9%%n a++!o6%- 9, &% Ca9'n%&.

. On 10.0.201: &% Co!& o9%!6%- &a& &% a#%n-#%n& a

+!o+o%- 'n &% DSPE A*& 8%!% "'?%", &o &a?% o#% &'#% an-: a**o!-'n=",:

+& &o &% "%a!n%- A&&o!n%, G%n%!a" &8o 4%!'%: 5'!&: a &o 8,

*"a!'5'*a&'on o"- no& 9% #a-% &a& &% a++!o6a" 5!o# &% C%n&!a"

Go6%!n#%n& n-%! S%*&'on A o5 &% DSPE A*& 5o! 'n6%&'=a&'on o5 &%

o55%n*% a""%=%- &o a6% 9%%n *o##'&&%- n-%! &% PC A*& ' no&

n%*%a!, a '& ' &% &an- o5 &% Go6%!n#%n& &a& &% +o8%! o5

+%!6''on 5o! 'n6%&'=a&'on a a"!%a-, 9%%n '5&%- 5!o# &%

Go6%!n#%n& &o &% C%n&!a" V'='"an*% Co##''on (CVC) an-: %*on-: 8,

&% a++!o6a" o5 &% Go6%!n#%n& 8a n%*%a!, 'n !%+%*& o5 ;Co!&

#on'&o!%-< o! ;Co!&-'!%*&%-< 'n6%&'=a&'on.

3


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3. In Vineet Narain1, &' Co!& 8a a++!oa*%- n-%! A!&'*"% 2

o5 &% Con&'&&'on a""%=%-", a &%!% 8a 'n%!&'a 9, &% C>I 'n &%

'n6%&'=a&'on 'n&o Ja'n D'a!'% *a% 8%!% &% a**a&'on #a-% 8%!%

a=a'n& '= -'=n'&a!'%. T% 9a*?=!on- &a& n%*%'&a&%- &% #on'&o!'n=

o5 &% 'n6%&'=a&'on 9, &' Co!& ' 'n-'*a&%- 'n &% 5'!& +a!a=!a+2o5 &%

-=#%n&. T% S'n="% D'!%*&'6% .() 8'* *on&a'n%- *%!&a'n 'n&!*&'on

1Vineet Narain and Others v. Union of India and Anr; (1998) 1 SCC 226

2 hese !rit "etitions #nder Arti$%e 32 of the Constit#tion of India &ro#'ht in "#&%i$ interest to &e'in !ithdid not a""ear to have the "otentia% of es$a%atin' to the diensions the* rea$hed or to 'ive rise to severa%

iss#es of $onsidera&%e si'nifi$an$e to the i"%eentation of r#%e of %a! !hi$h the* have d#rin' their

"ro'ress. he* &e'an as *et another $o"%aint of inertia &* the Centra% +#rea# of Investi'ation (C+I) in

atters !here the a$$#sation ade !as a'ainst hi'h di'nitaries. It !as not the on%* atter of its ,ind

d#rin' the re$ent "ast. he "riar* -#estion !as /hether it is !ithin the doain of 0#di$ia% revie! and it

$o#%d &e an effe$tive instr#ent for a$tivatin' the investi'ative "ro$ess !hi$h is #nder the $ontro% of the

ee$#tive he fo$#s !as on the -#estion !hether an* 0#di$ia% reed* is avai%a&%e in s#$h a sit#ation

o!ever as the $ase "ro'ressed it re-#ired innovation of a "ro$ed#re !ithin the $onstit#tiona% s$hee of0#di$ia% revie! to "erit intervention &* the $o#rt to find a so%#tion to the "ro&%e. his $ase has he%"ed

to deve%o" a "ro$ed#re !ithin the dis$i"%ine of %a! for the $ond#$t of s#$h a "ro$eedin' in sii%ar

sit#ations. It has a%so 'enerated a!areness of the need of "ro&it* in "#&%i$ %ife and "rovided a ode of

enfor$eent of a$$o#nta&i%it* in "#&%i$ %ife. 4ven tho#'h the atter !as &ro#'ht to the $o#rt &* $ertain

individ#a%s $%aiin' to re"resent "#&%i$ interest *et as the $ase "ro'ressed in ,ee"in' !ith there-#ireent of "#&%i$ interest the "ro$ed#re devised !as to a""oint the "etitioners5 $o#nse% as the ai$#s

$#riae and to a,e s#$h orders fro tie to tie as !ere $onsistent !ith "#&%i$ interest. Intervention in

the "ro$eedin's &* ever*one e%se !as sh#t o#t t "erission !as 'ranted to a%% !ho so desired torender s#$h assistan$e as the* $o#%d and to "rovide the re%evant ateria% avai%a&%e !ith the to the

ai$#s $#riae for &ein' "%a$ed &efore the $o#rt for its $onsideration. In short the "ro$eedin's in thisatter have had 'reat ed#$ative va%#e and it does a""ear that it has he%"ed in f#t#re de$isiona,in' and

f#n$tionin' of the "#&%i$ a#thorities.

3 7.(3)(i) In re'ard to an* "erson !ho is or has &een a de$isiona,in' %eve% offi$er (oint Se$retar* or

e-#iva%ent or a&ove in the Centra% :overnent or s#$h offi$ers as are or have &een on de"#tation to a

#&%i$ Se$tor Underta,in'; offi$ers of the ?ana'in' =ire$tor and 4e$#tive =ire$tors and s#$h of the &an, offi$ers !ho are one %eve%&e%o! the +oard of Nationa%ised +an,s) there sho#%d &e "rior san$tion of the Se$retar* of the

?inistr*@=e"artent $on$erned &efore S4 ta,es #" an* en-#ir* (4 or


5/61Page 5

&o &% C>I !%=a!-'n= #o-a"'&'% o5 'n'&'a&'n= an 'n4'!, o! !%='&%!'n= a *a%

a=a'n& *%!&a'n *a&%=o!'% o5 *'6'" %!6an& 5%"" 5o! *on'-%!a&'on.

. On 9%a"5 o5 &% Un'on 8'"% -%5%n-'n= &% S'n="% D'!%*&'6%

.(): '& 8a *on&%n-%- 9%5o!% &' Co!& 'n Vineet Narain1&a& +!o&%*&'on

&o o55'*%! a& &% -%*''on#a?'n= "%6%" 8a %%n&'a" &o +!o&%*& &%# an-

&o !%"'%6% &%# o5 &% an@'%&, 5!o# &% "'?%"'oo- o5 a!a#%n& 5o! &a?'n=

on%& -%*''on. I& 8a a!=%- on 9%a"5 o5 &% Un'on &a& &% a9%n*% o5

an, * +!o&%*&'on &o &%# *o"- a-6%!%", a55%*& &% %55'*'%n*, an-

%55'*a*, o5 &%% 'n&'&&'on 9%*a% o5 &% &%n-%n*, o5 * o55'*%! &o

a6o'- &a?'n= an, -%*''on 8'* *o"- "a&%! "%a- &o a!a#%n& 9, an,

#a"'*'o an- 6%@a&'o 'n4'!'%/'n6%&'=a&'on.

. T% Co!& no&%- &% !%+o!& o5 In-%+%n-%n& R%6'%8 Co##'&&%%

(IRC) an- 5%8 -%*''on o5 &' Co!&: +a!&'*"a!",: K. Veeraswami4 and

J.A.C Saldanha5an- &!*? -o8n &% S'n="% D'!%*&'6% .(). P%!&'n%n&",:

&% Co!& no&%- &a& &% 6'%8 '& a- &a?%n 8a no& 'n *on5"'*& 8'& J.A.C.

Saldanha5. K. Veeraswami4 8a %"- -'&'n='a9"%.

"refera&%* !ithin t!o onths fro the date of re$ei"t of s#$h a referen$e &* the Ca&inet Se$retar*.

(iii) /hen there is an* differen$e of o"inion &et!een the =ire$tor C+I and the Se$retar* of

the Adinistrative ?inistr*@=e"artent in res"e$t of an offi$er #" to the ran, of Additiona% Se$retar* or

e-#iva%ent the atter sha%% &e referred &* C+I to Se$retar* (ersonne%) for "%a$eent &efore theCoittee referred to in $%a#se (ii) a&ove. S#$h a atter sho#%d &e $onsidered and dis"osed of &* the

Coittee "refera&%* !ithin t!o onths fro the date of re$ei"t of s#$h a referen$e &* Se$retar*

(ersonne%).

(iv) In re'ard to an* "erson !ho is or has &een Ca&inet Se$retar* &efore S4 ta,es an* ste"

of the ,ind entioned in (i) a&ove the $ase sho#%d &e s#&itted to the rie ?inister for orders.7B. Veeras!ai v. Union of India; (1991) 3 SCC 6State of +ihar v. .A.C Sa%danha; (198D) 1 SCC 7


6/61Page 6

. T% DSPE A*& 8a 9!o=& 'n&o 5o!*% 'n 1. Un-%! &' A*&:

&% +%!'n&%n-%n*% o5 &% S+%*'a" Po"'*% E&a9"'#%n& (SPE) 8a

&!an5%!!%- &o &% Ho#% D%+a!%n& an- '& 5n*&'on 8%!% %n"a!=%- &o

*o6%! a"" -%+a!%n& o5 &% C%n&!a" Go6%!n#%n&. T% !'-'*&'on o5 &%

SPE %@&%n-%- &o a"" &% Un'on T%!!'&o!'%. I& !'-'*&'on *o"- a"o 9%

%@&%n-%- &o &% S&a&% 8'& &%'! *on%n&. T% C>I 8a %&a9"'%- on

01.0.1 vide Go6%!n#%n& R%o"&'on '%- 9, &% M'n'&!, o5 Ho#%

A55a'!: Go6%!n#%n& o5 In-'a.

. S%*&'on o5 &a& A*& %#+o8%! &% C%n&!a" Go6%!n#%n& &o

+%*'5, 9, no&'5'*a&'on 'n &% o55'*'a" =a%&&% &% o55%n*% o! *"a% o5

o55%n*% 8'* a!% &o 9% 'n6%&'=a&%- 9, &% D%"' S+%*'a" Po"'*%

E&a9"'#%n& (DSPE).

10. S%*&'on !%"a&% &o +%!'n&%n-%n*% an- a-#'n'&!a&'on o5

SPE.

11. S%*&'on 3 -%a" 8'& %@&%n'on o5 +o8%! an- !'-'*&'on o5

SPE &o o&%! a!%a. T% C%n&!a" Go6%!n#%n& a 9%%n %#+o8%!%- &o

%@&%n- &o an, a!%a ('n*"-'n= !a'"8a, a!%a): 'n a S&a&% no& 9%'n= a Un'on

T%!!'&o!, &% +o8%! an- !'-'*&'on o5 #%#9%! o5 &% DSPE 5o! &%

'n6%&'=a&'on o5 an, o55%n*% o! *"a% o5 o55%n*% +%*'5'%- 'n a

no&'5'*a&'on n-%! S%*&'on .

6


7/61Page 7

12. S%*&'on +!o6'-% &a& S%*&'on 3 a"" no& 9% -%%#%- &o

%na9"% an, #%#9%! o5 &% DSPE &o %@%!*'% +o8%! an- !'-'*&'on 'n an,

a!%a 'n a S&a&%: no& 9%'n= a Un'on T%!!'&o!, o! !a'"8a, a!%a: 8'&o& &%

*on%n& o5 &% Go6%!n#%n& o5 &a& S&a&%.

1. In +!an*% o5 &% -=#%n& o5 &' Co!& 'n Vineet Narain1:

DSPE A*& *a#% &o 9% a#%n-%- 8'& %55%*& 5!o# 11.0.200. S%*&'on

8a a#%n-%-. S9%*&'on (1) o5 S%*&'on no8 +!o6'-% &a& &%

+%!'n&%n-%n*% o5 &% D%"' S+%*'a" Po"'*% E&a9"'#%n& 'no5a! a '&

!%"a&% &o 'n6%&'=a&'on o5 o55%n*% a""%=%- &o a6% 9%%n *o##'&&%- n-%!

&% PC A*& a"" 6%& 'n &% C%n&!a" V'='"an*% Co##''on. S%*&'on A &o

C an- S%*&'on A a6% 9%%n 'n%!&%-.

1. S%*&'on A !%a- a n-%!7

;S%*&'on A A++!o6a" o5 C%n&!a" Go6%!n#%n& &o *on-*&'n4'!, o! 'n6%&'=a&'on.(1) T% D%"' S+%*'a" Po"'*%E&a9"'#%n& a"" no& *on-*& an, 'n4'!, o! 'n6%&'=a&'on'n&o an, o55%n*% a""%=%- &o a6% 9%%n *o##'&&%- n-%! &%P!%6%n&'on o5 Co!!+&'on A*&:1 %@*%+& 8'& &% +!%6'oa++!o6a" o5 &% C%n&!a" Go6%!n#%n& 8%!% * a""%=a&'on!%"a&% &o

(a) &% %#+"o,%% o5 &% C%n&!a" Go6%!n#%n& o5 &%"%6%" o5 Jo'n& S%*!%&a!, an- a9o6%B an-

(9) * o55'*%! a a!% a++o'n&%- 9, &% C%n&!a"Go6%!n#%n& 'n *o!+o!a&'on %&a9"'%- 9, o! n-%! an,C%n&!a" A*&: Go6%!n#%n& *o#+an'%: o*'%&'% an- "o*a"a&o!'&'% o8n%- o! *on&!o""%- 9, &a& Go6%!n#%n&.

(2) No&8'&&an-'n= an,&'n= *on&a'n%- 'n 9%*&'on (1): no* a++!o6a" a"" 9% n%*%a!, 5o! *a% 'n6o"6'n= a!!%& o5a +%!on on &% +o& on &% *a!=% o5 a**%+&'n= o! a&&%#+&'n=&o a**%+& an, =!a&'5'*a&'on o&%! &an "%=a" !%#n%!a&'on


8/61Page 8

!%5%!!%- &o 'n *"a% (*) o5 &% Explanation &o %*&'on o5 &%P!%6%n&'on o5 Co!!+&'on A*&: 1.%n* o5 &' Co!& !%5%!!%- &% #a&&%! &o &% "a!=%! 9%n* &o

a&o!'&a&'6%", a--'*a&% &% 6a"'-'&, o5 S%*&'on A. T% *a""%n=% '

9a%- on &% &o*&on% o5 A!&'*"% 1 o5 &% Con&'&&'on a '& ' &% *a% o5

&% +%&'&'on%! &%!%'n &a& S%*&'on A ' 8o"", a!9'&!a!, an- n!%aona9"%.

T% *on&%n&'on o5 &% Un'on on &% o&%! an- ' &a& a!9'&!a!'n% an-

n!%aona9"%n% a!% no& a6a'"a9"% a =!on- &o 'n6a"'-a&% &%

"%='"a&'on. S'n*% &% 4%&'on o5 6a"'-'&, o5 S%*&'on A ' +%n-'n= 9%5o!%

&% Con&'&&'on >%n* o5 &' Co!&: 8% #a?% '& *"%a! &a& &' o!-%! -o%

no& &o* +on &' a+%*& a& a"".

1. W% a6% %a!- M!. Goo"a# E. Vaan6a&': "%a!n%- A&&o!n%,

G%n%!a": M!. A#a!%n-!a Sa!an: "%a!n%- %n'o! *on%" 5o! &% C>I:

S#&raanian S!a* (=r.) v. =ire$tor C+I and Others; E(2DD) 2 SCC 31F

9


10/61Page 10

M!. Manoa! La" Sa!#a: +%&'&'on%!'n+%!on: M!. P!aan& >an:

"%a!n%- *on%" 'n &% 8!'& +%&'&'on 5'"%- 9, Co##on Ca% an- M!. Go+a"

San?a!ana!a,anan: "%a!n%- *on%" 5o! &% 'n&%!6%no!.

20. M!. Goo"a# E. Vaan6a&': "%a!n%- A&&o!n%, G%n%!a" a, %

&o &% 4%&'on 8'* 8% a6% 'n-'*a&%- 'n &% 9%='nn'n= o5 &% o!-%!

9%*a% % a, &a& &% 8o"% '-%a 9%'n- S%*&'on A ' &o +!o6'-% a

*!%%n'n= #%*an'# &o 5'"&%! o& 5!'6o"o o! #o&'6a&%- 'n6%&'=a&'on &a&

*o"- 9% 'n'&'a&%- a=a'n& %n'o! o55'*%! an- &o +!o&%*& &%# 5!o#

a!a#%n& an- &o %na9"% &%# &o &a?% -%*''on 8'&o& 5%a!. H% %a6'",

!%"'% on &% -%*''on o5 &' Co!& 'n K. Veeraswami4 an- 9#'& &a& &%

Co!& a !%*o=n'%- &% n%%- 5o! +!o&%*&'n= '=!an?'n= o55'*'a" 5!o#

6%@a&'o "'&'=a&'on. L%a!n%- A&&o!n%, G%n%!a" 5a'!", 9#'& &a& &%

o9%!6a&'on #a-% 9, &' Co!& 'n +a!a=!a+ 2 'n K. Veeraswami4 a6%

9%%n -'&'n='%- 'n Vineet Narain1 9& % 9#'& &a& &% o9%!6a&'on

'n Vineet Narain1 a6% 9%%n -o9&%- 'n &% !%5%!!a" o!-%! 'n Suramanian

Swam! "#r.$% .

21. L%a!n%- A&&o!n%, G%n%!a" a!=% &a& '& 8'"" no& 9% a++!o+!'a&%

&o '% *"a!'5'*a&'on 'n &% &%!# +!o+o%- 'n &% o!-%! -a&%- 10.0.201 'n

!%+%*& o5 5'!& 4%!, 5o! &% !%aon7 (') !%4'!%#%n& o5 +!'o! an*&'on -o%

no& 5"o8 5!o# &% +o8%! o5 +%!'n&%n-%n*%B ('') &%!% ' a +!%#+&'on o5

*on&'&&'ona"'&, 'n 5a6o! o5 a &a&&o!, +!o6''on: 8'* *anno& 9%

1D


11/61Page 11

n""'5'%-/a#%n-%-/#o-'5'%- 9, an 'n&%!'# o!-%!B (''') a &a&&o!, +!o6''on

*anno& 9% &!*? -o8n 8'&o& a +%*'5'* *a""%n=% 9%'n= "%6%""%- &%!%&oB

an- ('6) &% Co!& a &% +o8%! o5 -'*'a" !%6'%8 &o %& !'=& '#+!o+%!

%@%!*'% o5 +o8%! *on5%!!%- n-%! S%*&'on A. E"a9o!a&'n= &% a9o6%:

"%a!n%- A&&o!n%, G%n%!a" 9#'& &a& 8'"% &% +o8%! o5 +%!'n&%n-%n*%

o+%!a&% -!'n= &% &a=% o5 'n6%&'=a&'on: &% +o8%! &o =!an& an*&'on

*o#% 'n&o +"a, a& &% +!%'n6%&'=a&'on &a=%. T%!%5o!%: &% &8o +o8%!

o+%!a&% 'n -'55%!%n& +%!% an- on% *anno& 9% a'- &o 5"o8 5!o# &% o&%!.

S%*&'on (1) o5 &% CVC A*&: 8'* 6%& &% +o8%! o5 +%!'n&%n-%n*% o5

'n6%&'=a&'on o5 *a% n-%! PC A*& ' no& 'n *on5"'*& 8'& S%*&'on A o5 &%

DSPE A*&: 8'* !%4'!% +!'o! a++!o6a" o5 &% Go6%!n#%n& &o 'n'&'a&% an,

'n6%&'=a&'on o! 'n4'!, 5o! &% o55'*%! o5 "%6%" o5 Jo'n& S%*!%&a!, an- a9o6%

n-%! &% PC A*&. T%% +!o6''on o+%!a&% 'n &8o -'55%!%n& &a=%.

22. T% "%a!n%- A&&o!n%, G%n%!a" &a&% &a& &% C%n&!a"

Go6%!n#%n& a**%+& &% +o'&'on &a& C>I 'n6%&'=a&'on #& 9%

*on-*&%- 'n a non+a!&'an #ann%! 8'&o& an, %@&!an%o 'n5"%n*% 9&

a &a&&o!, +!o6''on *anno& 9% n""'5'%- on a +!%#+&'on &a& &% +o8%!

n-%! S%*&'on A #a, 9% %@%!*'%- '#+!o+%!",. I5 &%!% ' an, 'n&an*%

8%!% &% +o8%! n-%! S%*&'on A ' a9%- o! ' &'"'%- &o '%"- an

a**%- 8o o"- 9% +!o%*&%-: &' Co!& a"8a, a &% +o8%! o5

-'*'a" !%6'%8 &o *o!!%*& &% a#%.

11


12/61Page 12

2. In !%+on% &o &% %*on- 4%!,: "%a!n%- A&&o!n%, G%n%!a"

9#'& &a& S%*&'on A ' 'n &% na&!% o5 +!o*%-!% %&a9"'%- 9, "a8 5o!

&% +!+o% o5 A!&'*"% 21 an- 8%!% *on%4%n*% 5o""o8 'n *!'#'na" "a8

5o! an a**%-: &% Co!& ' no& a& "'9%!&, &o n%=a&% &% a#% %6%n 'n

%@%!*'% o5 +o8%! n-%! A!&'*"% 2 o! A!&'*"% 12. A**o!-'n= &o '#:

!%4'!%#%n& o5 an*&'on n-%! S%*&'on A ' &o 9% 'n&%!+!%&%- &!'*&", an-

*anno& 9% 8a'6%- n-%! an, *'!*#&an*%. Ta& &% Co!& #on'&o! o!

-'!%*& an 'n6%&'=a&'on -o% no& a55%*& &% 9a' o5 +!o&%*&'on a6a'"a9"%

n-%! "a8 an- &% C>I *anno& 9% a?%- &o +!o*%%- 8'& 'n4'!, o!

'n6%&'=a&'on de hors &% &a&&o!, #an-a&% o5 S%*&'on A.

2. L%a!n%- A&&o!n%, G%n%!a": &: 9#'& &a& S%*&'on A

8'* a a -%5'n'&% o9%*&'6% #& 9% a""o8%- &o o+%!a&% %6%n 'n &%

*a% 8%!% &% 'n6%&'=a&'on 'n&o &% *!'#% n-%! PC A*& ' 9%'n=

#on'&o!%- 9, &% Co!&.

23. M!. A#a!%n-!a Sa!an: "%a!n%- %n'o! *on%" 8o a'&%-

&% Co!& on 9%a"5 o5 C>I 8'& %4a" %#+a' a& ' *o##an- a, No

&o &a& 4%&'on. H% &a&% &a& &% o9%*&'6% 9%'n- %na*%n& o5 S%*&'on

A &o ='6% +!o&%*&'on &o o55'*%! a& &% -%*''on#a?'n= "%6%" 5!o# &% &!%a&

an- '=no#'n, o5 #a"'*'o an- 6%@a&'o 'n4'!,/'n6%&'=a&'on an-

"'?%"'oo- o5 a!a#%n& 5o! &a?'n= on%& -%*''on ' 5"", a*'%6%- 8%n

a *a% ' #on'&o!%- 9, &% *on&'&&'ona" *o!&. T% *on&'&&'ona" *o!&

12


13/61Page 13

a!% !%+o'&o!, o5 &% 5a'& o5 &% +%o+"% a 8%"" a +!o&%*&o! o5 &% !'=& o5

&% 'n-'6'-a" an-: &%!%5o!%: no +!'o! a++!o6a" o5 &% C%n&!a" Go6%!n#%n&

n-%! S%*&'on A 'n &% *a% 'n 8'* 'n6%&'=a&'on ' #on'&o!%- 9, &%

*on&'&&'ona" *o!& ' n%*%a!,.

2. L%a!n%- %n'o! *on%" 5o! &% C>I 9#'& &a& &' Co!& a

*on'&%n&", %"- 8'& !%5%!%n*% &o S%*&'on o5 &% DSPE A*& an- S%*&'on

1 o5 &% PC A*& &a& !%4'!%#%n& o5 an*&'on 5o! +!o%*&'on 8a no&

#an-a&o!, 8%n &% a#% ' -on% +!an& &o &% -'!%*&'on o5 &% Co!& o!

8%!% *a% a!% #on'&o!%- 9, &% Co!&. On &% a#% ana"o=,: %

9#'& &a& '& *an 9% a5%", *on*"-%- &a& &% a++!o6a" n-%! S%*&'on A

o5 &% DSPE A*& ' no& n%*%a!, 'n &% *a% 8%!% 'n6%&'=a&'on '

#on'&o!%- 9, &% *on&'&&'ona" *o!&. H% a!=% &a& !%4'!%#%n& o5

a++!o6a" n-%! S%*&'on A: '5 %"- &o 9% n%*%a!, %6%n 'n Co!&

#on'&o!%- *a%: '& 8o"- a#on& &o !%&!'*&'n= +o8%! o5 #on'&o!'n= 9, a

*on&'&&'ona" *o!& + &o o55'*%! 9%"o8 &% !an? o5 Jo'n& S%*!%&a!, on",

8'* 8o"- #%an &a& &% *on&'&&'ona" *o!& a no +o8%! &o #on'&o!

'n6%&'=a&'on o5 an o55%n*% 'n6o"6'n= o55'*%! o5 &% Jo'n& S%*!%&a!, an-

a9o6% 8'&o& +!'o! +%!#''on o5 &% C%n&!a" Go6%!n#%n&. S* an

'n&%!+!%&a&'on 8'"" 9% -'!%*&", *on&!a!, &o &% +o8%! (a 8%"" a *on&'&&'ona"

-&,) o5 &% *on&'&&'ona" *o!& &o #on'&o! an 'n6%&'=a&'on 'n "a!=%! +9"'*

'n&%!%&.

13


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2. M!. A#a!%n-!a Sa!an: "%a!n%- %n'o! *on%" a a!=%-

&a& S%*&'on A #& 9% !%a- -o8n &o #%an &a& +!'o! a++!o6a" ' no&

n%*%a!, 'n *a% 8%!% 'n6%&'=a&'on ' #on'&o!%- 9, &% *on&'&&'ona"

*o!&.

2. T% a!=#%n& o5 M!. P!aan& >an: "%a!n%- *on%" 5o!

&% Co##on Ca%: M!. Manoa! La" Sa!#a: on% o5 &% +%&'&'on%!: 8o

a++%a! 'n +%!on an- M!. Go+a" San?a!ana!a,anan: "%a!n%- *on%" 5o!

&% 'n&%!6%no! a!% 'n "'n% 8'& &% a!=#%n& o5 M!. A#a!%n-!a Sa!an.

T%, 9#'& &a& S%*&'on A *anno& 9% a 9a! &o 'n6%&'=a&'on 'n Co!&

#on'&o!%- *a%. A**o!-'n= &o &%#: '5 S%*&'on ' no& a !%&!'*&'on on &%

Co!& 9& on", on &% C%n&!a" Go6%!n#%n& a a 9%%n %"- 9, &' Co!&

'n Committee &or 'rote(tion o& #emo(rati( )i*hts+: &a& +!'n*'+"% %4a"",

a++"'% &o S%*&'on A. T%, !%5%!!%- &o &% o!-%! +a%- 9, &' Co!& 'n

2G *a% an-: +a!&'*"a!",: !%5%!%n*% 8a #a-% &o &% o!-%! -a&%-

0.0.201 'n Shahid alwa.

2. In &% *!'#'na" &'*% ,&%# &% 'n6%&'=a&'on o5 an o55%n*% '

&% -o#a'n o5 &% +o"'*%. T% +o8%! &o 'n6%&'=a&% 'n&o &% *o=n'a9"%

o55%n*% 9, &% +o"'*% o55'*%! ' o!-'na!'", no& '#+'n=%- 9, an, 5%&&%! .

Ho8%6%!: * +o8%! a &o 9% %@%!*'%- *on'&%n& 8'& &% &a&&o!,

+!o6''on an- 5o! "%='&'#a&% +!+o%. T% Co!& o!-'na!'", -o no& 'n&%!5%!%

8State of /est +en'a% and Others v. Coittee for rote$tion of =eo$rati$


15/61Page 15

'n &% #a&&%! o5 'n6%&'=a&'on 9, +o"'*%: +a!&'*"a!",: 8%n &% 5a*& an-

*'!*#&an*% -o no& 'n-'*a&% &a& &% 'n6%&'=a&'n= o55'*%! ' no&

5n*&'on'n= 9ona 5'-%. In 6%!, %@*%+&'ona" *a%: o8%6%!: 8%!% &% Co!&

5'n- &a& &% +o"'*% o55'*%! a %@%!*'%- ' 'n6%&'=a&o!, +o8%! 'n

9!%a* o5 &% &a&&o!, +!o6''on +&&'n= &% +%!ona" "'9%!&, an-/o! &%

+!o+%!&, o5 &% *'&'%n 'n %o+a!-, 9, '""%=a" an- '#+!o+%! % o5 &% +o8%!

o! &%!% ' a9% o5 &% 'n6%&'=a&o!, +o8%! an- +!o*% 9, &% +o"'*%

o55'*%! o! &% 'n6%&'=a&'on 9, &% +o"'*% ' 5on- &o 9% no& 9ona 5'-% o! &%

'n6%&'=a&'on ' &a'n&%- 8'& an'#o'&,: &% Co!& #a, 'n&%!6%n% &o +!o&%*&

&% +%!ona" an-/o! +!o+%!&, !'=& o5 &% *'&'%n.

0. Lo!- D%nn'n=10a -%*!'9%- &% !o"% o5 &% +o"'*% &7

;In a5%=a!-'n= o! 5!%%-o#: &% +o"'*% +"a, 6'&a" !o"%.

So*'%&, 5o! '& -%5%n*% n%%- a 8%"""%-: 8%""&!a'n%-an- 8%""-'*'+"'n%- 5o!*% o! +o"'*% 8o# '& *an &!&:an- %no= o5 &%# &o 9% a9"% &o +!%6%n& *!'#% 9%5o!% '&a++%n: o! '5 '& -o% a++%n: &o -%&%*& '& an- 9!'n= &%a**%- &o &'*%.

T% +o"'*%: o5 *o!%: #& a*& +!o+%!",. T%, #&o9%, &% !"% o5 !'=& *on-*&. T%, #& no& %@&o!&*on5%'on 9, &!%a& o! +!o#'%. T%, #& no&%a!* a #an o% 8'&o& a&o!'&,. T%, #& no&% #o!% 5o!*% &an &% o**a'on 8a!!an&$$$.I (C!'#%) Mana".

Pa!a=!a+ .1 o5 &% Mana" a, &a& 8%n: a *o#+"a'n& ' !%*%'6%- o!

'n5o!#a&'on ' a6a'"a9"% 8'* #a,: a5&%! 6%!'5'*a&'on: a %no'n%- 'n &%

Mana": 'n-'*a&% %!'o #'*on-*& on &% +a!& o5 a +9"'* %!6an& 9& '

no& a-%4a&% &o &'5, !%='&!a&'on o5 a !%="a! *a% n-%! &% +!o6''on o5

S%*&'on 13 o5 &% Co-%: a +!%"'#'na!, %n4'!, (PE) #a, 9% !%='&%!%-

a5&%! o9&a'n'n= a++!o6a" o5 &% *o#+%&%n& a&o!'&,. I& a"o a, &a& 8%!%

H'= Co!& an- S+!%#% Co!& %n&!& #a&&%! &o C>I 5o! 'n4'!, an-

9#''on o5 !%+o!&: a PE #a, 9% !%='&%!%- a5&%! o9&a'n'n= o!-%! 5!o#

&% %a- o55'*%. W%n &% *o#+"a'n& an- o!*% 'n5o!#a&'on !%6%a"

*o##''on o5 a prime &a(ie*o=n'a9"% o55%n*%: a !%="a! *a% ' &o 9%

!%='&%!%- a %no'n%- 9, "a8. PE #a, 9% *on6%!&%- 'n&o RC a oon a

55'*'%n& #a&%!'a" 9%*o#% a6a'"a9"% &o o8 &a& prima &a(ie &%!% a

9%%n *o##''on o5 a *o=n'a9"% o55%n*%. W%n 'n5o!#a&'on a6a'"a9"% '

a-%4a&% &o 'n-'*a&% *o##''on o5 *o=n'a9"% o55%n*% o! '& -'*!%%&

6%!'5'*a&'on "%a- &o '#'"a! *on*"'on: a !%="a! *a% #a, 9% !%='&%!%-

'n&%a- o5 a PE.

3. Pa!a=!a+ .10 o5 &% Mana" &a&% &a& PE !%"a&'n= &o

a""%=a&'on o5 9!'9%!, an- *o!!+&'on o"- 9% "'#'&%- &o &% *!&'n, o5

!%*o!- an- 'n&%!!o=a&'on o5 9a!% #'n'## +%!on 8'* #a, 9%

n%*%a!, &o -=% 8%&%! &%!% ' an, 9&an*% 'n &% a""%=a&'on 8'*

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a!% 9%'n= %n4'!%- 'n&o an- 8%&%! &% *a% ' 8o!& +!'n= 5!&%! o!

no&.

. Pa!a=!a+ 10.1 o5 &% Mana" -%a" 8'& !%='&!a&'on an- 5'!&

'n5o!#a&'on !%+o!&. To &% %@&%n& '& ' !%"%6an&: '& !%a- a n-%!7

;10.1 On !%*%'+& o5 a *o#+"a'n& o! a5&%! 6%!'5'*a&'on o5 an'n5o!#a&'on o! on *o#+"%&'on o5 a P!%"'#'na!, En4'!, &a?%n + 9,C>I '5 '& ' !%6%a"%- &a&prima &a(iea *o=n'a9"% o55%n*% a 9%%n*o##'&&%- an- &% #a&&%! ' 5'& 5o! 'n6%&'=a&'on &o 9% n-%!&a?%n 9,C%n&!a" >!%a o5 In6%&'=a&'on: a F'!& In5o!#a&'on R%+o!& o"-

9% !%*o!-%- n-%! S%*&'on 13 C!'#'na" P!o*%-!% Co-% an-'n6%&'=a&'on &a?%n +. W'"% *on'-%!'n= !%='&!a&'on o5 an FIR: '&o"- 9% %n!%- &a& a& "%a& &% #a'n o55%n*%/ a6% 9%%nno&'5'%- n-%! S%*&'on o5 &% D%"' S+%*'a" Po"'*% E&a9"'#%n&

A*&. T% !%='&!a&'on o5 F'!& In5o!#a&'on R%+o!& #a, a"o 9% -on%on &% -'!%*&'on o5 Con&'&&'ona" Co!&: 'n 8'* *a% '& ' no&n%*%a!, 5o! &% o55%n*% &o a6% 9%%n no&'5'%- 5o! 'n6%&'=a&'on 9,DSPE. T% FIR n-%! 'n6%&'=a&'on 8'& "o*a" Po"'*% o! an, o&%!"a8 %n5o!*%#%n& a&o!'&, #a, a"o 9% &a?%n o6%! 5o! 5!&%!'n6%&'=a&'on %'&%! on &% !%4%& o5 &% S&a&% Go6%!n#%n&*on*%!n%- o! &% C%n&!a" Go6%!n#%n& o! on &% -'!%*&'on o5 aCon&'&&'ona" Co!&. $$..I n-%! &% DSPE A*&: &% a#% +!'n*'+"% a++", an-

C>I a an 'n6%&'=a&'n= a=%n*, ' ++o%- &o -'*a!=% '& !%+on'9'"'&,

8'& *o#+%&%n*%: +!o#+&n%: 5a'!n% an- n'n5"%n*%- an- n'n-%!%-

9, %@&%!na" 'n5"%n*%.

. T% a9% o5 +9"'* o55'*% 5o! +!'6a&% =a'n a =!o8n 'n *o+%

an- *a"% an- '& &% na&'on 9a-",. Co!!+&'on !%-*% !%6%n%B '& "o8

-o8n %*ono#'* a*&'6'&, an- o"- 9a*? %*ono#'* =!o8&. T% 9'==%& "o

&a& #a, o**! &o &% na&'on -% &o *o!!+&'on ' "o o5 *on5'-%n*% 'n &%

-%#o*!a*, an- 8%a?%n'n= o5 !"% o5 "a8.

0. In !%*%n& &'#%: &%!% a 9%%n *on*%!n o6%! &% n%%- &o

%n!% &a& &% *o!!'-o! o5 +o8%! !%#a'n n&a'n&%- 9, *o!!+&'on o!

n%+o&'# an- &a& &%!% ' o+&'## &'"'a&'on o5 !%o!*% an- 5n- 5o!

&%'! 'n&%n-%- +!+o%.12

1. In 30 >.C.E.: A!'&o&"% ==%&%- 'n &% ;'oliti(s< &a& &o

+!o&%*& &% &!%a!, 5!o# 9%'n= -%5!a-%-: "%& a"" #on%, 9% '%- o+%n",

'n 5!on& o5 &% 8o"% *'&,: an- "%& *o+'% o5 &% a**on& 9% -%+o'&%- 'n

6a!'o 8a!-. Wa& A!'&o&"% a'- *%n&!'% 9a*? #a, no& 9% +!a*&'*a9"%

&o-a, 9& 5o! **%5" 8o!?'n= o5 &% -%#o*!a*, '& ' %%n&'a" &a& +9"'*

!%6%n% a!% no& -%5!a-%- an- +9"'* %!6an& -o no& 'n-"=% 'n 9!'9%!,

12on5&%e Shri rana& ?#,her0ee resident


20/61Page 20

an- *o!!+&'on an- '5 &%, -o: &% a""%=a&'on o5 *o!!+&'on a!% 'n4'!%- 'n&o

5a'!",: +!o+%!", an- +!o#+&", an- &o% 8o a!% ='"&, a!% 9!o=& &o 9oo?.

2. In &' =!o+ o5 #a&&%!: '& ' a""%=%- &a& *oa" 9"o*? 5o! &%

9%*& +%!'o- a6% 9%%n a""o*a&%- 5o! %@&!an%o *on'-%!a&'on 9,

n?no8n +9"'* %!6an& 'n *onn'6an*% 8'& 9'n%#%n: 'n-&!'a"'&

an- #'--"%#%n. T% a""o*a&'on o5 *oa" 9"o*? ' a""%=%- &o 55%! 5!o#

5a6o!'&'#: n%+o&'# an- +'*? an- *oo%. T% Co#+&!o""%! an- A-'&o!

G%n%!a" (CAG) 'n '& P%!5o!#an*% A-'& on a""o*a&'on o5 *oa" 9"o*? an-

a=#%n&a&'on o5 *oa" +!o-*&'on a %&'#a&%- "o &o &% +9"'*

%@*%4%! &o &% &n% o5 a9o& R.1. "a* *!o!% a on 1.0.2011 5o!

O+%n*a& #'n%/O+%n*a& !%%!6% o5 M'@%- #'n% 8'"% +o'n&'n= o&

'na-%4a*'% an- o!&*o#'n= 'n &% a""o*a&'on. O! !%5%!%n*% &o &% CAG

!%+o!&: 8% *"a!'5,: -o% no& #%an &a& 8% a6% %@+!%%- an, o+'n'on

a9o& '& *o!!%*&n% o! o&%!8'%. >% &a& a '& #a,: a6'n= !%=a!- &o &%

%!'o a""%=a&'on o5 "a*? o5 o9%*&'6'&, an- &!an+a!%n*, an- &% PE

a6'n= a"!%a-, !%='&%!%- 9, &% C>I &o 'n4'!%/'n6%&'=a&% 'n&o a""%=a&'on

o5 *o!!+&'on a=a'n& n?no8n +9"'* %!6an& 'n &% a""o*a&'on o5 *oa"

9"o*?: &' Co!& 'n "a!=%! +9"'* 'n&%!%& -%*'-%- &o #on'&o! &%

'n4'!'%/'n6%&'=a&'on 9%'n= *on-*&%- 9, C>I.

. T% #on'&o!'n= o5 'n6%&'=a&'on/'n4'!'% 9, &% Co!& '

'n&%n-%- &o %n!% &a& +!o+%! +!o=!% &a?% +"a*% 8'&o& -'!%*&'n= o!

2D


21/61Page 21

*ann%"'n= &% #o-% o! #ann%! o5 'n6%&'=a&'on. T% 8o"% '-%a ' &o

!%&a'n +9"'* *on5'-%n*% 'n &% '#+a!&'a" 'n4'!,/'n6%&'=a&'on 'n&o &%

a""%=%- *!'#%B &a& 'n4'!,/'n6%&'=a&'on 'n&o %6%!, a**a&'on ' #a-% on a

!%aona9"% 9a' '!!%+%*&'6% o5 &% +o'&'on an- &a& o5 &a& +%!on an-

&% 'n4'!,/'n6%&'=a&'on ' &a?%n &o &% "o='*a" *on*"'on 'n a**o!-an*%

8'& "a8.

. T% #on'&o!'n= 9, &% Co!& a'# &o "%n- *!%-%n*% &o &%

'n4'!,/'n6%&'=a&'on 9%'n= *on-*&%- 9, &% C>I a +!%#'%! 'n6%&'=a&'n=

a=%n*, an- &o %"'#'na&% an, '#+!%'on o5 9'a: "a*? o5 5a'!n% an-

o9%*&'6'&, &%!%'n.

3. Ho8%6%!: &% 'n6%&'=a&'on/'n4'!, #on'&o!%- 9, &% *o!& -o%

no& #%an &a& &% *o!& +%!6'% * 'n6%&'=a&'on/'n4'!,. To +%!6'%

8o"- #%an &o o9%!6% an- -'!%*& &% %@%*&'on o5 a &a? 8%!%a &o

#on'&o! 8o"- on", #%an &o #a'n&a'n !6%'""an*%. T% *on*%!n an-

'n&%!%& o5 &% *o!& 'n * *o!& -'!%*&%- o! *o!& #on'&o!%- *a% '

&a& &%!% ' no n-% -%"a, 'n &% 'n6%&'=a&'on: an- &% 'n6%&'=a&'on '

*on-*&%- 'n a 5!%% an- 5a'! #ann%! 8'& no %@&%!na" 'n&%!5%!%n*%. In *

a +!o*%: &% +%o+"% a*4a'n&%- 8'& 5a*& an- *'!*#&an*% o5 &% *a%

8o"- a"o a6% a %n% o5 %*!'&, an- &%, 8o"- *oo+%!a&% 8'& &%

'n6%&'=a&'on ='6%n &a& &% +%!'o! *o!& a!% %'%- o5 &% #a&&%!. W%

5'n- &a& 'n o#% *a%: &% %@+!%'on *o!& #on'&o!%- a 9%%n

21


22/61Page 22

'n&%!*an=%a9", %- 8'& *o!& +%!6'%- 'n6%&'=a&'on. On*% &% *o!&

+%!6'% an 'n6%&'=a&'on: &%!% ' a!-", an,&'n= "%5& 'n &% &!'a". Un-%!

&% Co-%: &% 'n6%&'=a&'n= o55'*%! ' on", &o 5o!# an o+'n'on an- '& ' 5o! &%

*o!& &o "&'#a&%", &!, &% *a% 9a%- on &% o+'n'on 5o!#%- 9, &%

'n6%&'=a&'n= o55'*%! an- %% 8%&%! an, o55%n*% a 9%%n #a-% o&. I5 a

+%!'o! *o!& +%!6'% &% 'n6%&'=a&'on an- & 5a*'"'&a&% &%

5o!#"a&'on o5 * o+'n'on 'n &% 5o!# o5 a !%+o!& n-%! S%*&'on 1(2) o5

&% Co-%: '& 8'"" 9% -'55'*"& '5 no& '#+o'9"% 5o! &% &!'a" *o!& &o no& 9%

'n5"%n*%- o! 9on- 9, * o+'n'on. T%n &!'a" 9%*o#% a 5a!*%.

T%!%5o!%: +%!6''on o5 'n6%&'=a&'on 9, an, *o!& ' a *on&!a-'*&'on 'n

&%!#. T% Co-% -o% no& %n6'a=% * a +!o*%-!%: an- '& *anno& %'&%!.

In &% !a!% an- *o#+%""'n= *'!*#&an*% !%5%!!%- &o a9o6%: &% +%!'o!

*o!& #a, #on'&o! an 'n6%&'=a&'on &o %n!% &a& &% 'n6%&'=a&'n= a=%n*,

*on-*& &% 'n6%&'=a&'on 'n a 5!%%: 5a'! an- &'#%9on- #ann%! 8'&o&

an, %@&%!na" 'n&%!5%!%n*%.

. T% Co!& ' o5 &% 6'%8 &a& a 5a'!: +!o+%! an- 5""

'n6%&'=a&'on 9, &% C>I 'n&o %6%!, a**a&'on 9, &% C>I 'n !%+%*& o5

a""o*a&'on o5 *oa" 9"o*? a"" %"+ 'n !%&a'n'n= +9"'* *on5'-%n*% 'n &%

*on-*& o5 'n4'!,/'n6%&'=a&'on. Mo!%o6%!: &% Co!on'&o!'n= 'n a #a&&%!

o5 =% #a=n'&-% * a &' a"" %"+ 'n #o6'n= &% #a*'n%!, o5

22


23/61Page 23

'n4'!,/'n6%&'=a&'on a& a++!o+!'a&% +a*% an- '& *on*"'on 8'& o&

%@+%-'&'on 8'&o& 5%a! o! 5a6o!.

. A !%=a!- &% 5'!& 4%!, +& &o &% "%a!n%- A&&o!n%, G%n%!a"

on 10.0.201: 8% a!% o5 &% 6'%8 &a& &% a'- 4%!, &a?% 8'&'n '& 5o"-

on% o5 &% 5a*%& o5 &% *on&'&&'ona"'&, o5 S%*&'on A an- 'n*% &a& '

n-%! *on'-%!a&'on 9, &% Con&'&&'on >%n* o5 &' Co!&: 8% -o no&

&'n? '& ' n%*%a!, &o -%a" 8'& &a& 4%!,. A**o!-'n=",: &' o!-%! '

*on5'n%- &o &% %*on- 4%!,: na#%",: 8%&%! &% a++!o6a" o5 &% C%n&!a"

Go6%!n#%n& ' n%*%a!, 'n !%+%*& o5 Co!on'&o!%- o! Co!&-'!%*&%-

'n6%&'=a&'on.

. T%!% ' no -o9& &a& &% o9%*&'6% 9%'n- &% %na*%n& o5

S%*&'on A ' &o ='6% +!o&%*&'on &o *%!&a'n o55'*%! (Jo'n& S%*!%&a!, an-

a9o6%) 'n &% C%n&!a" Go6%!n#%n& a& &% -%*''on #a?'n= "%6%" 5!o# &%

&!%a& an- '=no#'n, o5 #a"'*'o an- 6%@a&'o 'n4'!'%/'n6%&'=a&'on an-

&% +!o6''on a'# &o %n!% &a& &o%: 8o a!% 'n -%*''on #a?'n=

+o'&'on: a!% no& 9%*&%- &o 5!'6o"o *o#+"a'n& an- #a?% a6a'"a9"%

o#% *!%%n'n= #%*an'# 5o! 5!'6o"o *o#+"a'n& 9& &% 4%&'on '7 '

&% !%&!'*&'6% +!o6''on *on&a'n%- 'n S%*&'on A !%n-%!%- n=a&o!, o! '&

o9%*&'6% ' o&%!8'% no& a*'%6%- 8%!% &% 'n6%&'=a&'on 'n&o &% *!'#%

n-%! PC A*& a!% #on'&o!%- 9, &% *on&'&&'ona" *o!& W% -o no& &'n?

o. T% *on&'&&'ona" *o!& a!% &% %n&'n%" o5 &'*% an- a6% 9%%n

23


24/61Page 24

6%&%- 8'& %@&!ao!-'na!, +o8%! o5 -'*'a" !%6'%8 &o %n!% &a& &% !'=&

o5 *'&'%n a!% -", +!o&%*&%-1.

. T% +o8%! n-%! A!&'*"% 12(1) o5 &% Con&'&&'on 8'*

+!o6'-% &a& S+!%#% Co!& 'n %@%!*'% o5 '& !'-'*&'on #a, +a *

-%*!%% o! #a?% * o!-%! a ' n%*%a!, 5o! -o'n= *o#+"%&% &'*% 'n

an, ;*a%< o! ;#a&&%!< a 9%%n %@+"a'n%- 'n "a!=% n#9%! o5 *a%. I&

a 9%%n *on'&%n&", %"- &a& * +o8%! ' +"%na!, 'n na&!%. T% "%=a"

+o'&'on a!&'*"a&%- 'n 'rem Chand ar*14an-A.). Antula!15, 8'& !%=a!-

&o &% +o8%! *on5%!!%- on &' Co!& n-%! A!&'*"% 12(1) a 9%%n

%@+"a'n%- 'n #elhi Judi(ial Servi(e Asso(iation1/. I& ' %@+o'&%- 9, &%

&!%% J-=% >%n* 'n #elhi Judi(ial Servi(e Asso(iation1/&a& +o8%! n-%!

A!&'*"% 12(1) &o -o ;*o#+"%&% &'*%< ' %n&'!%", o5 -'55%!%n& "%6%" an- o5 a

-'55%!%n& 4a"'&,. An, +!o'9'&'on o! !%&!'*&'on *on&a'n%- 'n o!-'na!, "a8

*anno& a*& a a "'#'&a&'on on &% *on&'&&'ona" +o8%! o5 &' Co!&. On*%

&' Co!& ' 'n %''n o5 a *a% o! #a&&%! 9%5o!% '&: '& a +o8%! &o '%

an, o!-%! o! -'!%*&'on &o -o ;*o#+"%&% &'*%< 'n &% #a&&%!. T' "%=a"

+o'&'on 5'n- ++o!& 5!o# o&%! -%*''on o5 &' Co!& 'n 'oosu1%, an*a

ishan1+an- Navnit ). Kamani10.

13 +a&hai anadas ate% v. State of :#0arat; E(2DD9) 9 SCC 61DF17 re Chand :ar' v. 4$ise Coissioner U.. and Others; E1963 S#"" (1) SC< 88F1 A.


25/61Page 25

30. T% #ao!'&, 6'%8 o5 &% Con&'&&'on >%n* 'n nion

Caride23, 8'& !%=a!- &o +o8%! o5 &' Co!& n-%! A!&'*"% 12 o5 &%

Con&'&&'on o"- &% a#% 6'%8 a %@+!%%- 9, &' Co!& 'n #elhi

Judi(ial Servi(e Asso(iation1/. T% #ao!'&, 6'%8 'n nion Caride23 'n

+a!a=!a+ 21 o5 &% R%+o!& a !%'&%!a&%- &a& &% +!o'9'&'on o!

"'#'&a&'on o! +!o6''on *on&a'n%- 'n o!-'na!, "a8: *anno& ipso &a(to, a*&

a +!o'9'&'on o! "'#'&a&'on on &% *on&'&&'ona" +o8%! n-%! A!&'*"% 12.

S* +!o'9'&'on o! "'#'&a&'on 'n &% &a&&% #'=& %#9o-, an- !%5"%*&

2D Union Car&ide Cor"oration and Others vs. Union of India and Others; E(1991) 7 SCC 87F21 83.It is ne$essar* to set at rest $ertain is$on$e"tions in the ar'#ents to#$hin' the s$o"e of the

"o!ers of this Co#rt #nder Arti$%e 172(1) of the Constit#tion. hese iss#es are atters of serio#s

"#&%i$ i"ortan$e. he "ro"osition that a "rovision in an* ordinar* %a! irres"e$tive of the

i"ortan$e of the "#&%i$ "o%i$* on !hi$h it is fo#nded o"erates to %iit the "o!ers of the a"e Co#rt#nder Arti$%e 172(1) is #nso#nd and erroneo#s. In &oth Gargas !e%% asAntulay casesthe "oint !as

one of vio%ation of $onstit#tiona% "rovisions and $onstit#tiona% ri'hts. he o&servations as to the

effe$t of in$onsisten$* !ith stat#tor* "rovisions !ere rea%%* #nne$essar* in those $ases as the

de$isions in the #%tiate ana%*sis t#rned on the &rea$h of $onstit#tiona% ri'hts. /e a'ree !ith Shri

Narian that the "o!er of the Co#rt #nder Arti$%e 172 insofar as -#ashin' of $riina% "ro$eedin'sare $on$erned is not eha#sted &* Se$tion 32D or 321 or 782 CrC or a%% of the "#t to'ether. he

"o!er #nder Arti$%e 172 is at an entire%* different %eve% and of a different -#a%it*. rohi&itions or

%iitations or "rovisions $ontained in ordinar* %a!s $annot i"so fa$to a$t as "rohi&itions or%iitations on the $onstit#tiona% "o!ers #nder Arti$%e 172. S#$h "rohi&itions or %iitations in the

stat#tes i'ht e&od* and ref%e$t the s$hee of a "arti$#%ar %a! ta,in' into a$$o#nt the nat#re andstat#s of the a#thorit* or the $o#rt on !hi$h $onferent of "o!ers %iited in soe a""ro"riate

!a* is $onte"%ated. he %iitations a* not ne$essari%* ref%e$t or &e &ased on an* f#ndaenta%

$onsiderations of "#&%i$ "o%i$*. Sri Sora&0ee %earned Attorne* :enera% referrin' to Garg case,said

that %iitation on the "o!ers #nder Arti$%e 172 arisin' fro Jin$onsisten$* !ith e"ress stat#tor*

"rovisions of s#&stantive %a!K #st rea%%* ean and &e #nderstood as soe e"ress "rohi&ition

$ontained in an* s#&stantive stat#tor* %a!. e s#''ested that if the e"ression L"rohi&ition5 is read in

"%a$e of L"rovision5 that !o#%d "erha"s $onve* the a""ro"riate idea. +#t !e thin, that s#$h

"rohi&ition sho#%d a%so &e sho!n to &e &ased on soe #nder%*in' f#ndaenta% and 'enera% iss#es of"#&%i$ "o%i$* and not ere%* in$identa% to a "arti$#%ar stat#tor* s$hee or "attern. It !i%% a'ain &e

!ho%%* in$orre$t to sa* that "o!ers #nder Arti$%e 172 are s#&0e$t to s#$h e"ress stat#tor*

"rohi&itions. hat !o#%d $onve* the idea that stat#tor* "rovisions override a $onstit#tiona% "rovision.

erha"s the "ro"er !a* of e"ressin' the idea is that in eer$isin' "o!ers #nder Arti$%e 172 and in

assessin' the needs of J$o"%ete 0#sti$eK of a $a#se or atter the a"e Co#rt !i%% ta,e note of the

e"ress "rohi&itions in an* s#&stantive stat#tor* "rovision &ased on soe f#ndaenta% "rin$i"%es of

"#&%i$ "o%i$* and re'#%ate the eer$ise of its "o!er and dis$retion a$$ordin'%*. he "ro"osition does

not re%ate to the "o!ers of the Co#rt #nder Arti$%e 172 t on%* to !hat is or is not L$o"%ete 0#sti$e5of a $a#se or atter and in the #%tiate ana%*sis of the "ro"riet* of the eer$ise of the "o!er. No

-#estion of %a$, of 0#risdi$tion or of n#%%it* $an arise.

2


26/61Page 26

&% *%#% o5 a +a!&'*"a! "a8: &a?'n= 'n&o a**on& &% na&!% an- &a& o5

&% a&o!'&, o! &% Co!& on 8'* *on5%!#%n& o5 +o8%! K "'#'&%- 'n o#%

a++!o+!'a&% 8a, K ' *on&%#+"a&%-. T% +o8%! n-%! A!&'*"% 12 a!% no&

9%*& &o an, %@+!% &a&&o!, +!o'9'&'on.

31. In Supreme Court ar Asso(iation22, &' Co!& &a&%-: ;I&:

o8%6%!: n%%- &o 9% !%#%#9%!%- &a& &% +o8%! *on5%!!%- on &% Co!&

9, A!&'*"% 12 9%'n= *!a&'6% 'n na&!% *anno& 9% *on&!%- a +o8%!

8'* a&o!'% &% Co!& &o '=no!% &% 9&an&'6% !'=& o5 a "'&'=an& 8'"%

-%a"'n= 8'& a *a% +%n-'n= 9%5o!% '&. T' +o8%! *anno& 9% %- &o

;++"an&< 9&an&'6% "a8 a++"'*a9"% &o &% *a% o! *a% n-%!

*on'-%!a&'on o5 &% Co!&. A!&'*"% 12: %6%n 8'& &% 8'-& o5 '& a#+"'&-%:

*anno& 9% %- &o 9'"- a n%8 %-'5'*% 8%!% non% %@'&%- %a!"'%!: 9,

'=no!'n= %@+!% &a&&o!, +!o6''on -%a"'n= 8'& a 9%*& an- &%!%9, &o

a*'%6% o#%&'n= 'n-'!%*&", 8'* *anno& 9% a*'%6%- -'!%*&",$$.


27/61Page 27

+!o'9'&'on 'n an, 9&an&'6% &a&&o!, +!o6''on 9a%- on o#%

5n-a#%n&a" +!'n*'+"% o5 +9"'* +o"'*, an- !%="a&% &% %@%!*'% o5 '&

+o8%! an- -'*!%&'on a**o!-'n=",. W%!% &% Co!& 5'n- &a& &a&&o!,

"'#'&a&'on a!% o 5n-a#%n&a" &a& an, -%+a!&!% &%!%5!o# #a, !%"& 'n a

*on%4%n*% -'!%*&", *on&!a!, &o &% +!+o% 5o! 8'* &% +"%na!, +o8%!

n-%! A!&'*"% 12(1) ' #%an&: o96'o",: &% Co!& 8'"" %@%!*'% '& +o8%!

a++!o+!'a&%", a6'n= !%=a!- &o &% &a&&o!, "'#'&a&'on.

3. T% S+!%#% Co!& a 9%%n *on5%!!%- 6%!, 8'-% +o8%! 5o!

+!o+%! an- %55%*&'6% a-#'n'&!a&'on o5 &'*%. T% Co!& a 'n%!%n&

+o8%! an- !'-'*&'on 5o! -%a"'n= 8'& an, %@*%+&'ona" '&a&'on 'n "a!=%!

+9"'* 'n&%!%& 8'* 9'"- *on5'-%n*% 'n &% !"% o5 "a8 an- &!%n=&%n

-%#o*!a*,. T% S+!%#% Co!& a &% sentinel on the ui vive: a 9%%n

'n6%&%- 8'& &% +o8%! 8'* a!% %"a&'* an- 5"%@'9"% an- 'n *%!&a'n a!%a

&% !'='-'&, 'n %@%!*'% o5 * +o8%! ' *on'-%!%- 'na++!o+!'a&%.

3. In &% %6%n& o5 an, %n'o! o55'*%! (Jo'n& S%*!%&a!, o! a9o6%) o!

&% C%n&!a" Go6%!n#%n& 'n an on=o'n= 'n4'!,/'n6%&'=a&'on 9, &% C>I

9%'n= #on'&o!%- 9, &% Co!& a !%aon &o 9%"'%6% &a& * o55'*%! #a,

9% nn%*%a!'", a!a%- 9, &% C>I: &%n &% C%n&!a" Go6%!n#%n& o! &%

%n'o! o55'*%! (Jo'n& S%*!%&a!, o! a9o6%) *an a"8a, a++", &o &% Co!&

8'* ' #on'&o!'n= &% 'n4'!,/'n6%&'=a&'on 5o! +!o&%*&'on o5 ' !'=&.

2


28/61Page 28

S* "%=a" *o!% 9%'n= a6a'"a9"% &o &% *a&%=o!, o5 o55'*%! *o6%!%- 9,

S%*&'on A: 8% a!-", 5'n- an, #%!'& 'n &% 9#''on o5 &% "%a!n%-

A&&o!n%, G%n%!a" &a& !%4'!%#%n& o5 a++!o6a" n-%! S%*&'on A *anno& 9%

8a'6%- %6%n 'n Co!on'&o!%- 'n6%&'=a&'on an- 'n4'!'%.

33. T% a!=#%n& o5 &% "%a!n%- A&&o!n%, G%n%!a" &a& S%*&'on A

' 'n &% na&!% o5 +!o*%-!% %&a9"'%- 9, "a8 5o! &% +!+o% o5 A!&'*"%

21 an- 8%!% *on%4%n*% 5o""o8 'n *!'#'na" "a8 5o! an a**%-: &%

Co!& ' no& a& "'9%!&, &o n%=a&% &% a#% %6%n 'n %@%!*'% o5 +o8%! n-%!

A!&'*"% 2 o! A!&'*"% 12 o6%!"oo? &% 6'&a" a+%*& &a& Co!& #on'&o!'n= o5

&% 'n4'!,/'n6%&'=a&'on *on-*&%- 9, &% C>I ' '&%"5 a 6%!, &!on= *%*?

on &% C>I 5!o# #''n= o! a9'n= '& +o8%! o5 'n4'!,/'n6%&'=a&'on. T%

5'"&!a&'on #%*an'# 8'* S%*&'on A +!o6'-% &o %n!% &a& &% %n'o!

o55'*%! a& &% -%*''on #a?'n= "%6%" a!% no& 9%*&%- &o 5!'6o"o 'n4'!, '

a*'%6%- a &% *on&'&&'ona" *o!& &a& #on'&o! &% 'n4'!,/'n6%&'=a&'on

9, C>I a*& a =a!-'an an- +!o&%*&o! o5 &% !'=& o5 &% 'n-'6'-a" an-: '5

n%*%a!,: *an a"8a, +!%6%n& an, '#+!o+%! a*& 9, &% C>I a=a'n& %n'o!

o55'*%! 'n &% C%n&!a" Go6%!n#%n& 8%n 9!o=& 9%5o!% '&.

3. W%n Co!& #on'&o! &% 'n6%&'=a&'on: &%!% ' a"!%a-,

-%+a!&!% 'na#* a &% 'n6%&'=a&'n= a=%n*, 'n5o!# &% Co!& a9o&

&% +!o=!% o5 &% 'n6%&'=a&'on. On*% &% *on&'&&'ona" *o!& #on'&o!

&% 'n4'!,/'n6%&'=a&'on 8'* ' on", -on% 'n %@&!ao!-'na!, *'!*#&an*%

28


29/61Page 29

an- 'n %@*%+&'ona" '&a&'on a6'n= !%=a!- &o &% "a!=%! +9"'* 'n&%!%&: &%

'n4'!,/'n6%&'=a&'on 'n&o &% *!'#% n-%! &% PC A*& a=a'n& +9"'*

%!6an& 9, &% C>I #& 9% a""o8%- &o a6% '& *o!% n'n-%!%- an-

n'n5"%n*%- an- &% +!o*%-!% *on&%#+"a&%- 9, S%*&'on A *anno& 9% +&

a& &% "%6%" 8'* '#+%-% %@%!*'% o5 *on&'&&'ona" +o8%! 9, &%

S+!%#% Co!& n-%! A!&'*"% 2: 1 an- 12 o5 &% Con&'&&'on. An,

o&%! 6'%8 'n &' !%=a!- 8'"" 9% -'!%*&", 'n*on'&%n& 8'& &% +o8%!

*on5%!!%- on &% '=%& *on&'&&'ona" *o!&.

3. In &% *a% o5 Committee &or 'rote(tion o& #emo(rati( )i*hts+:

&% Con&'&&'on >%n* o5 &' Co!& a %"- &a& a -'!%*&'on 9, &% H'=

Co!&: 'n %@%!*'% o5 '& !'-'*&'on n-%! A!&'*"% 22 o5 &% Con&'&&'on: &o

C>I &o 'n6%&'=a&% a *o=n'a9"% o55%n*% a""%=%- &o a6% 9%%n *o##'&&%-

8'&'n &% &%!!'&o!, o5 &% S&a&% 8'&o& &% *on%n& o5 &% S&a&% 8'"" n%'&%!

'#+'n=% +on &% 5%-%!a" &!*&!% o5 &% Con&'&&'on no! 6'o"a&% &%

-o*&!'n% o5 %+a!a&'on o5 +o8%! an- a"" 9% 6a"'- 'n "a8. In &' !%=a!-: '& '

!%"%6an& &o !%5%! &o &% *on*"'on !%*o!-%- 9, &% Con&'&&'on >%n* 'n

*"a% 6' an- 6'': +a!a=!a+ o5 &% R%+o!& 8'* !%a- a n-%!7

;. (') &o (6) $$$

(vi) I5 'n &%!# o5 En&!, 2 o5 L'& II o5 &% S%6%n& S*%-"% on&% on% anan- En&!, 2A an- En&!, 0 o5 L'& I on &% o&%!:an 'n6%&'=a&'on 9, ano&%! a=%n*, ' +%!#''9"% 9%*& &o=!an& o5 *on%n& 9, &% S&a&% *on*%!n%-: &%!% ' no !%aon a&o 8,: 'n an %@*%+&'ona" '&a&'on: &% Co!& 8o"- 9%+!%*"-%- 5!o# %@%!*''n= &% a#% +o8%! 8'* &% Un'on*o"- %@%!*'% 'n &%!# o5 &% +!o6''on o5 &% &a&&%. In o!

29


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o+'n'on: %@%!*'% o5 * +o8%! 9, &% *on&'&&'ona" *o!&8o"- no& 6'o"a&% &% -o*&!'n% o5 %+a!a&'on o5 +o8%!. In 5a*&:'5 'n * a '&a&'on &% Co!& 5a'" &o =!an& !%"'%5: '& 8o"- 9%

5a'"'n= 'n '& *on&'&&'ona" -&,.(vii) W%n &% S+%*'a" Po"'*% A*& '&%"5 +!o6'-% &a& 9%*& &o&% *on%n& 9, &% S&a&%: C>I *an &a?% + 'n6%&'=a&'on 'n!%"a&'on &o &% *!'#% 8'* 8a o&%!8'% 8'&'n &%

!'-'*&'on o5 &% S&a&% +o"'*%: &% Co!& *an a"o %@%!*'% '&*on&'&&'ona" +o8%! o5 -'*'a" !%6'%8 an- -'!%*& C>I &o &a?%+ &% 'n6%&'=a&'on 8'&'n &% !'-'*&'on o5 &% S&a&%. T%+o8%! o5 &% H'= Co!& n-%! A!&'*"% 22 o5 &% Con&'&&'on*anno& 9% &a?%n a8a,: *!&a'"%- o! -'"&%- 9, S%*&'on o5 &%S+%*'a" Po"'*% A*&. I!!%+%*&'6% o5 &%!% 9%'n= an, &a&&o!,

+!o6''on a*&'n= a a !%&!'*&'on on &% +o8%! o5 &% Co!&:&% !%&!'*&'on '#+o%- 9, S%*&'on o5 &% S+%*'a" Po"'*% A*&on &% +o8%! o5 &% Un'on: *anno& 9% !%a- a !%&!'*&'on on&% +o8%! o5 &% *on&'&&'ona" *o!&. T%!%5o!%: %@%!*'% o5+o8%! o5 -'*'a" !%6'%8 9, &% H'= Co!&: 'n o! o+'n'on:8o"- no& a#on& &o 'n5!'n=%#%n& o5 %'&%! &% -o*&!'n% o5%+a!a&'on o5 +o8%! o! &% 5%-%!a" &!*&!%.I 'n &%!# o5 S%*&'on o5 &% DSPE

A*& ' a !%4'!%#%n& &a& 5"o8 5!o# &% 5%-%!a" &!*&!% o5 &%

3D


31/61Page 31

Con&'&&'on: 9%*a% +o"'*% an- "a8 an- o!-%! a!% S&a&% 9%*&. On &%

o&%! an-: % a!=% &a& &% n%%- 5o! +!'o! a++!o6a" n-%! S%*&'on A '

'n &% na&!% o5 +!o&%*&'on *on5%!!%- on a +a!&'*"a! *a-!% o5 +%!on:

8'* ' n%*%'&a&%- 9, &% n%%- o5 a-#'n'&!a&'on. T%!%5o!%: no +a!a""%"

*an 9% -!a8n 9%&8%%n &8o +!o6''on an- &% "a8 "a'- -o8n 'n !%+%*& o5

on% +!o6''on *anno& 9% %@&%n-%- &o &% o&%!.

3. L%a!n%- A&&o!n%, G%n%!a" ' ! '=& &a& &% &8o +!o6''on:

na#%",: S%*&'on an- S%*&'on A a!% -'55%!%n& +!o6''on an- &%, o+%!a&%

'n -'55%!%n& 5'%"-: 9& &% +!'n*'+"% o5 "a8 "a'- -o8n 'n !%+%*& o5 S%*&'on :

'n o! 6'%8: *an 9% %@&%n-%- 8'"% *on'-%!'n= a++"'*a9'"'&, o5 S%*&'on A

&o &% Co!on'&o!%- 'n6%&'=a&'on. I5 S%*&'on n%*%'&a&% &% +!'o!

an*&'on o5 &% S&a&% Go6%!n#%n& 9%5o!% 'n6%&'=a&'on ' *a!!'%- o& 9, &%

C>I 'n &%!# o5 &a& +!o6''on an- &% +!'n*'+"% o5 "a8 "a'- -o8n 9, &%

Con&'&&'on >%n* o5 &' Co!& ' &a& &% *on&'&&'ona" *o!& a!%

%#+o8%!%- &o -'!%*& &% 'n6%&'=a&'on o5 a *a% 9, C>I an- 'n * *a%

no +!'o! an*&'on o5 &% S&a&% Go6%!n#%n& ' n%*%a!, n-%! S%*&'on o5

&% DSPE A*&: &%!% ' no !%aon 8, * +!'n*'+"% ' no& %@&%n-%- 'n

o"-'n= &a& &% a++!o6a" o5 &% C%n&!a" Go6%!n#%n& ' no& n%*%a!,

n-%! S%*&'on A o5 &% DSPE A*& 'n a #a&&%! 8%!% &%

'n4'!,/'n6%&'=a&'on 'n&o &% *!'#% n-%! &% PC A*& ' 9%'n= #on'&o!%- 9,

&% Co!&. I& ' &% -&, o5 &' Co!& &a& an&'*o!!+&'on "a8 a!%

31


32/61Page 32

'n&%!+!%&%- an- 8o!?%- o& 'n * a 5a'on &a& %"+ 'n #'n'#''n=

a9% o5 +9"'* o55'*% 5o! +!'6a&% =a'n.

0. L%a!n%- A&&o!n%, G%n%!a" %a6'", !%"'%- +on &%

o9%!6a&'on #a-% 'n +a!a=!a+ 2 9, &% Con&'&&'on >%n* o5 &' Co!&

'n K. Veeraswami4. H%: +a!&'*"a!",: !%5%!!%- &o &% 5o""o8'n= o9%!6a&'on

8'& %#+a' on &% '="'=&%- +o!&'on7

;2. . . . . . . S%*&'on ' +!'#a!'", *on*%!n%- &o %% &a&

+!o%*&'on 5o! &% +%*'5'%- o55%n*% a"" no& *o##%n*%8'&o& &% an*&'on o5 a *o#+%&%n& a&o!'&,. Ta& -o% no%an &a& &% A*& 8a 'n&%n-%- &o *on-on% &% o55%n*% o59!'9%!, an- *o!!+&'on 9, +9"'* %!6an&. No! '& 8a #%an& &oa55o!- +!o&%*&'on &o +9"'* %!6an& 5!o# *!'#'na" +!o%*&'on 5o!* o55%n*%. I& ' on", &o +!o&%*& &% on%& +9"'* %!6an&5!o# 5!'6o"o an- 6%@a&'o +!o%*&'on. T% *o#+%&%n&a&o!'&, a &o %@a#'n% 'n-%+%n-%n&", an- '#+a!&'a"", &%#a&%!'a" on !%*o!- &o 5o!# ' o8n o+'n'on 8%&%! &% o55%n*%a""%=%- ' 5!'6o"o o! 6%@a&'o. T% *o#+%&%n& a&o!'&, #a,

!%5% an*&'on 5o! +!o%*&'on '5 &% o55%n*% a""%=%- a no#a&%!'a" &o ++o!& o! '& ' 5!'6o"o o! 'n&%n-%- &o a!a &%on%& o55'*%!. >& % *anno& !%5% &o =!an& an*&'on '5 &%#a&%!'a" *o""%*&%- a #a-% o& &% *o##''on o5 &% o55%n*%a""%=%- a=a'n& &% +9"'* %!6an&. In-%%- % ' -&, 9on- &o=!an& an*&'on '5 &% #a&%!'a" *o""%*&%- "%n- *!%-%n*% &o &%o55%n*% *o#+"a'n%- o5. T%!% %%# &o 9% ano&%! !%aon 5o!&a?'n= a8a, &% -'*!%&'on o5 &% 'n6%&'=a&'n= a=%n*, &o+!o%*&% o! no& &o +!o%*&% a +9"'* %!6an&. W%n a +9"'*%!6an& ' +!o%*&%- 5o! an o55%n*% 8'* *a""%n=% '

on%&, an- 'n&%=!'&,: &% '% 'n * a *a% ' no& on",9%&8%%n &% +!o%*&o! an- &% o55%n-%!: 9& &% S&a&% ' a"o6'&a"", *on*%!n%- 8'& '& a '& a55%*& &% #o!a"% o5 +9"'*%!6an& an- a"o &% a-#'n'&!a&'6% 'n&%!%& o5 &% S&a&%. T%-'*!%&'on &o +!o%*&% +9"'* %!6an& ' &a?%n a8a, 5!o# &%+!o%*&'n= a=%n*, an- ' 6%&%- 'n &% a&o!'&, 8'* '*o#+%&%n& &o !%#o6% &% +9"'* %!6an&. T% a&o!'&,*o#+%&%n& &o !%#o6% &% +9"'* %!6an& 8o"- 9% 'n a 9%&&%!+o'&'on &an &% +!o%*&'n= a=%n*, &o a% &% #a&%!'a"

32


33/61Page 33

*o""%*&%- 'n a -'+a'ona&% an- !%aona9"% #ann%! an--%&%!#'n% 8%&%! an*&'on 5o! +!o%*&'on o5 a +9"'* %!6an&-%%!6% &o 9% =!an&%- o! no&.%n* -o no& #%an &a& 8a& a 9%%n

a'- 'n Vineet Narain1 a9o& &% o9%!6a&'on 'n +a!a=!a+ 2 o5 K.

Veeraswami4 &an- o9"'&%!a&%-.

. T% 5a*& &a& &% 'n6%&'=a&'on ' #on'&o!%- 9, &%

*on&'&&'ona" *o!& ' '&%"5 an a!an*% &a& 'n6%&'=a&'on/'n4'!, 9, &%

C>I ' no& a*&a&%- 8'& "&%!'o! #o&'6% &o a!a an, +9"'* %!6an& an-

&% 'n6%&'=a&'n= a=%n*, +%!5o!# '& -&'% an- -'*a!=% '&

!%+on'9'"'&, o5 5a'! an- '#+a!&'a" 'n6%&'=a&'on n'n5"%n*%- 9, %@&!an%o

*on'-%!a&'on.

37


35/61Page 35

3. In "'=& o5 &% a9o6% -'*'on: o! an8%! &o &% 4%&'on '

'n &% n%=a&'6% an- 8% o"- &a& &% a++!o6a" o5 &% C%n&!a" Go6%!n#%n& '

no& n%*%a!, n-%! S%*&'on A o5 &% DSPE A*& 'n a #a&&%! 8%!%

'n4'!,/'n6%&'=a&'on 'n&o &% *!'#% n-%! &% PC A*& ' 9%'n= #on'&o!%- 9,

&' Co!&. T' +o'&'on o"- =oo- 'n *a% 8'* a!% -'!%*&%- 9, &%

Co!& &o 9% !%='&%!%- an- &% 'n4'!,/'n6%&'=a&'on &%!%on ' a*&a"",

9%'n= #on'&o!%- 9, &' Co!&.

$$$$$$$$$$J.

(R.M. Lo-a)

$$$$$$$$$$J.

(!'an Jo%+)

N%8 D%"'B

D%*%#9%! 1: 201.

3


36/61Page 36

REPORTABLE

IN 4 SU


37/61Page 37

2. Se$tion 6A of the A$t reads as #nder

JApproval of Central Governent to !ondu!t "n#u"r$ or

"nve%t"&at"on.(1) he =e%hi S"e$ia% o%i$e 4sta&%ishentsha%% not $ond#$t an* in-#ir* or investi'ation into an* offen$e

a%%e'ed to have &een $oitted #nder the revention of

Corr#"tion A$t 1988 (79 of 1988) e$e"t !ith the "revio#s

a""rova% of the Centra% :overnent !here s#$h a%%e'ation

re%ates to

1. the e"%o*ees of the Centra% :overnent of the %eve% of

oint Se$retar* and a&ove; and

2. s#$h offi$ers as are a""ointed &* the Centra% :overnent in

$or"orations esta&%ished &* or #nder an* Centra% A$t

:overnent $o"anies so$ieties and %o$a% a#thorities

o!ned or $ontro%%ed &* that :overnent.

(2) Not!ithstandin' an*thin' $ontained in s#&se$tion (1) no

s#$h a""rova% sha%% &e ne$essar* for $ase invo%vin' arrest of a

"erson on the s"ot on the $har'e of a$$e"tin' or atte"tin' to

a$$e"t an* 'ratifi$ation other than %e'a% re#neration referred

to in $%a#se ($) of the Explanation to Se$tion of therevention of Corr#"tion A$t 1988 (79 of 1988).K

3. At the o#tset one #st a""re$iate that a $onstit#tiona% $o#rt onitors

an investi'ation &* the State "o%i$e or the Centra% +#rea# of Investi'ation

(for short the C+I) on%* and on%* in "#&%i$ interest. hat is the %eitotif of a

$onstit#tiona% $o#rt onitored investi'ation. No $onstit#tiona% $o#rt

Ldesires5 to onitor an in-#ir* or an investi'ation ($o"endio#s%* referred

to hereafter as an investi'ation) nor does it en$o#ra'e the onitorin' of an*

investi'ation &* a "o%i$e a#thorit* &e it the State "o%i$e or the C+I. #&%i$

3


38/61Page 38

interest is the so%e $onsideration and a $onstit#tiona% $o#rt onitors an

investi'ation on%* !hen $ir$#stan$es $o"e% it to do so s#$h as

(i%%#strative%*) a %a$, of enth#sias &* the investi'atin' offi$er or a'en$*

(d#e to L"ress#res5 on it) in $ond#$tin' a "ro"er investi'ation or a %a$, of

enth#sias &* the $on$erned :overnent in assistin' the investi'atin'

a#thorit* to arrive at the tr#th or a %a$, of interest &* the investi'atin'

a#thorit* or the $on$erned :overnent to ta,e the investi'ation to its %o'i$a%

$on$%#sion for !hatever reason or in etree $ases to hinder the

investi'ation.

7. avin' ade this "osition $%ear the "resent $on$ern is on%* !ith

res"e$t to an investi'ation $ond#$ted &* the C+I into the a%%o$ation of $oa%

&%o$,s the onitorin' of that investi'ation &* this Co#rt and the i"a$t of

Se$tion 6A of the A$t on the investi'ation.

Ba!k&round ' T(e )"n&le D"re!t"ve

. Se$tion 6A of the A$t !as &ro#'ht on the stat#te &oo, !ith effe$t

fro 11thSe"te&er 2DD3. rior thereto the s# and s#&stan$e of Se$tion

6A of the A$t !as in the for of a LSin'%e =ire$tive5 iss#ed &* the ee$#tive

:overnent. he Sin'%e =ire$tive "rote$ted inter alia a $%ass of offi$ers

fro &ein' investi'ated &* the C+I or in the re'isterin' of a $ase a'ainst that

$%ass of offi$ers. his !as thro#'h a "rovision re-#irin' "rior san$tion of

38


39/61Page 39

the Se$retar* of the $on$erned ?inistr* or =e"artent &efore the C+I

#nderta,es an investi'ation a'ainst an offi$er of the ran, of a oint Se$retar*

or a&ove. he Sin'%e =ire$tive ade it $%ear that J/itho#t s#$h san$tion no

in-#ir* sha%% &e initiated &* the S4 (S"e$ia% o%i$e 4sta&%ishent).K he

re%evant etra$t of the Sin'%e =ire$tive has &een -#oted &* +rother #sti$e

odha and it is not ne$essar* to re"eat it.

6. he Sin'%e =ire$tive !as the s#&0e$t of $ha%%en'e in Vineet Narain v.

Union of India, (1998) 1 SCC 226. his Co#rt str#$, it do!n inter alia on

three 'ro#nds that are &est e"ressed in the !ords of this Co#rt

(i) Jhe %earned Attorne* :enera% $ontended that this de$ision23is an

a#thorit* for the "ro"osition that in $ase of hi'h offi$ia%s the

re-#ireent of "rior "erission@san$tion fro a hi'her offi$er or

ead of the =e"artent is "erissi&%e and ne$essar* to save the

offi$er $on$erned fro harassent $a#sed &* a a%i$io#s or veatio#s"rose$#tion. /e are #na&%e to a$$e"t this s#&ission.

JMM.he feat#re of inde"enden$e of 0#di$iar* has no a""%i$ation to

the offi$ers $overed &* the Sin'%e =ire$tive. he need for

inde"enden$e of 0#di$iar* fro the ee$#tive inf%#en$e does not arise

in the $ase of offi$ers &e%on'in' to the ee$#tive. /e have no do#&t

that the de$ision in K. Veeraswamihas no a""%i$ation to the !ide

"ro"osition advan$ed &* the %earned Attorne* :enera% to s#""ort the

Sin'%e =ire$tive.K E"ara'ra"h 37 and 3 of the


40/61Page 40

(iii) Jhe %a! does not $%assif* offenders different%* for treatent

there#nder in$%#din' investi'ation of offen$es and "rose$#tion for

offen$es a$$ordin' to their stat#s in %ife. 4ver* "erson a$$#sed of$oittin' the sae offen$e is to &e dea%t !ith in the sae anner in

a$$ordan$e !ith %a! !hi$h is e-#a% in its a""%i$ation to ever*one.K

E"ara'ra"h 77 of the


41/61Page 41

1999. In its


42/61Page 42

$ivi% servants in the senior de$isiona,in' "ositions &* sa*in' Joint

Se$retaries and a&ove5. And if *o# !ere to sa* that there is no

"rote$tion to &e 'iven to *o# !hen *o# ta,e a%% the de$isions !hen

*o# a,e a%% the dis$retions and an*&od* $an fi%e a $o"%aint and anins"e$tor or the C+I or the "o%i$e $an raid *o#r ho#se an* oent if

this e%eentar* "rote$tion is not to &e 'iven to the senior de$ision

a,ers *o# a* !e%% have a 'overnan$e !here instead of tenderin'

honest advi$e to "o%iti$a% ee$#tives a ver* safe non$oitta%

advi$e is 'oin' to &e 'iven.K

11. It is #nder these $ir$#stan$es that Se$tion 6A of the A$t re"%a$ed the

Sin'%e =ire$tive.

12. In his !ritten s#&issions %earned Attorne*:enera% s#ed #" the

dis$#ssion &* sa*in' that Se$tion 6A is intended Jto "rovide a s$reenin'

e$hanis to fi%ter o#t frivo%o#s or otivated investi'ation that $o#%d &e

initiated a'ainst senior offi$ers to "rote$t the fro harassent and to

ena&%e the to ta,e de$isions !itho#t fear.K

Cau%e for t(e pre%ent d"%!u%%"on

13. /h* has the a""%i$a&i%it* of Se$tion 6A of the A$t $oe #" for

dis$#ssion rior to the "resent $ase there !as a 'enera% o#t$r* that

a%%o$ations of $oa% &%o$,s for inin' and e"%oitation !ere ar&itrari%* ade

in vario#s "arts of the $o#ntr* to "rivate "%a*ers !hi$h in effe$t ao#nted to

distrition of %ar'esse &* the Centra% :overnent to these "rivate "%a*ers.

he finan$ia% i"%i$ations of the a%%o$ations $ae #nder the s$r#tin* of the

Co"tro%%er and A#ditor :enera% of India (C>A:) and &ased on the


43/61Page 43

s#&itted &* the C>A: and ta&%ed in ar%iaent on 16 thA#'#st 2D12 soe

&e%ieved that the a%%o$ations !ere not ade !ith bona fideotives and that

the !ho%e 'a#t of a%%o$ations o#'ht to &e i"artia%%* investi'ated &* the

C+I. A%tho#'h the C+I had &e'#n investi'ations on the &asis of dire$tions

iss#ed &* the Centra% Vi'i%an$e Coission it !as "er$eived that the C+I

!as L'oin' s%o!5 or not a$tive%* investi'atin' the a%%e'ations "erha"s !ith a

vie! to "rote$t soe "o!erf#% vested interest. It is #nder these

$ir$#stan$es that "#&%i$ interest %iti'ation !as initiated in this Co#rt. :iven

the i"ortan$e of the $ase and the iss#es invo%ved this Co#rt de$ided in the

%ar'er "#&%i$ interest to onitor the investi'ations &ein' $ond#$ted &* the

C+I.

17. /hi%e the atter of a%%o$ations is &ein' $onsidered on erits one of

the iss#es that has arisen is !ith re'ard to the inter"retation of Se$tion 6A of

the A$t sin$e it !as a""rehended &* the "etitioners that des"ite this Co#rt

onitorin' the investi'ations the Centra% :overnent $o#%d sta%% the &*

de$%inin' to 'ive "revio#s a""rova% to the C+I to $arr* o#t an in-#ir* or

$ond#$t an investi'ation into the a%%e'ations sin$e offi$ers of the %eve% of

oint Se$retar* and a&ove !o#%d &e invo%ved.

1. he iss#e 'ot "re$i"itated !hen it !as &ro#'ht to o#r noti$e thro#'h

an a""%i$ation fi%ed &* the C+I that "revio#s a""rova% so#'ht &* it (to

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eaine a "arti$#%ar offi$er) !as 'ranted &* the Centra% :overnent on%*

after soe $%arifi$ations !ere 'iven and that too after a %a"se of three

onths.27his is !hat !as said &* the C+I in "ara'ra"h 8 of its a""%i$ation

J8. It is re%evant to ention that "rior to the "assin' of order dated

D8.D.2D13 a re-#est had &een ade vide %etter dated D6.D3.2D13 for

a""rova% #nder Se$tion 6A in three of the


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s#&stantia% s%a$,enin' and that this o#'ht to eet the re-#isites of a non

"artisan investi'ation &* the C+I.


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($) In the event a de$ision is ta,en to ref#se "erission the

reasons thereof sha%% &e "#t #" to the net hi'her a#thorit* for

inforation !ithin one !ee, of ta,in' the de$ision.

(d) Sin$e se$tion 6A s"e$ifi$a%%* $overs offi$ers of the Centra%

:overnent a&ove the ran, of oint Se$retar* the $o"etent

a#thorit* in these $ases !i%% &e the ?inister in $har'e in the

:overnent of India. In s#$h $ases intiation of ref#sa% to 'rant

"erission a%on' !ith reasons thereof !i%% have to &e "#t #" to the

rie ?inister.

he a&ove de$ision of the :overnent is &ro#'ht to the noti$e

of a%% ?inistries@=e"artents for d#e adheren$e and stri$t$o"%ian$e.K

18. earned Attorne*:enera% a%so s#&itted that a"art fro the

safe'#ards introd#$ed &* the Offi$e ?eorand# the $onstit#tiona% $o#rts

a%!a*s have the "o!er of 0#di$ia% revie! if "revio#s a""rova% for

investi'ation is !ithhe%d for $o%%atera% reasons. e s#&itted that if

ne$essar* soe additiona% safe'#ards a* a%so &e in$or"orated &* this

Co#rt in$%#din' that in the event a de$ision for 'rantin' "revio#s a""rova%

is not ta,en !ithin a s"e$ified "eriod a defa#%t $%a#se of a deeed "revio#s

a""rova% !o#%d a#toati$a%%* a""%*.

19. e 0#stified 'ivin' "rote$tion to senior offi$ers !ho are de$ision

a,ers on the 'ro#nd that the C+I !i%% have on%* one side of the stor*

&efore it e&ar,s on an investi'ation. he senior :overnent f#n$tionar*

so#'ht to &e investi'ated !o#%d not even have a hearin' &efore

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investi'ations $oen$e.


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into the $ond#$t of a senior 'overnent offi$er no "revio#s a""rova% of the

Centra% :overnent is re-#ired sin$e an en-#ir* does not have the sae

adverse $onnotation that an investi'ation has.

D"%!u%%"on

22. Soe of the safe'#ards s#''ested &* the %earned Attorne*:enera%

find a ention in Vineet Narain. o!ever these !ere not s"e$ifi$a%%*

a$$e"ted or re0e$ted !hi%e $onsiderin' the va%idit* of the Sin'%e =ire$tive

on%* &e$a#se this Co#rt he%d that the Sin'%e =ire$tive had &een iss#ed

!itho#t an* %e'is%ative san$tion and it ao#nted to interdi$tin' the

investi'ations.

23. No do#&t the ri'o#r of Se$tion 6A of the A$t has a%read* &een di%#ted

&* the iss#an$e of the Offi$e ?eorand# dated 26th

Se"te&er 2D11. +#t

the -#estion is this Is there a need for a f#rther di%#tion of Se$tion 6A of the

A$t in res"e$t of a $onstit#tiona% $o#rt onitored investi'ation Is it

ne$essar* for the C+I to ta,e the "revio#s a""rova% of the Centra%

:overnent for investi'atin' a senior offi$ia% even in a $onstit#tiona% $o#rt

onitored investi'ation

27. /hat is an investi'ation has a%read* &een dis$#ssed &* +rother #sti$e

odha and I endorse his vie!s on this. o!ever !hat is $r#$ia% for an

investi'ation is that it sho#%d $on$%#de e"editio#s%* fro the "oint of vie!

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of a%% $on$erned fro the "oint of vie! of the a$$#sed a -#i$, $on$%#sion

to the investi'ation !i%% $%ear his nae and ia'e in so$iet* if he is

inno$ent. his is $ertain%* of $onsidera&%e i"ortan$e to a "erson !ho has

&een !ron'%* a$$#sed or fraed for an offen$e; fro the "oint of vie! of

so$iet* a -#i$, $%os#re to investi'ation is ne$essar* so that those a'ainst

!ho there is eviden$e of the $oission of a $rie are tried at the ear%iest

and "#nished if the* are '#i%t*. his so far as so$iet* is $on$erned is

essentia% for aintainin' the r#%e of %a!; and fro the "oint of vie! of the

investi'ator an e"editio#s $on$%#sion of investi'ations is ne$essar*

&e$a#se 'reater the de%a* 'reater the $han$es of eviden$e &ein' destro*ed

!itnesses &ein' $o"roised or the a$$#sed &ein' a&%e to ani"#%ate

$ir$#stan$es to his or her advanta'e.

2. In this %i'ht the inter"%a* &et!een Se$tion 6A of the A$t and a

$onstit#tiona% $o#rt onitored investi'ation sho#%d &e s#$h as to "rote$t

senior 'overnent offi$ia%s fro frivo%o#s and veatio#s $o"%aints and at

the sae tie "revent the fro eer$isin' inf%#en$e or "ro%on'in' the

'rant of "revio#s a""rova% &* the Centra% :overnent there&* effe$tive%*

s$#tt%in' the investi'ation.

26. On the "rote$tive side it !as s#&itted &* the %earned Attorne*

:enera% that !hen the C+I re-#ests for the 'rant of "revio#s a""rova% it

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investi'ation res#%tin' in the offenders es$a"in' the "#nitive $o#rse of %a!.K

4ffe$tive%* therefore Se$tion 6A of the A$t $a%%s for an e-#a% treatent

&efore %a! for a%% and that is "re$ise%* !hat a $onstit#tiona% $o#rt onitored

investi'ation see,s to a$hieve "reventin' is#se of the %a!.

28. he Offi$e ?eorand# re%ied on &* the %earned Attorne*:enera%

$an hard%* &e tered as effi$a$io#s in an* anner. Girst%* it $annot &e #sed

to inter"ret a "rovision of %a! s#$h as Se$tion 6A of the A$t. I a not

in$%ined to 'ive an* i"ortan$e to the Offi$e ?eorand# for

#nderstandin' or a""re$iatin' Se$tion 6A of the A$t. Se$ond%* the Offi$e

?eorand# $an a%!a*s &e !ithdra!n odified or aended on the !hi

of the ee$#tive :overnent on the sae rationa%e as 'iven for ena$tin'

Se$tion 6A of the A$t nae%* for L"rote$tin'5 a senior 'overnent offi$ia%.

herefore it does not effe$tive%* "revent "ossi&%e is#se of the %a!.

29. he entire iss#e a* &e %oo,ed at fro another an'%e. Se$tion 16 of

the Criina% ro$ed#re Code ena&%es the %o$a% "o%i$e to investi'ate a

$o'niHa&%e offen$e !hi%e Se$tion 1 of the Criina% ro$ed#re Code

ena&%es a "o%i$e offi$er to investi'ate a non$o'niHa&%e offen$e after

o&tainin' an a""ro"riate order fro the a'istrate havin' "o!er to tr* s#$h

$ase or $oit the $ase for tria% re'ard%ess of the stat#s of the $on$erned

offi$er. herefore the %o$a% "o%i$e a* investi'ate a senior :overnent

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offi$er !itho#t "revio#s a""rova% of the Centra% :overnent t the C+I

$annot do so. his is rather anoa%o#s.

3D. his anoa%* has in fa$t o$$#rred. In Centre for PI! v. Union of

India, (211) SCC 1investi'ations !ere $ond#$ted &* the %o$a% "o%i$e in

res"e$t of a senior 'overnent offi$ia% !itho#t an* "revio#s a""rova% and a

$ha%%an fi%ed in the $o#rt of the S"e$ia% #d'e dea%in' !ith offen$es #nder

the revention of Corr#"tion A$t 1988. It is diffi$#%t to #nderstand the %o'i$

&ehind s#$h a di$hoto* #n%ess it is ass#ed that frivo%o#s and veatio#s

$o"%aints are ade on%* !hen the C+I is the investi'atin' a'en$* and that

it is on%* the C+I that is $a"a&%e of harassin' or vi$tiiHin' a senior

:overnent offi$ia% !hi%e the %o$a% "o%i$e of the State :overnent does not

entertain frivo%o#s and veatio#s $o"%aints and is not $a"a&%e of harassin'

or vi$tiiHin' a senior 'overnent offi$ia%. No s#$h ass#"tion $an &e

ade.

31. /ith re'ard to the tie fa$tor for ta,in' a de$ision as "ro"osed &*

the %earned Attorne*:enera% it is !orth referrin' to /r.Subra*anian

S0a*+ v. /r. &an*o%an Sin"%, (212) SCC 6!herein this Co#rt noted

in "ara'ra"h 1 of the


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a $o"i%ation of 126 $ases in !hi$h the san$tion for "rose$#tion is

a!aited for "eriods ran'in' for ore than one *ear to a fe! onths.K

32.


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37. 4-#a%it* &efore %a! has &een e"hasiHed &* this Co#rt inSira#uddin

in the "assa'e $ited &* the %earned Attorne*:enera%. his has a%so &een

e"hasiHed inS0a*+ in the "assa'e -#oted a&ove. In Vineet Narain the

iss#e of e-#a%it* &efore %a! !as adverted to in "ara'ra"h 77 of the


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is eno#'h ateria% &efore it to $ond#$t an investi'ation. It is not "ossi&%e to

ass#e that in a $onstit#tiona% $o#rt onitored investi'ation the C+I !i%% in

a tri''erha""* anner ride ro#'hshod and tar'et senior 'overnent

offi$ers on%* &e$a#se the* are e"o!ered to do so. he s#&ission of the

%earned Attorne*:enera% #st e-#a%%* a""%* to the C+I and an offi$ia% a$t

of the C+I #st a%so &e "res#ed to have &een done in a$$ordan$e !ith %a!.

36. Interestin'%* as noted in Subra*ania* S0a*+ v. /irector (CI),

(2) 2 SCC 1'no "revio#s a""rova% for investi'ation !as re-#ired &*

the C+I fro the date of de$ision in Vineet Narain (18th=e$e&er 199)

ti%% the insertion of Se$tion 6A of the A$t !ith effe$t fro 12 thSe"te&er

2DD3 e$e"t for a &rief "eriod of t!o onths fro 2 thA#'#st 1998 to 2th

O$to&er 1998. A&so%#te%* no ateria% !as "%a$ed &efore #s to s#''est that

d#rin' the "eriod !hen the Sin'%e =ire$tive !as not in o"eration nor !as

Se$tion 6A of the A$t on the stat#te &oo, the C+I investi'ated frivo%o#s and

veatio#s $o"%aints a'ainst senior 'overnent offi$ers or harassed an* of

the in an* !a*. he fear that de$ision a,ers in the :overnent !i%% &e

!ar* of ta,in' a bona fide de$ision that a* inadvertent%* stir #" an

avoida&%e $ontrovers* does not a""ear to &e &ased on an* ateria%.

3. Gina%%* a $onstit#tiona% $o#rt onitored investi'ation is nothin' t

the ado"tion of a "ro$ed#re of a L$ontin#in' anda#s5 !hi$h tra$es its


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ori'in %i,e "#&%i$ interest %iti'ation to Arti$%e 32 of the Constit#tion and is

o#r $ontrition to 0#ris"r#den$e. his has &een s#ffi$ient%* dis$#ssed in

Vineet Narainand there is no "resent ne$essit* of an* f#rther dis$#ssions on

this. In &.C. &e%ta v. Union of India, (28) 1 SCC ' this Co#rt

referred in the $ontet of on'oin' investi'ations to a L$ontin#o#s

anda#s5 and o&served that

Jhe 0#risdi$tion of the Co#rt to iss#e a !rit of $ontin#o#s anda#sis on%* to see that "ro"er investi'ation is $arried o#t. On$e the Co#rt

satisfies itse%f that a "ro"er investi'ation has &een $arried o#t it !o#%d

not vent#re to ta,e over the f#n$tions of the ?a'istrate or "ass an*

order !hi$h !o#%d interfere !ith his 0#di$ia% f#n$tions.K

38. he -#estion therefore is $an a stat#tor* fetter s#$h as Se$tion 6A of

the A$t &ind the eer$ise of "%enar* "o!er &* this Co#rt of iss#in' orders in

the nat#re of a $ontin#in' anda#s #nder Arti$%e 32 of the Constit#tion

he ans!er is -#ite o&vio#s%* in the ne'ative. An* stat#tor* eas$#%ation

intended or #nintended of the "o!ers eer$isa&%e #nder Arti$%e 32 of the

Constit#tion is i"erissi&%e.

39. In the Constit#tion +en$h de$ision in State of 3et en"al v.

Co**ittee for Protection of /e*ocratic 4i"%t, (21) SCC '1 the

-#estion that arose !as !hether the i'h Co#rt $o#%d dire$t the C+I to

investi'ate a $o'niHa&%e offen$e !hi$h is a%%e'ed to have ta,en "%a$e !ithin

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the territoria% 0#risdi$tion of a State !itho#t the $onsent of the State

:overnent. A"art fro the $onstit#tiona% iss#e re%atin' to the se"aration of

"o!ers the other iss#e re%ated to the stat#tor* &ar on investi'ations !itho#t

the $onsent of the State :overnent i"osed &* Se$tion 6 of the A$t. his

Se$tion reads as fo%%o!s

+. Con%ent of )tate Governent to eer!"%e of po-er% and

ur"%d"!t"on.Nothin' $ontained in Se$tion sha%% &e deeed to

ena&%e an* e&er of the =e%hi S"e$ia% o%i$e 4sta&%ishent toeer$ise "o!ers and 0#risdi$tion in an* area in a State not &ein' a

Union erritor* or rai%!a* area !itho#t the $onsent of the

:overnent of that State.K

40. The Constitution Bench discussed the issue of

separation of powers and later dealt with the statutory bar in

the context of judicial review. The Constitution Bench

referred (in paragraph 5 of the !eport" to the speech of #r.

$%bed&ar in the Constituent $sse%bly' with reference to

$rticle ) of the Constitution' wherein he said.

*+f + was as&ed to na%e any particular article in thisConstitution as the %ost i%portant , an article without

which this Constitution would be a nullity , + could notrefer to any other article except this one. +t is the verysoul of the Constitution and the very heart of it and +a% glad that the -ouse has realised its i%portance.

hereafter e"%ainin' the i"ortan$e of $%a#se (2) of Arti$%e 32 and the

e"ression Jin the nat#re ofK #sed therein the Constit#tion +en$h he%d in


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"ara'ra"h 3 of the


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revie! &* the i'h Co#rt in o#r o"inion !o#%d not ao#nt to

infrin'eent of either the do$trine of se"aration of "o!er or the

federa% str#$t#re.K

72. he %a! %aid do!n &* the Constit#tion +en$h visvis a i'h Co#rt

eer$isin' 0#di$ia% revie! #nder Arti$%e 226 of the Constit#tion and a

stat#tor* restri$tion #nder Se$tion 6 of the A$t !o#%d a""%* ("erha"s !ith

'reater vi'o#r) mutatis mutandis to the eer$ise of 0#di$ia% revie! &* this

Co#rt #nder Arti$%e 32 of the Constit#tion !ith referen$e to a stat#tor*

restri$tion i"osed &* Se$tion 6A of the A$t. hat &ein' so Se$tion 6A of

the A$t #st &e eanin'f#%%* and rea%isti$a%%* read on%* as an in0#n$tion to

the ee$#tive and not as an in0#n$tion to a $onstit#tiona% $o#rt onitorin' an

investi'ation #nder Arti$%e 32 of the Constit#tion in an eer$ise of 0#di$ia%

revie! and of iss#in' a $ontin#in' anda#s.

73. he need for a se"arate o"inion has arisen sin$e I have soe

reservations on the inter"retation of the de$isions of this Co#rt referred to &*

+rother #sti$e odha !ith re'ard to the "%enit#de of "o!ers eer$isa&%e &*

this Co#rt #nder Arti$%e 172 of the Constit#tion. hose reservations are not

at a%% ateria% for the "resent sin$e the $on$%#sion arrived at is the sae the

ro#te &ein' different. /hi%e +rother #sti$e odha has re%ied on Arti$%e 172

of the Constit#tion to arrive at a $on$%#sion that Se$tion 6A of the A$t has

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no a""%i$ation to a $onstit#tiona% $o#rt onitored investi'ation I have

rea$hed the sae $on$%#sion &* re%*in' inter alia on Arti$%e 32 of the

Constit#tion and the dis$#ssion on 0#di$ia% revie! fo#nd in Co**ittee for

Protection of /e*ocratic 4i"%t.

....J.New Delhi; (Madan B. Lokur)December 17, 21!

6D


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