NINE ABDOMINO- PELVIC REGIONS. Maintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through nervous and...
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Transcript of NINE ABDOMINO- PELVIC REGIONS. Maintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through nervous and...
NINE
ABDOMINO-PELVIC
REGIONS
Maintaining Homeostasis
• The body communicates through nervous and endocrine systems consisting of 3 basic components1) Receptor
• Detects a stimulus
2) Control center• Analyzes information• Determines appropriate response
3) Effector (Muscles or glands)• Responds to the stimulus
Simple columnar
Stratified Squamous
Bone
Simple squamous
Simple Squamous
Simple Squamous
Nervous
Stratified Cuboidal
Stratified columnar
Stratified columnar
Stratified columnar
Nerve
Simple cuboidal
Smooth muscle
Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
Stratified Squamous
Figure 7.1a
Skull
Thoracic cage(ribs andsternum)
(a) Anterior view
Facial bonesCranium
Sacrum
Vertebralcolumn
ClavicleScapulaSternumRibHumerusVertebraRadiusUlnaCarpals
PhalangesMetacarpalsFemurPatella
TibiaFibula
TarsalsMetatarsalsPhalanges
Figure 7.16
Cervical curvature (concave)7 vertebrae, C1–C7
Thoracic curvature(convex)12 vertebrae,T1–T12
Lumbar curvature(concave)5 vertebrae, L1–L5
Sacral curvature(convex)5 fused vertebrae sacrum
Coccyx4 fused vertebrae
Anterior view Right lateral view
Spinousprocess
Transverseprocesses
Intervertebraldiscs
Intervertebralforamen
C1
Figure 7.33a
Medialcuneiform
Phalanges
Metatarsals
TarsalsNavicular
Intermediatecuneiform
Talus
Calcaneus(a) Superior view
Cuboid
Lateralcuneiform
Proximal54321
Middle
Distal
Trochleaof talus
Figure 7.28a-b
• Trapezoid• Trapezium
• Scaphoid
Phalanges
Carpals
Radius
• Proximal• Middle• Distal
• Triquetrum• Lunate
• Capitate• Hamate
• Pisiform
Metacarpals
Carpals
(b) Posterior view of left hand
Ulna
• Base• Shaft• Head
• Trapezoid• Trapezium
• Scaphoid
Carpals
(a) Anterior view of left hand
Radius
Sesamoidbones
• Gouty Arthritis
• Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by inflammation
• More common in men; Typically affects the joint at the base of the great toe
• In untreated gouty arthritis, the bone ends fuse and immobilize the joint
• Treatment: drugs, plenty of water, avoidance of alcohol
• Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause
• Usually arises between age 40 and 50, but may occur at any age; affects 3 times as many women as men
• Signs and symptoms include joint pain and swelling (usually bilateral), anemia, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, and cardiovascular problems; RA begins with synovitis of the affected joint
• Inflammatory blood cells migrate to the joint, release inflammatory chemicals
• Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into a pannus • Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms, articulating bone ends
connect (ankylosis)• Conservative therapy: aspirin, long-term use of antibiotics, and
physical therapy• Progressive treatment: anti-inflammatory drugs or
immunosuppressants
Movements at Synovial Joints1. Gliding2. Angular movements:
– Flexion, extension, hyperextension– Abduction, adduction– Circumduction
3. Rotation– Medial and lateral rotation
Movements at Synovial Joints4. Special movements– Supination, pronation– Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion of the foot– Inversion, eversion– Protraction, retraction– Elevation, depression– Opposition
Gliding Movements
• One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
• Examples:– Intercarpal joints– Intertarsal joints– Between articular processes of vertebrae
Figure 8.5a
Gliding
(a) Gliding movements at the wrist
Angular Movements
Movements that occur along the sagittal plane:
• Flexion—decreases the angle of the joint
• Extension— increases the angle of the joint
• Hyperextension—excessive extension beyond normal range of motion
Figure 8.5b
(b) Angular movements: flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the neck
Hyperextension Extension
Flexion
Figure 8.5c
Hyperextension Flexion
Extension
(c) Angular movements: flexion, extension, andhyperextension of the vertebral column
Figure 8.5d
Extension
Extension
Flexion
Flexion
(d) Angular movements: flexion and extension at theshoulder and knee
Angular Movements
Movements that occur along the frontal plane:
• Abduction—movement away from the midline
• Adduction—movement toward the midline
• Circumduction—flexion + abduction + extension + adduction of a limb so as to describe a cone in space
Figure 8.5e
Abduction
Adduction
(e) Angular movements: abduction, adduction, andcircumduction of the upper limb at the shoulder
Circumduction
Rotation
• The turning of a bone around its own long axis
• Examples:– Between C1 and C2 vertebrae
– Rotation of humerus and femur
Figure 8.5f
Lateralrotation
Medialrotation
Rotation
(f) Rotation of the head, neck, and lower limb
Special Movements
• Movements of radius around ulna:– Supination (turning hand backward)– Pronation (turning hand forward)
Figure 8.6a
Supination(radius and ulna are parallel)
(a) Pronation (P) and supination (S)
Pronation(radius rotatesover ulna)
Special Movements
• Movements of the foot:– Dorsiflexion (upward movement) – Plantar flexion (downward movement)
Figure 8.6b
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
(b) Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
Special Movements
• Movements of the foot:– Inversion (turn sole medially)– Eversion (turn sole laterally)
Figure 8.6c
EversionInversion
(c) Inversion and eversion
Special Movements
• Movements in a transverse plane:– Protraction (anterior movement)– Retraction (posterior movement)
Figure 8.6d
Protractionof mandible
Retractionof mandible
(d) Protraction and retraction
Special Movements
• Elevation (lifting a body part superiorly)
• Depression (moving a body part inferiorly)
Figure 8.6e
Elevationof mandible
Depressionof mandible
(e) Elevation and depression
Special Movements
• Opposition of the thumb– Movement in the saddle joint so that the thumb
touches the tips of the other fingers
Figure 8.6f
(f) Opposition
Opposition
• Odor Of Orangutan Terrified Tarzan After Forty Voracious Gorillas Viciously Attacked Him
• Old Opie Occasionally Tries Trigonometry And Feels Very Gloomy, Vague And Hypoactive
• The cranial nerves are:
• I - Olfactory nerve
• II - Optic nerve
• III - Oculomotor nerve
• IV - Trochlear nerve
• V - Trigeminal nerve/dentist nerve
• VI - Abducens nerve
• VII - Facial nerve
• VIII - Vestibulocochlear nerve/Auditory nerve
• IX - Glossopharyngeal nerve
• X - Vagus nerve
• XI - Accessory nerve/Spinal accessory nerve
• XII - Hypoglossal nerve
Figure 12.6a
Postcentralgyrus
Centralsulcus
Precentralgyrus
Frontallobe
(a)
Parietal lobeParieto-occipital sulcus(on medial surfaceof hemisphere)Lateral sulcus
Transverse cerebral fissure
Occipital lobeTemporal lobe
CerebellumPons
Medulla oblongataSpinal cord
Cortex (gray matter)
Fissure(a deepsulcus)
Gyrus
SulcusWhite matter
Figure 12.6b
Centralsulcus
(b)
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe(pulled down)
Gyri of insula
Figure 16.1
Pineal glandHypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Parathyroid glands(on dorsal aspectof thyroid gland)Thymus
Thyroid gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovary (female)
Testis (male)
Mechanisms of Hormone Action
• Two mechanisms, depending on their chemical nature
1. Water-soluble hormones (all amino acid–based hormones except thyroid hormone)
• Cannot enter the target cells
• Act on plasma membrane receptors
• Coupled by G proteins to intracellular second messengers that mediate the target cell’s response
Mechanisms of Hormone Action
2. Lipid-soluble hormones (steroid and thyroid hormones)
• Act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes
Homeostatic Imbalances of the Brain
• Traumatic brain injuries– Concussion—temporary alteration in function– Contusion—permanent damage– Subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage—may
force brain stem through the foramen magnum, resulting in death
– Cerebral edema—swelling of the brain associated with traumatic head injury
• Alzheimer’s disease (AD): a progressive degenerative disease of the brain that results in dementia; accounts for 50 to 80 percent of dementia cases, early onset types can appear as early as 40 yoa
• Two abnormal structures called plaques and tangles are prime suspects in damaging and killing nerve cells.
• Plaques are deposits of a protein fragment called beta-amyloid that build up in the spaces between nerve cells.
• Tangles are twisted fibers of another protein called tau that build up inside cells.
• Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)—temporary episodes of reversible cerebral ischemia
Figure 18.4e
Aorta
Left pulmonaryarteryLeft atriumLeft pulmonaryveins
Mitral (bicuspid)valve
Aortic valve
Pulmonary valveLeft ventricle
Papillary muscleInterventricularseptumEpicardiumMyocardiumEndocardium
(e) Frontal section
Superior vena cava
Right pulmonaryarteryPulmonary trunk
Right atrium
Right pulmonaryveinsFossa ovalisPectinate muscles
Tricuspid valveRight ventricle
Chordae tendineae
Trabeculae carneae
Inferior vena cava
Body Cavities
The ventral cavity contains the thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities, and are separated by the diaphragm.
Dorsal cavity contains the cranial and spinal cavities
Figure 12.12
Corpus callosum
Choroid plexusThalamus(encloses third ventricle)
Pineal gland(part of epithalamus)
Posterior commissure
CorporaquadrigeminaCerebralaqueductArbor vitae (ofcerebellum)Fourth ventricleChoroid plexusCerebellum
Septum pellucidum
Interthalamicadhesion(intermediatemass of thalamus)Interven-tricularforamenAnteriorcommissure
Hypothalamus
Optic chiasma
Pituitary gland
Cerebral hemisphere
Mammillary bodyPonsMedulla oblongata
Spinal cord
Mid-brain
Fornix
· Premature Ventricular Complexes PVCs
Also you'll see 2 odd waveforms, these are the ventricles depolarizing prematurely in response to a signal within the ventricles.(Above - unifocal PVC's as they look alike if they differed in appearance they would be called multifocal PVC's, as below)
Multi focal PVCs