New World BeginningsChapter 1

Earth's : originally a single continent with App. Mt. forming during this time.

Origin split slowly occurs

N Am:Rockies, Sierra Nevada, and Cascades formed later;

N Am held together - Canadian Shield

Ice Age: water freezes, water level goes down exposing land bridge between Eurasia & N Am.

Early Am: came from Asia (Native Am Indians)

* relied on corn/maize * 3 sister farming: corn,

beans, squash * loosely defined tribes w/

substantial authority given to women

Indirect Discoverers:

Norse Scandinavians - Newfoundland; perished

1000-1300 ADCrusades or Holy Wars took place b/w the Muslims and Christians

Moors (Muslims) invaded Spain which was a Christian country.

Marco Polo (1295) returns from the Far East

News of riches in Far East:

a. silk - soft vs. wool’s rough & smellb. drugs – opiumc. perfumes - hide body odord. tapestry - adorn walls of castlese. spices - especially sugar - used to preserve and flavor foods.

Marco Polo obtained & carried items overland through Muslim’s territory who charged toll. This made the end price expensive (only royalty could afford & Muslims wealthy)

Europeans - can’t sail south along coast of Africa & return against prevailing winds.

1450 - caravel invented - ship that could sail closer to the wind.

Impact - exposed to Africa’s gold and slave trade.

Africans/Arabs - flesh markets increase $ if slave was from distant land (slave less likely to be rescued/escape--didn’t know language/terrain.

Indirect impact: fosters extension of regional African culture & tribal

identities.

Over 28 Million Africans have been enslaved over the Muslim world over the past 14 centuries

Portuguese: Est. sugar plantations on various islands off coast of Africa Created demand for slave labor.

Explorers:Bartholomeu Diaz (1488) -

explored & rounded horn of Africa.

Vasco da Gama (1498) - explored east coast of Africa to India.

Age of Renaissance: (exploration flourished)

a. compass invented - better maps using concept of lat. & long.

b. printing press invented – better communication

c. improvements in naval architecture – Prince Henry “the Navigator” of Portugal

- hull of ships got bigger - carry more supplies/water.

Spain: Marriage of Ferdinand (Aragon) and Isabella (Castile):

Created single national state when the Moors/Muslim were expelled from the Iberian Peninsula

Columbus (Ita) - contracted with Isabella to find alternate route to

the Far East:a. Admiral b. land claimed for Spainc. Columbus gets to keep 10% d. 100 soldiers (stake claim)e. 3 ships (Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria)

Sails west, sites land October 12, 1492 (San Salvador/Bahamas)

Stage is Now Set:Europe - markets,

capital, and technology

Africa - slave laborN Am -

raw materials (precious metals & soil for sugar cultivation)

Colombian Exchange see chart p. 15

Old World Offered: animals (cattle, swine, horse)seeds (bluegrass, dandelion, daisies)disease (small pox, malaria,

yellow fever)

New World Offered: animals (buffalo, iguana, rattlesnakes) plants (tobacco, corn, beans,

tomatoes, potatoes) disease (syphilis)

raw materials

New World Divided - Treaty of Tordesaillas (1494) - divides New World in a civilized manner - Pope draws line.

Spanish Conquistadors: (7 original)

1513 - Vasco Balboa - Panama; Pacific Ocean

1513/21 - Juan Ponce de Leon - Florida; myth of fountain of youth

1519 - Ferdinand Magellan - Straits of Magellan S Am.; credit for sailing 1st around the world

1519- Hernan Cortes - Mexico/Aztecs; fights Montezuma; known for creating mestizos (1/2 Indian; 1/2 European)

1532 - Francisco Pizarro - Peru/Incas

1539/42- Hernandez de Soto - Florida, Mississippi & Ark Rivers

1540/42- Francisco Coronado - TX/Arizona/NM/Kansas & discovered theGrand Canyon/Colo. River

Black Legend - false concept that all conquers:a. torturedb. butchered (killing for Christ)c. stole goldd. spread diseasee. left only misery behind.

Reality of the Black Legend:

a. some of the above legend was done b. erected colossal empire

(CA to Fla. south to Tierra del Fuego)

c. blended culture, laws, religion and

language.

1542 - Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo - CA coastline

1565- Established fort at St. Augustine, Fla. to keep French from settling

in the area

1598 - Don Juan de Onate - abused Pueblos/NM

1769 - Father Junipero Serra - San Diego; set up 21 chain missions along

CA coast

English Explorer:

1497/98- Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) - NE coast of N Am (sailed north)

French Explorers:

1524 - Giovanni de Verrazano -

East coast of N Am.

1534 - Jacques Cartier - St. Lawrence River

1680s- Robert de la Salle - down Miss River

Looking Back:• Earth was formed as a single continent• Early Americans relied on 3-sister farming• European Influence: Norse, Crusades,

Renaissance – Inventions & Columbus• Explorers of the New World

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