Holt Call to Freedom Chapter 1: The World before the Opening of the Atlantic (Beginnings – 1500)

Holt Call to Freedom

Chapter 1:The World before the

Opening of the Atlantic

(Beginnings – 1500)

1.1 The Earliest Americans

OBJECTIVES:Explain how the first people arrived in

the Americas.Analyze why the development of

agriculture was importantIdentify some aspects of early

Mesoamerican culture.Describe early societies in North

America and their accomplishments.

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes2

I. The First Migration to the Americas


A. The Ice Age

1. During the last Ice Age, large amounts of water were locked up in ice sheets called glaciersglaciers.

2. Lower ocean levels created a land mass between northeastern Asia and present-day Alaska that geographers call BeringiaBeringia.


Source: http://www.lonelyplanet.com/mapshells/north_america/alaska/alaska.htm

B. Travelers from Asia

1. Historians use archaeologyarchaeology – the study of the unwritten past – to learn about the people from Asia they believe crossed over into North America on this land bridge.

2. Archaeologists study artifactsartifacts, or remains of objects made by humans.


Source: http://www.pma.edmonton.ab.ca/human/archaeo/aspects/_project.htm


3. Artifacts show that the Paleo-IndiansPaleo-Indians, or the first Americans, crossed into Alaska between 38,000 and 10,000 B.C.

4. This migrationmigration – movement of people from one region to another – took place over a long period of time.



5. Paleo-Indians were hunter-gatherers hunter-gatherers who hunted animals and gathered wild plants.


Source: http://www.wsu.edu/gened/learn-modules/top_agrev/3-Hunting-and-Gathering/hunt-gathering1.html

II. Adapting to a New Climate


A. The New Climate

1. When the Ice Age ended about 8,000 B.C., glaciers melted, oceans rose, and Beringia was covered by water.

2. New environmentsenvironments – climates and landscapes that surround living things – appeared.


B. New Ways of Life

1. Different environments led to new societiessocieties, or groups that share a common cultureculture – a set of common values and traditions.

2. Some societies practiced domesticationdomestication, the process of breeding plants or animals to meet human needs.


B. New Ways of Life

3. Archaeologists in Mexico have found signs of the first maizemaize, or corn, grown by people.

4. Agriculture allowed for villages and larger and more complex societies to develop.


Source: http://www.wisc.edu/teosinte/images.htm

Photo by: John Doebley

Photo by: John Doebley

Photo by: Hugh Iltis

Maize

This maize ear resembles the earliest archaeological corn

recovered from the Tehuacán valley in Mexico.

III. Mesoamerica and South America


A. Mesoamerican Culture

1. The Olmec developed writing using glyphsglyphs – symbols that represent ideas.

2. The Aztecs built a large empire in the central valley of Mexico.


The photo shows a cylinder seal that was discovered at an Olmec site at San Andréas in Mexico. The image at right shows what would be printed when the seal is inked and rolled out. The bird appears to be "speaking" the markings at far right. Among the markings are symbols for kingship and a calendar date,

and researchers say they probably represent the name of an Olmec king.

Source: http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/olmec/olmec-writing.htm

B. South America

1. Inca civilization began in the Andes.

2. The Inca Empire included some 25,000 miles of road.


IV. Early North American Societies


A. The Anasazi

• The Anasazi lived in the southwest where there was little rainfall.


B. Eastern and Midwestern North America

1. The Hopewell lived along the Mississippi and lower Missouri River valleys until about 400 A.D.

2. The Mississippians lived along the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers between 700 A.D. and 1500 A.D.


1.2 Cultural Areas in North America


OBJECTIVES:Explain how the environment

influenced Native American cultures in North America.

Describe the types of housing built by Native Americans.

Examine the various traits of Native Americans in different culture areas.

I. The Far North


A. The Arctic culture area

1. The Inuit lived in present-day northern Alaska and Canada; the Aleut lived in western Alaska.

2. Both groups used kayaks, or one-person canoes covered with skins.

3. The Intuit sometimes build igloos, or houses made of ice or other materials.


Source: http://www.skinboats.com/baidarka.html

The Aleut kayak (generally designated in literature by the term baidarka), because of the perfection of its design and construction, was greatly admired by the foreign seamen who explored this part of Alaska during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Source: http://www.arctickayaks.com/PDF/Robert-Lamblin1980/robert-lamblin1980.pdf

B. The Subarctic Culture

• The subarctic culture area included the Athabascan and Algonquian peoples.


II. The Pacific Coast


A. Environment

1. Mild climate with rich supply of wildlife and plants

2. In the Northwest, the Tlingit, Nootka, and Skokomish peoples relied on salmon, sea otters, and whales for food.


B. Cultures

1. Northwest people carved images of totems totems – ancestor or animal spirits – on tall wooden poles.

2. To show wealth, individuals held potlatchespotlatches, events to give away belongings.

3. Native Americans in the California region had abundant food sources year-round, which made farming unnecessary.


Source: http://www.everythingalaska.com/eta.ttp3.html#

III. The West and Southwest


A. Great Basin

1. Dry climate made survival difficult.

2. Groups included the Paiute, Shoshone, and Ute.


B. The Southwest

1. Groups included the Apache, Navajo, and Pueblo.

2. Pueblo people held religious activities in kivaskivas, or round ceremonial rooms.


…three-dimensional reconstruction of a Great Kiva, an architectural feature found in many prehistoric Anasazi communities in the Southwestern United States. This particular model was created using archaeological records from the excavated Chetro Ketl Great Kiva, which was found in Chaco Canyon in northwestern New Mexico.

Source: http://sipapu.ucsb.edu/great.kiva/old/index.html

IV. The Great Plains


A. The Region

1. Stretches from Canada into Texas and is bounded by the Rocky Mountains to the west and the Mississippi Valley to the east.

2. Mainly grasslands, was home to millions of buffalo and other game animals


B. Societies

1. Mandan lived on the northern Plains; Pawnee lived on the Central Plains; Apache lived on the southern Plains.

2. Eastern and western borders – Arapaho, Blackfoot, Comanche, Teton Sioux


V. The East


A. Southeastern Groups

• Southeastern groups included the Cherokee, Creek, Natchez, and Seminole.


B. The Northeast

1. Algonquian and Iroquois were the two main groups.

2. Some Algonquians lived in wigwamswigwams, or small round huts, while the Iroquois lived in longhouseslonghouses, or rectangular homes of log and bark.

3.3. Iroquois LeagueIroquois League – political confederation that included several groups.


http://www.nativetech.org/wigwam/phototour.html

Note the dome shape of the wigwam

Source: http://www.nativeamericans.com/Wigwams.htm

1.3 Europe during the Middle Ages


OBJECTIVES:Identify the new lands the Vikings

explored.Describe society and daily life during the

Middle Ages.Examine the role of the Catholic Church

in people’s lives during the Middle Ages.Analyze events that brought about major

change in the late Middle Ages.

I. The Viking Explorations


A. The Vikings

1. Came from Scandinavia

2. Used ships to raid and trade throughout Europe


Source: http://www.mariner.org//educationalad/ageofex/viking_exp.php

B. Viking Settlements

• Settled Iceland and Greenland


Source: http://www.learningenrichment.org/eyes_viking_map.html

Toward the end of the 8th century CE, Viking seafarers from what we now call Norway (A), Denmark (B), and Sweden (C) embarked on a series of daring voyages for trade, colonization, and sometimes even plunder. Over the next 250 years, they planted settlements in Europe — from the British Isles (D) and France (E) to Italy (F) and Russia (G). Vikings from Norway, in particular, became the first Europeans, ever, to establish a passage across the Atlantic to North America. They did it in stages, setting up bases, as they went, in the Shetland Islands (H), Faroe Islands (I), Iceland (J), Greenland (K), and — for just a few years — in the place they called Vinland (L).

Greenland

Iceland

C. North American Settlements

1. Lief Eriksson and his crew sailed from Greenland around A.D. 1000.

2. Landed in present-day Canada and established a settlement in an area he called Vinland

3. Abandoned Vinland, perhaps because of attacks from Native Americans or distance from other Viking settlements


Source: http://www.learningenrichment.org/eyes_viking_map.html

Toward the end of the 8th century CE, Viking seafarers from what we now call Norway (A), Denmark (B), and Sweden (C) embarked on a series of daring voyages for trade, colonization, and sometimes even plunder. Over the next 250 years, they planted settlements in Europe — from the British Isles (D) and France (E) to Italy (F) and Russia (G). Vikings from Norway, in particular, became the first Europeans, ever, to establish a passage across the Atlantic to North America. They did it in stages, setting up bases, as they went, in the Shetland Islands (H), Faroe Islands (I), Iceland (J), Greenland (K), and — for just a few years — in the place they called Vinland (L).

Greenland

Vinland

Iceland

II. The Middle Ages


A. The Period

1. Began with the fall of the Roman Empire

2. The Middle AgesMiddle Ages lasted roughly from A.D. 500 to 1500.


B. Government and Society

1. Under feudalismfeudalism, people known as vassals pledged their loyalty to a lord in exchange for land.

2. Nobles relied on vassals to protect their manorsmanors, or large estates.

3. Peasants – free tenants and serfs – farmed the land.


http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/imagemid/manor.jpghttp://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/imagemid/manor.jpg

III. Life on a Manor


A. Manor Life

• Provided for most of the needs of the inhabitants


B. People of the Manor

1. Noblemen spent time ruling, fighting in battle, and managing farmland.

2. Noblewomen such as Eleanor of Aquitane were expected to be beautiful, virtuous, humble and intelligent.

3. Peasants had difficult lives with few opportunities.


Source: http://www.yesnet.yk.ca/schools/projects/middleages2000/famouspeople/famouspeople.html#ellieSource: http://www.yesnet.yk.ca/schools/projects/middleages2000/famouspeople/famouspeople.html#ellie

Eleanor Eleanor of of

AquitanAquitanee

IV. The Catholic Church


A. The Role of the Church

1. Center of religious and social life

2. Owned much land and advised rulers


B. Religious Communities

1. Monasteries, staffed by men called monks, were centers of learning.

2. Convents run by women called nuns created arts, earned money, and provided women with rare opportunities for education.


V. The Rise of Nations


A. England

1. Conquered by William of Normandy in 1066

2. In 1215 nobles forced King JohnKing John to sign Magna CartaMagna Carta, or Great Charter.

3. Magna Carta addressed land rights, protected some freedoms, and required nobles’ permission before the king could raise taxes.


John of England depicted in Cassell's History of England (1902)

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_EnglandSource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_England

Source; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_CartaSource; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta

B. Other Changes in Europe

1. Italian merchants expanded trade connections.

2. Increased food production led to rising populations.

3. Use of new technologies such as windmills


Source: http://richard.stanaway.net/sketches/windmill.jpgSource: http://richard.stanaway.net/sketches/windmill.jpg

1.4 Trade Across Continents


OBJECTIVES:Describe how Islam affected the

Mediterranean region.Examine the causes that led the

Chinese to join in and then withdraw from international trade.

Explain how trade influenced the African kingdoms.

I. The Spread of Islam


A. The Message

1.1. MuhammadMuhammad spread the word of Allah.

2. Muhammad’s messages are collected in the Qur’an, the holy book of Islam.


Source: http://www.feistymama.com/bp/mohammed.htm

An Artist’s depiction of the

prophet Mohammed

An Artist’s depiction of the

prophet Mohammed

B. The Muslim World

1. Muslims built a powerful navy and soon controlled the eastern Mediterranean.

2. Message of Islam was also spread by traders.

3. Valued learning and promoted philosophy, mathematics, and medicine.


II. The Crusades


A. The Holy Land

1. Area including Jerusalem and surrounding lands considered holy by Christians and Muslims.

2. About 1077, Seljuk Turks prevented Christians from visiting holy places.

3. Pope Urban II called for a holy war to seize Jerusalem in 1095.


JerusalemJerusalem

Map Map of The of The Holy Holy LandLand

Source: http://members.aol.com/Wisdomway/israelmap.htmSource: http://members.aol.com/Wisdomway/israelmap.htm

B. Military Expeditions

1. Called CrusadesCrusades, continued off and one for about 150 years

2. Crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099 but lost it 90 years later.


Source: http://utah.indymedia.org/uploads/crusades.jpgSource: http://utah.indymedia.org/uploads/crusades.jpg

The Cannibals of Ma'arraby Saracaen Publications Tuesday

October 07, 2003 at 08:09 AM

III. Empires in Asia


A. Mongols Invaders

1. By 1279 Mongol ruler Kublai KhanKublai Khan ruled an empire that stretched from China’s southern coast to the Black Sea.

2. Merchants traded along the Silk Silk RoadRoad, an overland trade route running from China to the Black Sea.


Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_KhanSource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_Khan

Source: http://www.silk-road.com/toc/Source: http://www.silk-road.com/toc/

The Silk RoadThe Silk Road

B. The Ming Dynasty

1. Overthrew Mongols in China in 1368

2. Built large fleet, traded with India and Arabia

3. Fleet commander Zheng HeZheng He led expeditions that brought wealth and knowledge to China.


Zheng He’s ShipZheng He’s Ship400ft long400ft long

Columbus’ shipColumbus’ ship

Source: http://www.chinapage.com/zhenghe.htmlSource: http://www.chinapage.com/zhenghe.html

Source: http://www.chinapage.com/zhenghe.htmlSource: http://www.chinapage.com/zhenghe.html

Zheng Zheng He’s TombHe’s Tomb

2/3 oz. Silver 2/3 oz. Silver commemorative coin of commemorative coin of

Zheng HeZheng He

IV. African Trading Kingdoms


A. East African Kingdoms

1. Aksum kingdom gained wealth through trade.

2. Bantu-speaking peoples formed about 30 separate city-states including Mogadishu, Mombasa, and Kilwa.

3. City-states shared a common religion, Islam, and a common language, Swahili.


B. West African Kingdoms

1. Traders tied West Africa to North Africa

2. Ghana’s wealth came from trading gold.

3. North African traders brought Islam to the empire of Mali in the mid-1200’s.


Source: http://www.vmfa.state.va.us/mali_geo_hist.html

B. West African Kingdoms (con’t)

4. Mailan leader Mansa MusaMansa Musa made a pilgramage to the Islamic holy city of Mecca in 1324.

5. The rulers of Songhai spread Islam throughout their vast territory until the late 1500’s.


Source: http://www.mrdowling.com/609-mansamusa.htmlSource: http://www.mrdowling.com/609-mansamusa.html

Depiction of Mansa Musa on European map of Africa

Holt Call to Freedom Chapter 1: The World before the Opening of the Atlantic (Beginnings – 1500)

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