New Refrigerants Designation

and Safety Classifications

E360 Forum • Raleigh, N.C. • March 1, 2017

Greg RelueManager, Regulatory Compliance/Product

Safety/Product Safety Officer

Emerson

Stefanie KopchickNorth America Marketing

Manager, Refrigerants

Chemours

This presentation is intended to highlight changing developments in the law and industry topics. The law is frequently evolving and information and publications in this presentation may not reflect the latest changes in the law or legal interpretations. The statements and information provided in this presentation should not be construed as legal advice or legal opinion regarding any specific facts or circumstances, but is intended for general informational purposes only. The views and statements expressed during this presentation are the personal opinions of the presenter and do not represent those of Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc. or its affiliated companies. You should consult an attorney about your situation and specific facts and you should not act on any of the information in this presentation as the information may not be applicable to your situation. Although all statements and information contained herein are believed to be accurate and reliable, they are presented without warranty of any kind. Information provided herein does not relieve the user from the responsibility of carrying out its own tests and experiments. Statements or suggestions concerning the use of materials and processes are made without representation or warranty that any such use is free of patent infringement and are not recommendations to infringe on any patents. This presentation may not be copied or redistributed without the express written consent of Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.

Disclaimer

2

Agenda

3

• Overview of regulations driving refrigerant changes

• What is a Class 2L “mildly flammable” refrigerant?

• Industry work to better understand flammability and system design implications

• Where do we go from here as an industry?

4

Environmental Considerations Driving Regulations

Ozone Depletion

“ODP”

Climate Change

“GWP”

Relevant Regulation:

• Montreal Protocol — global agreement for

phase-out of chlorine-containing gases

(CFCs and HCFCs)

Relevant Existing Regulations:

• Montreal Protocol Amendment (Kigali Agreement) —

global agreement for phase-down of HFCs

• USA: EPA SNAP Program

• EU: F gas II

• Japan: METI material conversion GWP limits

• Other countries: in development/TBD based on amendment

implementation timing applicable for that country

History of Refrigerant Transitions

5

Selection of Refrigerants for the Future Will Need to Balance Performance (Capacity and Efficiency), Safety and Sustainability, and Total Cost of System Ownership.

1930s

CFCs(R-12)

Chlorine

Single Bond

High ODP

Highest GWP

1950s

HCFCs(R-22)

Less Chlorine

Single Bond

Lower ODP

High GWP

1990s

HFCs(R-134a)

No Chlorine

Single Bond

No ODP

High GWP

TODAY

HFOs and

HFO Blends(R-1234yf, 1234ze,

R-449A, 513A, etc.)

No Chlorine

Double Bond

No ODP

Very Low GWP

1800s–1920s

Industrial

Chemicals(Methyl Chloride,

Ammonia, CO2, etc.)

Industrial

Chemicals(CO2, Hydrocarbons,

Ammonia)

+

How HFOs Work

6

HFC

Hydro fluorocarbon

HFO

Hydro fluoro olefin

Weaker double bond in HFOs allows for short atmospheric

life, while maintaining stability in systems.

Carbon-carbon

double bond

R-1234yf: HFO Molecule

7

R-134a HFO-1234yf

Formula CH2FCF3 CF3CF = CH2

Molecular Weight 102 114

ODP 0 0

GWP100 (AR5) 1,300 < 1

T Critical Point 102 ºC 95 ºC

Boiling Point -26 ºC -29 ºC

• Same operating conditions as R-134a (similar P/T curve)

• Thermally stable

• Capacity and efficiency similar to R-134a

• Mildly flammable (A2L)

• Used as blend component with other refrigerants to lower GWP

– Depending on the composition and percentage of 2L material, resulting blends are classified as either A1 (non-flammable) or A2L (mildly flammable).

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

134a

1234yf

Pre

ssu

re, M

Pa

Temperature, oC

Agenda

8

• Overview of regulations driving refrigerant changes

• What is a Class 2L “mildly flammable” refrigerant?

• Industry work to better understand flammability and system design implications

• Where do we go from here as an industry?

ANSI/ASHRAE Flammability Classifications

9

Class 2L vs. 2 Flammability classification is based on:

Burning velocity

• Maximum velocity at which a flame propagates in a

normal direction relative to unburned gas ahead of it

• Lower burning velocity

<10 cm/s = 2L

• Higher burning velocity

>10 cm/s = 2 or 3

Class 2 vs. 3 Flammability classification is based on:

Heat of combustion and lower flammability limit (LFL)

Perspective: Burning Velocity and Minimum Ignition Energy

Class 2L

Class 2 Class 3

10

Understanding Pressure Rise on Ignition

Reference: B. Hill, MACS January 21, 2010

t = 63 ms 125 msec 250 msec 500 msec 750 msec

IsobutaneElect. Arc

4 vol%

R-152aElect. Arc

8 vol%

HFO-1234yfElect. Arc – no ign

Lighter – above 4 vol%, no ign

Elect. Arc + butane → ign

8 vol%, orange flame is butane

Watch the ping pong balls for pressure rise

HFO-1234yf flames

can best be

characterized as “lazy

and unstable” with

low energy release

1 m3 enclosed space

denotes event

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Agenda

12

• Overview of regulations driving refrigerant changes

• What is a Class 2L “mildly flammable” refrigerant?

• Industry work to better understand flammability and system design implications

• Where do we go from here as an industry?

13

Current UL Allowable Charge Limits for Class 2L, 2 and 3 Refrigerants

See charts in Appendix for full detail on charge size limits by standard.

Refrigeration• For self-contained systems, allowable charge limit ranges depend on application

– Class 2 or 2L: Range 150–500 grams (5.3–17.7 oz)

– Class 3: Range 50–150 grams (1.7–5.3 oz)

• Governed by the following UL standards:– UL250 (household refrigerators and freezers)

– UL471 (commercial refrigerators and freezers, incorporated or remote)

– UL60335-2-89 (particular requirements for commercial refrigerating appliances)

– UL60335-2-24 (commercial refrig. ice makers and ice cream appliances)

Air Conditioning• Currently allowable charge of Class 2, 2L or 3 refrigerants are noted below

• Governed by the following UL standards:– UL484 (room air conditioners) based on room size

– UL 1995 (heating and cooling equipment) not allowed

– UL60335-2-40 (electrical heat pumps, AC and dehumidifiers) based on room sizeNote: UL 484 and parts of UL 1995 are being superseded by UL 60335-2-40 in 2020.

• Charge size and room size calculations are critical in understanding safety and mitigation required.

NOTE:

only for new

equipment;

not for retrofit!

NOTE:

only for new

equipment;

not for retrofit!

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North American Safety Standards

Under Revision for Low-GWP Refrigerants

• UL60335-2-24 (commercial refrigerating appliances — ice makers and ice cream appliances)

– Revision approved; in publication

• UL60335-2-40 – Second revision is being completed by the committee

• UL60335-2-89 (particular requirements for commercial refrigerating appliances with an incorporated or remote refrigerant unit or compress)

– Under revision in the committee

• ASHRAE 15 (safety standards for refrigeration systems)

– Addendum D — human comfort• Currently going out for second public review

– Addendum H — Machinery Rooms• Ready for committee approval to send out for public review

• ASHRAE 15.2 (safety standard for refrigeration systems in residential applications)

– Committee work still ongoing• Possible April 2017 public review

All committees are pushing to have

the revisions approved in 2017 to

meet the 2018 building code cycle.

See Appendix for additional international standards under revision.

AHRI’s Low-GWP Refrigerant Testing Projects

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AHRI Completed Research Reports Are Available to the Public on the AHRI Website:

http://www.ahrinet.org/site/511/Resources/Research/Public-Sector-Research/Technical-Results

• AHRI Low-GWP AREP Testing — Phase II

– Testing began in 2011

– Evaluated 17 new low-GWP refrigerant candidates

– Evaluation spanned major product categories, including air conditioners, heat pumps, chillers, ice makers and refrigeration equipment

• AHRI Flammability Research Subcommittee is working on several projects related to flammability of low-GWP refrigerants

– See next slide for details

AHRI’s Low-GWP Refrigerant Testing Projects (continued)

• Flammability Research Subcommittee (FRS) Project

– AHRTI 9007: benchmarking risk by real-life leaks and ignitions testing (post-ignition severity test analysis)

– A2L Project Objective: Conduct refrigerant leak and ignition testing under real-life conditions to understand the risk associated with the use of A2L refrigerants as opposed to the A1 refrigerants currently in use while considering ambient conditions (temperature and humidity) and refrigerant lubricants.

– The AHRTI’s Flammable Refrigerants Technical Committee has identified the following key research topics and is developing research projects to address them:

• Benchmarking risk by real-life leaks and ignitions testing

• Flammable refrigerants post-ignition risk assessment

• Determination of setting charge limits for various types of equipment employing flammable refrigerants

• Investigation of hot surface ignition temperature for A2L refrigerants

• Guide to A2L refrigerant handling and system installation and servicing

• Leak detection of A2L refrigerants in HVACR equipment

– Results to be published April 2017

• FRS — A3 ignition testing commencing Spring 2017

– Funded by CARB (California Air Resource Board)

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AHRI Completed Research Reports Are Available to the Public on the AHRI Website: http://www.ahrinet.org/site/511/Resources/Research/Public-Sector-Research/Technical-Results

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NFPA Research Project:

Evaluating the Fire Hazard of ASHRAE Class A3 Refrigerants

• Goal of research project:

– Assess fire hazard of Class A3 refrigerants, specifically propane (R-290), in volumes > 150g up to 1,000g in

refrigeration appliances used in a commercial retail setting

• Project scope includes:– Literature review of previous relevant work

– Perform Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA) for accidental release scenarios and potential leak rates

– Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling and experimental testing to assess fire hazards of accidental releases of R-290 from appliances in commercial retail setting

– Perform risk assessment of refrigerant ignition and document results in a final report

• Targeted project completion: June 2017

• Sponsoring companies:

– Principal sponsors: AHT, Bitzer, Carter, Delhaize, Emerson, Heatcraft, HillPhoenix, Hussmann, Target

– Participating sponsors: Chemours, CTA Architects & Engineers, Energy Squared Consulting Engineers

Agenda

18

• Overview of regulations driving refrigerant changes

• What is a Class 2L “mildly flammable” refrigerant?

• Industry work to better understand flammability and system design implications

• Where do we go from here as an industry?

Work Across Industry to Prepare for Use of Flammable Refrigerants

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• Updates of standards (ASHRAE 15)

• Updates of codes (universal mechanical codes, international mechanical codes, state codes adoption)

• Several work streams in parallel addressing:

– Aftermarket servicing, recovery, cylinder disposal

• Pumps/recovery machines (UL 1963 SA)

• Hand-held leak detectors (EN 14624-2012, SAE J2913, SAE J2791)

• Refrigerant identifiers

• Aftermarket servicing guidelines (AHRI project[s])

• Recovery cylinders (DOT)

• Refrigerant cylinder disposal (AHRI Guideline Q)

– Storage/warehousing (NFPA 58)

– Transportation (DOT Class 2.1 flammable)

Safe Servicing of Flammable Refrigerants

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• Notes for servicing systems with flammable refrigerant

– Look for the RED Pantone-colored service connections

– Look at the unit’s nameplate for the refrigerant and if it has a flame symbol

• If the equipment has the features mentioned above, do the following:

– Review the manual supplied by the manufacturer prior to repair

– Evacuate/purge/evacuate/purge the system prior to repairing leaks

» Purging is to be completed with dry nitrogen

• AHRI Guideline N Committee is proposing cylinder color designations for flammables.

• AHRI Guideline M Committee is discussing appropriate fittings for flammables.

Key Take-Away Messages

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• A significant reduction in GWP can be achieved with non-flammable HFO blends, which provide solutions for system retrofits and new equipment with large charge sizes.

• As the industry drives toward the use of ultra-low GWP refrigerants, many solutions will necessitate a transition to Class 2L, 2 or 3 flammable solutions in certain applications.

• Industry organizations are currently studying appropriate charge size limits and safety criteria for Class 2L and Class 3 refrigerants. Updates to relevant codes and standards are expected over the next two years.

• Flammable or mildly flammable refrigerants will only be allowed for new systems; retrofit solutions will need to be non-flammable.

• Across all of the studies, there is significant focus on ensuring the safety of all involved in manufacturing, transporting, servicing and operating HVACR equipment.

Questions?

DISCLAIMER

Although all statements and information contained herein are believed to be accurate and reliable, they are presented without guarantee or warranty of any kind, expressed or

implied. Information provided herein does not relieve the user from the responsibility of carrying out its own tests and experiments, and the user assumes all risks and liability for

use of the information and results obtained. Statements or suggestions concerning the use of materials and processes are made without representation or warranty that any such

use is free of patent infringement and are not recommendations to infringe on any patents. The user should not assume that all toxicity data and safety measures are indicated

herein or that other measures may not be required.

Thank You!

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Appendix

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Current UL Standard Charge Limits for Low-GWP Refrigerants

• Refrigeration– UL250 (household refrigerators and freezers)

• A2 – 225g (8.0 oz)

• A3 – 50g (1.7 oz)

– UL471 (commercial refrigerators and freezers, incorporated or remote)

• A2/A2L – 500g (17.7 oz)

• A3 – 150 g (5.3 oz)

– UL60335-2-89 (particular requirements for commercial refrigerating appliances with an incorporated or remote refrigerant unit or compress)

• All flammable refrigerants 150g (5.3 oz)

• Charges larger than 150g, use ISO5149

– UL60335-2-24 (commercial refrigerating appliances — ice makers and ice cream appliances)

• The second edition increased flammable refrigerants from 50g to 150g to harmonize the IEC

– UL1995 (heating and cooling equipment)

• Refrigeration condensing units use UL471

• Air Conditioning

– UL1995 (heating and cooling equipment)

• A2/A2L – not allowed

• A3 – not allowed

• UL60335-2-40 (particular requirements for electrical heat

pumps, air conditioners and dehumidifiers)

• A2/A2L/A3 — Based on room size calculations

– The mass charge amount employed and m1, m2, m3, defined as follows:

– m1 = (4 m3) * LFL:

– m2 = (26 m3) * LFL:

– m3 = (130 m3) * LFL:

– UL484 (room air conditioners)

• Based on room size calculations

– Amin = (M/(2.5 X(LFL)(5/4) X h0))1/2

» Example: R-290 LFL = 0.038

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International Safety Standards Under Revision

• BS EN 378 (refrigerating systems and heat pumps — safety and environmental requirements)

– BS EN378 was revised to bring it into alignment with ISO5149, the international safety standard. This included the

introduction of an additional flammability class, 2L, to the method of charge calculation based on refrigerant

classification and the addition of two new alternative methods of charge calculation. Most of this is detailed in

Part 1 of the Standard. In Part 2, flowcharts used for determination of protective device requirements have

changed. Part 3 includes changes to the requirements for machinery rooms. Changes to Part 4 are less

significant. Several informative annexes have been introduced to cover stress corrosion cracking, leak

simulation, commissioning and ignition sources (Part 2) and special provisions for handling ammonia vapor during

maintenance or decommissioning (Part 4, within the existing Annex C). ISO 5149

• To be published in the near future

• IEC 60335-2-89 (particular requirements for commercial refrigerating appliances with an incorporated or remote refrigerant unit or compressor)

– Currently, this standard is under standard continuing maintenance cycle.

• The work Group 4 is working on charge limits for A2/A2L/A3 refrigerants.