Nervous System - scripTower BIO 117 Lecture 8 (… · Basal Ganglia • “Regulate body ... •...
Transcript of Nervous System - scripTower BIO 117 Lecture 8 (… · Basal Ganglia • “Regulate body ... •...
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Nervous System
Chapters 10 and 11
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Learning obejectives
• Major divisions• Cell types• Characterize neurons by their action• Resting to Action Potential• Gray v white matter• Parts of the brain and spinal cord• Cranial and spinal nerves
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Major divisions of nervous system
• Central Nervous System (CNS)– Brain– Spinal Cord
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)– Cranial nerves– Spinal nerves
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Functions of the Nervous System
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Types of cells found in Nervous System
• Neuron: sends and receives electrical signals
• Neuroglia: provides support, protection, nourishment for the neurons
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Parts of the neuron
1.Dendrites2.Cell body
(Soma)3.Axon–Can have myelin
sheath
• Axon terminals–Contains
neurotransmitters
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Three main types of neurons
A.Sensory (Afferent) neurons– To CNS
B.Interneurons–Within CNS
C.Motor (Efferent) neurons– From CNS
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Three phases of signal transmission
1.Resting Potential
2.Depolarization
3.Repolarization
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Resting potential• Neuron at rest• Intracellular charge is
negative• Potassium (K+) is found on the
inside of the cell• Sodium (Na+) is found on the
outside• Maintained by Na+/K+ pump
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Depolarization
• Neuron has been stimulated• Sodium (Na+) “rushes” into the neuron• Inside cell goes from negative to
positive• Send signal (electrical)
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Repolarization
• Getting neuron “relaxed” – back to normal
• Three steps:1. Stop sodium coming in2. Allow potassium to leak out3. Na+/K+ pump
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Neurons communicating
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Electrical chemical electrical
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Tracking the flow of information
1.Impulse (electrical signal) to axon terminal
2.Neurotransmitter released from terminal
3.Binds to receptors on next neuron
4.Stimulates next neuron to depolarize and send impulse
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Synapse terms• Neurotransmitter released
from the presynaptic membrane (axon)
• Neurotransmitter travels across the synaptic cleft
• Neurotransmitter binds to the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane (dendrite)
• THINK: What if the dendrites don’t have receptors for that neurotransmitter?
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Any questions?
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GROUP ACTIVITY
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Main parts of the brain1. Cerebrum2. Diencephalon
a. Thalamusb. Hypothalamus
3. Brain Stema. Midbrainb. Ponsc. Medulla
Oblongata
4. Cerebellum
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CerebrumLobes:• Frontal
– “voluntary motor”
• Parietal– “general sense”
• Temporal – “hear, smell”
• Occipital– “vision”
Basal Ganglia• “Regulate body
movement”
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Diencephalon
• Thalamus–“Relay station”
• Hypothalamus–“Maintain
homeostasis”
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Brain stem
• Midbrain• Pons• Medulla Oblongata–“Vital center”
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Cerebellum
• “Little brain”• “Coordination &
prediction”–Notice:• Folia• Arbor vitae
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Other special parts of the brain
• Limbic system–“emotion and behavior”
• Reticular formation–“sleep-wake”–“filter the noise”
• Basal ganglia–Parkinson’s disease
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Meninges of the cns• Protection!
–3 layers!1. Pia mater2. Arachnoid mater3. Dura mater
–2 important spaces• Epidural space
(outside dura)• Subarachnoid
space–CSF
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Spinal cord
• Spinal cavity• Connected to the
brain– Extends from foramen
magnum to L1
• Decussation• 3 Main functions of
spinal cord– Sensory pathway– Motor pathway– Reflexes
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Spinal nerves
• Spinal nerves: 31 pairs– 8 cervical– 12 thoracic– 5 lumbar– 5 sacral– 1 coccygeal
• Plexus– Cervical plexus
• Dermatome – Skin
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Cranial Nerves• CN I
– Olfactory Smell
• CN II– Optic Vision
• CN V– Trigeminal Sensory face
• CN VII– Facial Motor face
• CN VIII– Vestibulocochlear
Hearing and balance
• CN X– Vagus Major
parasympathetic nerve
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Spinal reflexes
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Effectors
• What Motor Neurons communicate with
1. Muscles (skeletal, smooth, cardiac)
2. Glands
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Group activity