7/28/2019 Needs and Motivation

1/17

Motivation

7/28/2019 Needs and Motivation

2/17

Meaning of Motivation

Motivation is a basic psychological process.

It is a very important process in

understanding behaviour.

Desires, wants, wishes, aims, goals, needs,

drives, motives and incentives.

Latin word movere-> to move.

7/28/2019 Needs and Motivation

3/17

Defining Motivation

Key Elements

1. Intensity: how hard a person tries

2. Direction: toward beneficial goal

3. Persistence: how long a person tries

Motivation

The processes that account for an individuals

intensity, direction, and persistence of effort

toward attaining a goal.

7/28/2019 Needs and Motivation

4/17

The Basic Motivation Process

Needs Drives Incentives

7/28/2019 Needs and Motivation

5/17

The Basic Motivation Process

Needs:Created whenever there is a

physiological or psychological imbalance. e. g.

deprivations of food/ water in a cell or people

who serve as friends and companions.

Drives:Drives are setup to alleviate needs.

Physiological and psychological drives areaction oriented and provide and energizing

thrust toward reaching an incentive. e. g.

hunger and thirst drive, drive for affiliation.

7/28/2019 Needs and Motivation

6/17

The Basic Motivation Process

I ncentives:Anything that alleviates a

need and reduces a drive. And attainingan incentive tends to restore physiological

or psychological balance and reduces

drive. e. g. food, water and friends.

7/28/2019 Needs and Motivation

7/17

Hierarchy of Needs Theory (Maslow)

Hierarchy of Needs Theory

There is a hierarchy of five needs

physiological, safety, social, esteem,

and self-actualization; as each need is

substantially satisfied, the next needbecomes dominant.

Self-Actualization

The drive to become what one is capable of becoming.

7/28/2019 Needs and Motivation

8/17

The Hierarchy:

1. Physiological needs:e.g., hunger, thirst, sleep and sex.

2. Safety needs:e. g., emotional as well as physical safety.

3. Love and Belongingness (Social) needs:e. g., Affection

and affiliation needs.

4. Esteem needs:e. g., power, achievement, and status.

5. Needs for Self- Actualization:e. g., to become self

actualized, self-fulfilled, to realize all their potential.

Hierarchy of Needs Theory (Maslow)

7/28/2019 Needs and Motivation

9/17

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

Lower-Order NeedsNeeds that are satisfied

externally; physiological

and safety needs.

Higher-Order NeedsNeeds that are satisfied

internally; social, esteem,

and self-actualization

needs.

Source: Motivation andPersonality , 2nd ed,, by A.H. Maslow, 1970. Reprinted by permission of Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

7/28/2019 Needs and Motivation

10/17

HERZBERGS TWO- FACTOR

THEORY-Study on about 200 accountants and

engineers employed in and around

Pittsburg, Pennsylvania.

-Responses were obtained by critical

incident method

7/28/2019 Needs and Motivation

11/17

Two-Factor Theory (Frederick Herzberg)

Two-Factor (Motivation-Hygiene) Theory

Intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction, while

extrinsic factors are associated with dissatisfaction.

Hygiene Factors

Factorssuch as company policy and

administration, supervision, and

salarythat, when adequate in a job,

placate workers. When factors are

adequate, people will not be

dissatisfied.

7/28/2019 Needs and Motivation

12/17

Contrasting Views of Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction

E X H I B I T 63

7/28/2019 Needs and Motivation

13/17

Equity Theory

ReferentComparisons:

Self-inside

Self-outside

Other-inside

Other-outside

Equity Theory

Individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with

those of others and then respond to eliminate any

inequities.

7/28/2019 Needs and Motivation

14/17

Equity Theory (contd)

7/28/2019 Needs and Motivation

15/17

Equity Theory (contd)Choices for dealing with inequity:

1. Change inputs (slack off)

2. Change outcomes (increase output)3. Distort/change perceptions of self

4. Distort/change perceptions of others

5. Choose a different referent person6. Leave the field (quit the job)

7/28/2019 Needs and Motivation

16/17

Equity Theory (contd)Propositions relating to inequitable pay:

1. Overrewarded hourly employees producemore than equitably rewarded employees.

2. Overrewarded piece-work employeesproduce less, but do higher quality piecework.

3. Underrewarded hourly employees producelower quality work.

4. Underrewarded employees produce largerquantities of lower-quality piece work thanequitably rewarded employees

7/28/2019 Needs and Motivation

17/17

Equity Theory (contd)

Distributive Justice

Perceived fairness of the amount

and allocation of rewards among

individuals.

Procedural Justice

The perceived fairness of

the process to determine thedistribution of rewards.