Coupling Between Transmission Underground Cables and Pipelines
Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines
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Transcript of Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines
Canadian Natural GasNatural Gas Transmission Pipelines
Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines
nn Pipelinesnfunctionnasnenergynhighways,nandnarenintegralntonprovidingnenergynfornournhomes,nnaturalngasntonservenindustry,nandnanfuelnsourcentongeneratenelectricity.nn
nn Pipelinesnarenthensafestnandnmostnefficientnmeansnofntransportingnnaturalngasnfromnproducingnfieldsntonprocessingnfacilities,nandnfromnproducingnareasntonend-usenconsumersnvianlocalndistributionncompanies.nn
nn Safetynandnenvironmentalnperformancengonhand-in-hand.nnCanadanboastsnannoutstandingnpipelinensystemntontransportnandndelivernnaturalngasntoncustomersnthroughoutnthencontinent.
nn Thensinglenbiggestnthreatntonpipelinensafetyninvolvesnthenunauthorizedndiggingnornactivitynalongnpipelinenrightnofnways.
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natural gas moves up to 40 kilometres per hour,“ ”
Pipelineninfrastructurenexistsntonbringngasntonmarketnandnensurenthenfreenflownofngasnthroughoutnthencontinent.nnNaturalngasnisngenerallyndeliveredndirectlyntonthenconsumernbynpipeline.nHowever,nitnbeginsnthatnjourneynwithngasnwellsnconnectedntonsmall-diametern(fivencentimetresnton15ncentimetres)ngatheringnsystemsnthatntakenthenraw,nunprocessedngasntonangasnprocessingnfacility.nGasnprocessingnfacilities,nusuallynreferredntonasngasnplants,nvaryninnsizenfromnsmallncompressionnfacilitiesnthatnarenmountednonnmoveablenplatformsnandnthatnremovenimpuritiesnandnwaternfromnthengas,ntonlargengasnplantsnthatnalsonremovenhydrocarbonnbyproducts,nsulphurnandncarbonndioxide.nThen“dryngas”n(i.e.ngasnwithnlittlenornnoncondensatenornreservoirnliquids)nmaynthennbencompressednpriorntonitsnmovingnintonthentransmissionnsystemncomprisednofnsteelnpipenfromn50ncentimetresn(20ninches)ntonmorenthannanmetren(39.4ninches)ninndiameter.nnnFinally,nthenprocessedn“sales”ngasnisndistributedntonhomesnandnbusinessesnthroughnpipenwhichnrangesninnsizenfromn1n¼”nton4”ninndiameter.
Gasnflowsnthroughnthensystemnfromnareasnofnhighnpressurentonareasnofnlownpressurenthroughnthenusenofncompressorsnandnturbinesnsimilarntonjetnenginesnthatnincreasenthenpressurenofnthengasnupnton10,300nkilopascalsn(1,500npoundsnpernsquareninch).nnCompressednatnupnton100ntimesnthenpressurenofnthenatmosphere,nnaturalngasnmovesnupnton40nkilometresnpernhour,nwhichnisnapproximatelynthenspeednofnann
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Olympicnrunner.nnMostnlongndistancenmajorntransmissionnlinesngenerallynoperateninnthenrangenofn800-1500npsi.
Compressornstationsnarenplacednatnregularnintervalsnalongnthenpipelinentonincreasenlinenpressure,nwhichndeclinesnasnitntravelsnduentonfrictionngeneratednbynthenmovementnofnthengasnasnitnpassesnthroughnthenpipe.nTransmissionnlinencompressorsnarenmostnoftenndrivennbyngasnturbinesnwithnthennecessarynfuelnbeingntakennfromnthenpipeline.nWherenelectricitynisnpreferable,nelectricnmotorsnmaynbenusedntondrivencompressors.n
Transmissionnsystemsnmoventhengasnacrossngreatndistancesntonlocalndistributionncompaniesnorngasnutilities,nwherenthenpressurenisnreducednandnthengasnentersnandistributionnmainlinenfornlocalndeliveryntonservicenlinesnconnectedntonindividualnhomesnornbusinesses.
There are three main types of pipeline operators: n Producers,nwhonexplore,ndrillnandnextractnrawnnaturalngasnandnoperatenthengatheringnsystemsnnn thatntransportnnaturalngasnfromnthenwellheadntongasnprocessingnplantsnn Pipelinencompaniesnthatnoperatenpipelines,nwhichntransportnnaturalngasnthroughoutnNorthnn American Distributionncompaniesnthatndistributennaturalngasntonhomes,nindustrialnandncommercialnfacilitiesnn withinnlocalncommunities
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Producingnfieldsnarengenerallynthoughtnofnasnbeingninnremotenareasnsomendistancenfromnpopulationncentres;nhowever,nsomenproducingnfieldsnarenadjacentntonornunderliencities.nConsequently,ngatheringnsystemsncannrunnbeneathnwildernessnareas,nfarmland,nandncitiesnandntowns.nnnSimilarly,nhighnpressurentransmissionnpipelinesnexistninnbothnruralnandnurbannsettings.
Naturalngasndistributionnsystemsnarengenerallynfoundninnurbannlocations,ndeliveringnnaturalngasntonhouses,napartmentnblocks,nandncommercialnandnindustrialnbuildings.nInnmostnresidentialnsubdivisionsninnmanynpartsnofnCanada,ntherenisnanservicenlinenconnectingntoneachnhouse.n
Where Pipelines are Located
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Warningnsigns,nasnregulatednbynthenNationalnEnergynBoardn(NEB)nandnvariousnprovincialnregulatorynbodies,narenplacednonneachnsidenofnhighway,nroad,nrailwaynornwatercoursencrossingsnandnatnsuitablenintervalsnalongnthenpipelinentonclearlynandncontinuouslynmarknthenpipeline’snlocationnthroughnurbannareasnandnalongnthenright-of-waysnofnroadsnornhighways.
ThenprovisionnofnnaturalngasnisncriticalntonmeetingnNorthnAmerica’snneedsnfornenergyntonheatnhomesnandnbusinesses,ntongeneratenelectricity,npowernmanufacturingnplants,nfuelntransportation,nandnasnanrawnmaterialnfornanrangenofnproducts.nnCustomersnrelynonnournindustryntonprovidensafenandnuninterruptedntransportationnofnnaturalngasnandntondonthat,nournindustrynensuresnfacilitiesnandnequipmentnarenproperlynmaintainednandnmonitored.nnItnisnanresponsibilitynthatnpipelinencompaniesntakenverynseriously.nn
Tonbalancensupplynandndemand,nseveralnnaturalngasncompaniesnoperatenstoragenfacilitiesninndepletednoilnandngasnfieldsnandnundergroundnsaltncaverns.nThenlargestnstoragenfacilitiesnarenlocatedninncentralnandneasternnAlbertanandnsouthwesternnOntario.n
Right-of-waysnarenrecognizednasncorridorsnclearnofntrees,nbuildingsnandnothernstructuresnandnarenclearlynmarkednbynwarningnsigns.nProvincialnregulatorynbodiesnestablishnconstructionnstandards,nincludingndeterminingnthenminimumndepthnofnearthnovernanpipeline.nnHowever,nduentonhumannactivitynand/ornerosion,nthendepthnmaynbenshallower,nsonextremencautionnmustnbentakennwhennexcavatingnnearnanpipeline.nnnRegulatorynbodies,nbentheynthenNEBnornprovincialnagencies,nalsonmaintainnrecordsnofnthenlocationnofnallnnaturalngasnpipelines.
Right of Way
Importance of reliability
5
ThenDawnnHub,nlocatedn35nkmnsoutheastnofnSarnianinnsouthwesternnOntario,nisnthenlargestnundergroundnstoragenfacilityninnCanadanandnonenofnthenlargestninnNorthnAmerica.nnAngasntradingnhubnwithnannintegratednnetworknofn23ndepletedngasnpools,nthenDawnnHubnprovidesnenhancednreliabilitynandnoffersndistributionnandnpipelinencompanies,npowerngeneratorsnandnenergynmarketersnannimportantnlinkninnthentransmissionnofnnaturalngasnfromnWesternnCanadanandnUSnsupplynbasinsntonmarketsninncentralnCanada,nthenGreatnLakesnregionnandnthenUSnNortheast.nnnTennmajornpipelinesnhaveninterconnectionsninnthenDawnnareanprovidingnanvarietynofnsupplynoptions.nnThisnintegrationnmeansnshippersncannsourcennaturalngasnfromnallnmajornNorthnAmericannsupplynbasinsnandn
transportngasndownstreamntonmarketsninnEasternnCanadanandnthenNEnUnitednStates,nornupstream,ntonmarketsninnthenmid-westernnUS.
Thesenstoragenfacilitiesnallowngasntonbenstorednandnwithdrawn,nasndemandnrequiresnit.nThisnprovidesnanmoderatingneffectnonnpricesnandnensuresnthenconsistentnandnreliablendeliverynofnnaturalngasntonmeetnthenneednfornenergynasnandnwhennit’snneeded.
Thenconsistentnandnreliablendeliverynofnnaturalngasnisnalsonservednbynannintegrated,ncontinentalnpipelinennetwork.nnThenNorthnAmericannpipelinengridnisninterconnected,nefficient,nexpandablenandnhighlynreliable.nnItnthereforenprovidesnflexibilityninnthensourcingnandndeliverynofnnaturalngasnandnensuresnan
robustnnaturalngasnmarketplacenwhichnhelpsnkeepnpricesncompetitive.nnn
Pipelinencompaniesnknownthatntheirnsuccessnisndeterminednbyntheirnabilityntonprovidensafenandnreliablenservicentontheirncustomers.nnTheynarenthereforencommittedntonensuringnsystemnintegritynandnreliability,nandnhavenmadenon-goingninvestmentsninnthenmaintenancenofntheirninfrastructure.nnOurnpipelinensystemnhasnbeennconstructednovernmanyndecades,nwithnhundredsnofnkilometresnconstructednandninstalledneachnyear.nnNumerousnupgradesnhavenbeennmadentonthensystemnovernthenyears,nandncomprehensivenandnongoingnmaintenancenprogramsneffectivelynmanagenstructuralnintegritynandnthensafenandnreliablenoperationnofnthisnnetwork.nnThenindustrynisncontinuallynmonitoringnandnupgradingnthenpipelinensystem,nandnitnemploysnrigorousnandncomprehensivenintegritynmanagementnprograms.nn
Pipelinencompaniesnarengovernednbynconstructionnstandards,nmaterialnspecificationsnandnregulatorynrequirementsnwhichnaddressnon-goingnsafety.nnFornexample,nthenpipenisnmanufacturednfromnhigh-strengthncarbonnsteelnwithnanspecialncoatingn(cathodicnprotection)ntonprotectnitnfromn
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corrosion.nnPipelinencompaniesnoperatenprogramsntoncontinuallyninspect,ntestnandnundertakenpredictivenassessments.nn
Rigorousnpreventativenmeasuresnhelpntonensurenthenstructuralnintegritynofnthenpipenandnwithnroutineninspectionnandnongoingnmaintenance,nanpipelinensystemncannsupportnthengatheringnandntransmissionnofnnaturalngasnsafelynandnreliablynovernmanyndecades.nnWithnproperninspectionnandnon-goingnmaintenance,npipelinesndonnotndeterioratenwithnagenandncannlastnindefinitely.
PipelinencompaniesninnCanadanhavenannexcellentnperformancenandnsafetynrecordnandnpipelinesnrepresentnthenmostnefficientnandnsafestnmodenofntransportationnusedntonmovenfuelnproducts.
Tonensurenpublicnsafetynwhilenprovidingnreliablenservicentoncustomers,nexperiencednandnhighlyntrainednpersonnelnoperatenandnmaintainnthesenpipelinesnandnfacilitiesnusingnthoroughlyntestednproceduresn
Commitment to Safety
PhotonCourtesynofnTridentnExplorationnCorp.
Canadian Electricity Generation Portfolio - 1990 to 2007
2% 4% 5% 6%
16% 15%19% 18%
62% 60%
60% 60%
16% 18%13% 14%
4% 3% 4% 3%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1990 1995 2000 2007Source: NRCan End Use Database
Other
Nuclear
Hydro
Coal
Natural Gas
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andnstandards,nwhilenadheringntonstrictnregulations.
Fieldnpersonnelninspectnthenpipelines,nperformnpipelinensafetynmeasuresnsuchnasncathodicnprotection,nandnconductnmaintenancenandnrepairsntonthenpipeline,npumps,ncompressors,nvalves,nmeteringnequipment,nelectronicnequipment,nandncalibratingninstruments.nnRoutineninspectionsnofnthenpipesn–nbothninternalnandnexternaln--narenconductedntonensurenthenintegritynofnthenpipelinensystem.nThendevicesnusedntoncleannandninspectntheninsidesnofnpipelinesnarencalledn“pigs”n(becausenthenearlynmodelsnreportedlynsquealednlikenanpigletnasntheynmovednthroughnthenpipe).nOriginally,npigsnwerensimplyncleaningndevices,nwithnscrapersntonremovenwaxnbuild-up.nnMorenrecently,nelectronicndevicesnhavenbeennaddedntoncreaten“smartnpigs”nfornpipelineninspection.nnPipelinencompaniesnalsonconductnexternalninspectionsnofnthenpipelinenroutenincludingnvisualninspectionsnofnrisersnandnmeternstations,nandnaerialninspectionsnofnthenpipelinenrightnofnwaynbynhelicoptern(particularlyninnremotenlocations)ntonensurentherenisnnonvisiblendisturbancentonthengroundnornintrusionsnonnthenpipelinenrightnofnway.nnOn-goingnmonitoringnofnthenpipelinensystemnisnprovidednbyn
gasncontrolnpersonnelnwhonarenresponsiblenfornmonitoringnthenmovementnandnpressurenofngasnwithinnthenpipelinensystemn24nhoursnanday.n
EmergencynShut-downn(ESD)nornline-breaknvalvesnarenlocatednalongnpipelinesnasnanmeansntonisolatenanynanomaliesninnpressurenornflownandntonpurgengasnfromnthenlinentonenablenanynplannednornunplannednmaintenancenandnrepairs.nnManynofnthesenvalvesncannbenopenednornshutnremotely,nenablingnrapidnisolationnandnprotectionnofnthenpipelinensystemnupstreamnandndownstreamnofnthenlocationn
requiringnactivity.nFinally,npipelinencompaniesnhavendevelopedndetailednandncomprehensivenemergencynresponsenplansnandnincidentninvestigationnproceduresnfocusednonnsafeguardingnthenpublicnandnpersonnel,ninvestigatingnthenrootncausenofnanynincidentnthatnmaynoccur,nandnsharingnkeynlearnings.
Thensinglenlargestnthreatntonpipelinensafetyninvolvesnthenunauthorizedndiggingnornactivitynalongnpipelinenrightnofnways.nnOurnindustrynbelievesnthatnthenmostneffectivenDamagenPreventionnprogramninvolvesnancomprehensivenapproachntonenforcementnthatnincludesnansystemnofngraduatednpenalties,nwhichncorrespondsnwithnthenincreasingnlevelnofnoffence.nnThenCanadiannEnergynPipelinenAssociationnhasncallednfornamendmentsntonexistingnlegislationntonallownfornthenestablishmentnofnangraduatedncivilnpenaltynmatrix.nn
Monitoring gas flows and pressures at a gas control centre
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Innthenmeantime,npipelinencompaniesnarenhardnatnworkneducatingnlandowners,nthenpublic,nandncontractorsnaboutnpipelinensafetynandnhowntonrecognizenandnreactntonunusualnactivityninnthenarea.nnManynarenmembersnofnthenCommonnGroundnAlliancen–nannon-profitnorganizationndedicatedntonsharednresponsibilityninndamagenpreventionn--nandntonOne-Callnsystems,nwhichnprovidenanone-stopnservicenforncontractorsnandnthenpublicntondeterminenifntherenarenburiednpipelinesninntheirnvicinity,npriorntonthencommencementnofnanyngroundndisturbance.
Ournindustrynunderstandsnthatngoodnsafetynandnenvironmentalnperformancengonhand-in-hand.nnCanadiansnenjoynannoutstandingnpipelinensystemntontransportnenergyntonmarketsnthroughoutnNorthnAmericaninnthensafestnandnmostnenvironmentallynsoundnmanner.nnWenarenworldnleadersninnprovidingnsafe,nreliablenlongndistancenenergyntransportationnandnarendevelopingninfrastructurentonprovidenansourcenofncleaner-burningnenergyntonmeetnNorthnAmerica’snneeds.
Thenindustrynisnemployingnnewntechnologynaimednatnimprovingn
EnPower/Spectra Energy Waste Heat Recovery facility, Savona, BC
energynefficiency,nreducingnemissions,nsafeguardingnthenenvironmentnandnenhancingnsafety.nnOnenexamplenofnsuchntechnologynisnwastenheatnrecovery.nTransportingngasnthroughnpipelinesnovernlongndistancesnrequiresnthenusenofncompressornstationsnplacednatnregularnintervalsnalongnthen
pipeline.nnCompressorsnarendrivennbyngas-firednturbines,nsimilarntonjetnengines,nandnproducenconsiderablenheat.nnWastenheatnrecoveryntechnologynusesnthenheatngeneratednfromnthesencompressornstationsntongeneratencleannenergy.nnnPristinenPowernInc.nandnENMAXnGreennPowernusesnthenwastenheatnproducednbyntwonncompressornstationsnalongnSpectranEnergy’snmainntransmissionnpipelineninnBritishnColumbia,ntonproducen10nMWnofnelectricityn--nenoughnenergyntonpowern10,000nhomesnanyear.nnThesenprojectsnwillnalsonoffsetngreenhousengasnemissionsnbynapproximatelyn25,000ntonnesnanyear,nequivalentntonremovingn9,000ncarsnfromnournroads.nn
Safeguarding the Environment
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Regulatorynoversightnhasnhelpednensurenthatninfrastructurenisndevelopedncommensuratenwithnneed,nandnthatnnaturalngasnfindsnanpathwayntonmarket.nnAsnanresult,npipelineninfrastructurenhasnbeenndevelopedninnanmannernthatnisnintendedntonserventhenpublicngood.
Innordernforntransmissionnandndistributionnsystemsntonremainninnplacentonmeetnenergynneedsnovernmanyndecades,naccessntonlandnfornfacilitiesnandnpipelinenrights-of-waynisnankeynrequirement.nnThisnprocessnisnmanagednthroughneasementsnnegotiatednwithnindividualnlandownersnandnarenmaintainednovernthenlifenofnthenfacility.nnTonfacilitatenthis,npipelinencompaniesnendeavourntonbuildnstrong,nenduringnrelationshipsnwithnlandowners,nbutnoccasionallynagreementsncannotnbennegotiatednandnthisnrequiresnthenacquisitionnofnlandn(governednbynlegislation)ntonserventhenpublicnneednforninfrastructuren(innmuchnthensamenwasnasnlandnmaynbenacquirednfornhighways,nrailways,nornotherninfrastructurenintendedntonserventhenpublicngood).
Serving the Public Interest
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MeetingnNorthnAmerica’snfuturenenergynneedsnisndrivingnsignificantnnewninvestmentsninntransmissionnpipelineninfrastructureninnCanada.nTimelyninvestmentnin,nandnconstructionnofnpipelinenandnstorageninfrastructurentonconnectnthesennewnsuppliesntonmarketsnwillnbencriticalntonensurenthatnNorthnAmericanhasnadequatensuppliesnofnnaturalngasnwhennandnwherenit’snneeded.nPipelineneconomicsnarenanfunctionnofnvariousnconstructionncostsnincludingn(thentypenofnpipe/costnofnsteel,nlengthnofnpipeline,ndiameternofnpipe,nthenenvironmentnandnterrain)nbutnarenalsoninfluencednbynannumbernofnothernfactorsnincludingnthenregulatorynenvironmentnandnapprovalntimelines.nnOvernthenyears,nthennaturalngasnindustryninnCanadanhasndemonstratednitsninterestninnthenresponsiblendevelopmentnofninfrastructurentonmeetnthenpublicninterest.nnOurnindustrynremainsncommittedntondoingnitsnpartntonmeetnNorthnAmerica’snenergynneedsninnthenfuture.
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