WASTE

SUSTAINABILITY

MACROMICRO

INDUSTRY NATURAL

4 STRATEGIES:

1.RADICAL RESOURCE PRODUCTIVITY

2.BIOMIMICRY

3.SERVICE AND FLOW ECONOMY

4.INVESTING IN NATURAL CAPITAL

LEAN THINKING

GREEN & BROWN AGENDA

INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS & ECO INDUSTRIAL PARK

3 EG

NATURAL CAPITALISM

waste

3 types of waste:

1. Ecological rucksack

Industrial waste: waste resulted from production and use.

Concept of “ecological footprint”: the calculation of the ecological capacity required to support the consumption of products

Ecological footprint = total flow of energy and material of the economy

total land required

2. People

Using more natural capital and fewer people

Human resource: acknowledged but not valued

Social wounds: referring to crime resulting from neglecting of people and people unable to support their family due to unemployment or underemployment.

3. Wealth

Referring to money spent where the buyer gets no value

Wastage can be resulted from a series of events

With this, one-half of the entire GDP is attributable to some form of waste

• GDP not exactly reliable as it only measures the money spent but not value received.

SOCIETY

ECONOMY ENVIRONMENT- BUILT- NATURAL

SUSTAINABILITY(macro-scale)

• Local community• Employment• Housing (Public, low-cost)• Education• Public-Private Investments

• Government policies, subsidies• Urbanization and Urban Regeneration eg. managing mega-cities,‘brownfield’ sites, mixed-use development, phased development• Infrastructure (transport system and urban planning,promotion of cycling, walking)• Closed-loop production• Waste and water management

• Individual• Social culture• Civic participation

SUSTAINABILITY(micro-scale)

(1)Site – Biodiversity, local community

(2)Reducing Energy consumption

Tradition- Orientation- Natural ventilation- Daylighting and sunshading

Technology- Decentralized energy (Combined Heat and Power (CHP) system)- Heating/cooling systems- Harvesting renewable energy

- PV cells, wind, geothermal, bio-diesel (e.g. sunflower seed and rapeseed oil), biomass (e.g. woodchips, straw), bio-gas (methane)- Water management - Greywater recycling

- Rainwater harvesting and recycling

• Increasing lifespan of materials- Recycling - Recycled materials

- Prefabrication, modular design

NATURAL CAPITALISM

INDUSTRIALCAPITALISM

• GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)

GDP = CONSUMPTION + INVESTMENT + GOVT. EXPENDITURE + NET EXPORTS

• ECONOMICS AND CONSUMERISM• ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL PARAMETERS???• NATURAL CAPITAL AS A COMMODITY

• NATURAL CAPTIAL = RESOURCES (depleted) + SERVICES (e.g. flood management, CO2 processing – compromised, biodiversity)

• A ‘LIVING’ ECONOMY CONSISTING OF INTER-DEPENDENT SYSTEMS • HUMAN CAPITAL (SOCIAL AND CULTURAL SYSTEM)• FINANCIAL CAPITAL (ECONOMIC SYSTEM)• MANUFACTURED CAPITAL (ECONOMIC SYSTEM)• NATURAL CAPITAL (NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS)

STRATEGIES

1.RADICAL RESOURCE PRODUCTIVITY

2.BIOMIMICRY

3.SERVICE AND FLOW ECONOMY

4.INVESTING IN NATURAL CAPITAL

1.RADICAL RESOURCE PRODUCTIVITY- Achieving more with less means

GREEN AGENDA

- Efficient usage of resources by reducing wastage through closed-loop production and limiting over-production

- Resource-efficient technology in lighting, heating/cooling systems (Energy-efficient buildings), prefabrication, transport modes.

- Renewable resources – energy (solar, wind, biomass, bio-diesel)

- Recycling

BROWN AGENDA

- Regeneration of ‘brownfield’ sites (e.g. Centre for Engineering &Manufacturing Excellence (CEME), Rainham, Essex)

- Urban renewal (e.g. Kampong Bugis Development Guide Plan)

Mason's Bend Community Center/Glass ChapelRural Studios

Buddhist Monastery, Bangkok

RECYCLED MATERIALS

MODULAR CONSTRUCTION : SHIP CONTAINERS

FREITAG SHOP ZURICH

PUMA CITYNOMADIC MUSEUM

KEETWOONSTUDENTHOUSING

Self-sufficient island powered by renewable energy

Renewable energy sources:(1)wind (land and offshore wind turbines), (2)solar, (3)bio-diesel (rapeseed oil),(4)biomass (straw, woodchips).

Samsø, Denmark

Samsø Energy Academy

CENTRE FOR ENGINEERING & MANUFACTURING EXCELLENCE (CEME)RAINHAM, ESSEX

Classic brownfield development- with limited commercial value in previous state (former Ford waste dumping ground), now catalyst for socio-economic regeneration of area.

Investment in the project came from a public/privatepartnership including the Ford Motor Company, the London Development Agency, Barking and Havering Colleges

Largest integrated photovoltaic roof array by output in UK

Rainwater recycling reduces consumption of potable water

Restaurant drum cladding and brise soleil constructed from a sustainable source of western red cedar

Internally, the carpet is 100% recyclable

Green travel plan incorporating cycle network and 24 month subsidised public transport to discourage habitual use of private vehicles.

Local suppliers/contractors engaged in support of local economy and to reduce transport/ carbon emissions

Kampong Bugis Development Guide Plan (1989)

An urban renewal plan for mixed-use developments

An urban development plan for compact, high density living in response to land constraint and to reduce the need for long distance commuting via private vehicles

Creation of a conducive microclimate via plantings on roof deck and buildingsurfaces, as well and ample sun-shading to reduce heating of the urban fabric

Harvesting of solar energy, rainwater collection and recycling

Two-level city

Decentralised energy production policy - waste heat which would have to be otherwise discharged can be recovered for district-cooling through heat absorption refrigeration. Transmission losses of remote power generation would also be saved.

Tyre Shop / Art Exchange – Zurich, Switzerland

The new tyre fitting shop / art exchange is situated on a brownfield site adjacent to the lake of Zurich, between the railway station of Zurich-Wollishofen, a bus stop and the main access road into the centre of Zurich

2.BIOMIMICRY- Imitating biological and ecosystem processes:

(1) Replicating natural methods of production and engineering tomanufacture chemicals and materials

(2) Urban eco-system : Communities form self-sustaining systems, which process their own wastes, water and energy needs.

- Zero-emission industrial parks (e.g. Kalundborg Park); - Eco-cities (Dongtan Eco-City, Shanghai)

Industrial symbiosis

a type of eco-industrial development which is an application of the concept of industrial ecology, a relatively new field that is based on the ideology of nature, where everything gets recycled.

Eco-Industrial Park

an industrial park in which businesses cooperate with each other and with the local community in an attempt to reduce waste and pollution, efficiently share resources and help achieve sustainable development, with the intention of increasing economic gains and improving environmental quality

Kalundborg Eco-Industrial Park, Denmark

DONGTAN ECO-CITY, SHANGHAI (ARUP)

A carbon-neutral, zero-waste eco-city consisting of 3 villages, with a population of around 500,000

Conservation of natural ecosystem at site.Wetlands adjacent to Dongtan will be protected in several ways: (1)by returning agricultural land to a wetland state, (2)by creating a wide 'buffer zone' (3.5km across at its narrowest point) between the city and mudflats,(3)by building on less than 40% of the Dongtan site and (4)by preventing pollutants (light, sound, emissions and water discharges) from reaching the wetlands.

Self-sufficient electricity and heat generation. Renewable energy sources will include:(1) the wind (via a wind farm and micro wind turbines) (2) the sun (via photovoltaic cells). (3) biomass (a combined heat and power plant will run on rice husks discarded by local rice mills)(4) biogas (through treatment of municipal solid waste and sewage)

Green roofs will improve insulation and water filtration.

Waste management : Processed waste as nutrients for organic farming.

Transportation options within the compact city will include cycling, walking, hydrogen fuel-cell buses and solar-powered water taxis. The boats will use a network of canals and lakes.

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)

Ambient Air QualityQuality of Water from TapsCarbon Emission Per Unit GDPProportion of Green Buildings All buildings in the Eco-city should meet green building standards.Green Transportation At least 90% of trips within the Eco-city should be in the form of green trips by 2020. Green trips refer to trips via non-motorised transport, i.e. cycling and walking, as well as trips on public transport.Barrier-Free AccessibilityProportion of Affordable Public Housing At least 20% of housing in the Eco-city will be in the form of subsidised public housing by 2013.Usage of Renewable Energy Renewable energy should account for at least 15% of the energy utilized in the Eco-city by 2020. Possible sources of renewable energy for the Eco-city include geothermal energy, hydropower and solar power.Usage of Water from Non-Traditional Sources At least 50% of the Eco-city’s water supply will be from non-traditional sources such as desalination and recycled water by 2020.Jobs to be generated in the Eco-city Sufficient jobs should be generated for at least 50% of the Eco-city’s residents within the Eco-city who are employable, to minimize the need for them to commute on a daily basis fromtheir home to their workplace.

Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city

Hoek Loos’ Greenhouse Project, Netherlands (2005)

Recycling of CO2 generated by an oil refinery and chemical plant into a resource for greenhouse crops e.g. tomatoes.

CO2 is delivered through a pipeline network

Reduction in burning of natural gas by greenhouse farmers to generate CO2

Increased yield by farmers

3.SERVICE AND FLOW ECONOMY- Shift from an economy of goods and purchases to one of service

and flow – a service economy

- Increases lifespan of products through greater durability and servicing; focus on material cycles to reduce production and wastage

- Examples:1. Carrier Corporation – sale of coolth to companies while retaining

ownership of the air-conditioning equipment.

2. Agfa Gaevert – lease of copier services i.e. the hardware and maintenance services

3. Shaw– lease of floor-covering services rather thanselling carpets; collection of defective carpet modules for recycling.

The carpet and Rug instituteEmits low volatile organic compound

wood and carpetWASTE to

steam ENERGY

Taps on alt. fuel•Saves 2.5million gallons of oil•Converts ~18,000 tons of combined post industrial carpet waste and wood flour

Reuse and recovery of water use:

Continuous dyeing

WASTE TO RESOURCE

C2C (Carpet to Carpet process)Evergreen Nylon recycling converts post consumer nylon carpet and recycles back to its original material without the loss of any aesthetic or performance properties.

Extend its services to other related products eg: Epic hardwood flooring is made up of recycled wood fiber

continuous flow of valuecontinuous flow of value

PerfectionsPerfections

Research and Development

Customer care servicesCustomer care services

CUSTOMERS

DemandDemand

Lean thinking

gasification

Recycle & reuse

BUY

USE

REPAIR

THROW

DISTRIBUTION

RESOURCES

PRODUCT 1MANUFACTURE

ASSEMBLYPARTS

THRO

W

PRODUCT 2MANUFACTURE

ASSEMBLYPARTS

BUY

USE

REPAIR

THROW

DISTRIBUTION

RESOURCES

PRODUCT 1MANUFACTURE

ASSEMBLYPARTS

THRO

W

PRODUCT 2MANUFACTURE

ASSEMBLYPARTS

BUY

USE

REPAIR

THROW

DISTRIBUTION

RESOURCES

PRODUCT 1MANUFACTURE

ASSEMBLYPARTS

THRO

W

PRODUCT 2MANUFACTURE

ASSEMBLYPARTS

LANDFILL

LAN

DF

ILL

CLOSE LOOP

Lean thinking

Lean thinking is a concept in streamlining industrial and manufacturing system by eliminating “muda” (Japanese for

waste, futility or purposelesness) in each step or process with the aim of achieving “zero-waste”.

Four approaches of lean thinking:• continuous flow of value

• which is defined by the customer• with pull factor by the customer as & when it’s needed

• to achieve perfection

continuous flow of value

pull factor by the customer

defined by the customer perfection

strategies• simplification and scale of the process or product itself. The idea is the

simpler the process / product, the less waste / muda it would have. But, how to determine the right size? It depends on the rate and location of customer pull.

• service and flow strategy. It allows the customer defined value flows continuously from the service provider to the customers.

strategies

• Service leasing is when the manufacturer acts as the service provider and retains the ownership of the products or equipments.

• The manufacturer is responsible of the product’s life-cycle and thus, it is expected to design recyclable product to achieve “zero-waste”.

• The product is a means to provide the service to customers and not an end objective.

• Resistance: social status/wealth is related to private ownership

• Advantages: system efficiency, increased production and saving in raw materials

4. INVESTING IN NATURAL CAPITAL

- Technology - Renewable energy sources - Bio-degradable materials

- Greening - Reforestation - Green urban policies

Solution to waste:

1. Industrial symbiosis

2. Eco-industrial park

Case study: Eco park, Hong Kong

Location: Tuen Mun Area 38, west side of Hong Kong

What is it?

Similar to an industrial park for waste recycling and environmental engineering

Motto: Encourage and promote the reuse, recovery and recycling of our waste resources and return them to the consumption loop

Tenant on the 19ha land are provided with common facilities and frequent maintance provided by Senac, the management contractor.

The project obtained the highest platinum rating under HK-BEAM