Nationalist Movements In Nationalist Movements In Africa and the Middle East Africa and the Middle East

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Movements for Change in AfricaMovements for Change in Africa During the early 1900s, more and more During the early 1900s, more and more

Africans felt the impact of colonial rule. In Africans felt the impact of colonial rule. In Kenya and Rhodesia, for example, white Kenya and Rhodesia, for example, white settlers forced Africans off the best land. settlers forced Africans off the best land.

British made all Africans carry identification British made all Africans carry identification cards and restricted where they could live or cards and restricted where they could live or travel. travel.

Everywhere, Africans were forced to work on Everywhere, Africans were forced to work on European run plantations or in mines to earn European run plantations or in mines to earn money to pay taxes. Farmers who had dept money to pay taxes. Farmers who had dept their land had to grow cash crops. their land had to grow cash crops.

Also, land converted to cash crops no longer Also, land converted to cash crops no longer produced food, which led to famines in some produced food, which led to famines in some regions. regions.

ResistanceResistance

Opposition to imperialism grew among Opposition to imperialism grew among Africans. Resistance took many forms. Africans. Resistance took many forms. Those who had lost their lands to Those who had lost their lands to Europeans sometimes squatted, or settled Europeans sometimes squatted, or settled illegally, on white owned plantations. In illegally, on white owned plantations. In cities they formed unions.cities they formed unions.

Many western educated Africans criticized Many western educated Africans criticized the injustice of imperial rule. Although they the injustice of imperial rule. Although they had trained for professional careers, the had trained for professional careers, the best jobs went to Europeans. best jobs went to Europeans.

ProtestsProtests Protests were common, in Kenya, the kikuyu Protests were common, in Kenya, the kikuyu

protested the loss of their land, forced labor, protested the loss of their land, forced labor, heavy taxes, and the hated identification. The heavy taxes, and the hated identification. The British jailed the Kikuyu leaders, but protests British jailed the Kikuyu leaders, but protests continued. continued.

South Africa- Between 1910 and 1940, South Africa- Between 1910 and 1940, whites strengthened their grip on South whites strengthened their grip on South Africa. They imposed a system of racial Africa. They imposed a system of racial segregation that became known as apartheid. segregation that became known as apartheid. Their goal was to ensure White economic Their goal was to ensure White economic power. New laws, for example, restricted power. New laws, for example, restricted better paying jobs in mines to whites only. better paying jobs in mines to whites only.

South AfricaSouth Africa Educated blacks who owned property had Educated blacks who owned property had

been allowed to vote in local elections. In been allowed to vote in local elections. In 1936, the government abolished that right. 1936, the government abolished that right.

Yet, African Christian churches and African Yet, African Christian churches and African run newspapers demanded rights for black run newspapers demanded rights for black South Africans.South Africans.

In 1912, African national Congress (ANC) In 1912, African national Congress (ANC) worked through legal means, protesting laws worked through legal means, protesting laws that restricted the freedom of black Africans. that restricted the freedom of black Africans. Still this had no effect on the white Still this had no effect on the white government, but the ANC was able to build a government, but the ANC was able to build a framework for late political action framework for late political action

Growing Self ConfidenceGrowing Self Confidence

1920s a movement known as Pan 1920s a movement known as Pan Africanism emphasized the unity of Africanism emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent Africans and people of African descent around the world. Among its most inspiring around the world. Among its most inspiring leaders was Jamaican born Marcus leaders was Jamaican born Marcus Garvey. He preached a forceful message Garvey. He preached a forceful message of “Africa for Africans” and demanded an of “Africa for Africans” and demanded an end to colonial rule. end to colonial rule.

EgyptEgypt

African nationalism brought little political African nationalism brought little political change, except to Egypt. change, except to Egypt.

Egyptians had been forced to provide food Egyptians had been forced to provide food and workers to help Britain. Simmering and workers to help Britain. Simmering resistance to British rule flared as the war resistance to British rule flared as the war ended. ended.

Western education officials, peasants Western education officials, peasants landowners, Christians, and Muslims united landowners, Christians, and Muslims united being the Wafd party, which launched strikes being the Wafd party, which launched strikes and riots. In 1922, the British finally agreed to and riots. In 1922, the British finally agreed to declare Egypt independent. declare Egypt independent.

Modernization in Turkey and IranModernization in Turkey and Iran

Nationalism brought immense changes to Nationalism brought immense changes to the Middle East. the Middle East.

Ataturk- Led by the determined and Ataturk- Led by the determined and energetic Mustafa Kemal, Turkish energetic Mustafa Kemal, Turkish nationalist over threw the sultan defeated nationalist over threw the sultan defeated western occupation forces, and declared western occupation forces, and declared Turkey a republic. Kiemal late took the Turkey a republic. Kiemal late took the name Ataturk, meaning “father of the name Ataturk, meaning “father of the Turks.”Turks.”

WesternizationWesternization He discarded the Muslim calendar in favor of the He discarded the Muslim calendar in favor of the

western (Christian) calendar and moved the day of western (Christian) calendar and moved the day of rest from Friday, traditional with Muslims, to rest from Friday, traditional with Muslims, to Sunday, in line with Christian practice.Sunday, in line with Christian practice.

Ataturk forced his people to wear western dress. Ataturk forced his people to wear western dress. He replaced Arabic script with the western He replaced Arabic script with the western alphabet, stating it was easier to learn. He closed alphabet, stating it was easier to learn. He closed religious schools but opened thousands of state religious schools but opened thousands of state schools to prepare young Turks for the challenges schools to prepare young Turks for the challenges of modern society. of modern society.

Other reforms transformed the lives of women. Other reforms transformed the lives of women. They no longer had to veil their faces and were They no longer had to veil their faces and were allowed to vote.allowed to vote.

Ataturk also, helped industry expand. He built Ataturk also, helped industry expand. He built roads and railroads, set up factories, and hired roads and railroads, set up factories, and hired westerners to advise on how to make Turkey westerners to advise on how to make Turkey economically independent. economically independent.

Nationalism and Reform in IranNationalism and Reform in Iran

Ataturk's reforms inspired nationalists in Ataturk's reforms inspired nationalists in neighboring Iran. neighboring Iran.

Like Ataturk, Reza Khan rushed to Like Ataturk, Reza Khan rushed to modernize Iran and make it fully modernize Iran and make it fully independent. He built factories, roads, and independent. He built factories, roads, and railroads and strengthened the army. He, railroads and strengthened the army. He, too, adopted the western alphabet, forced too, adopted the western alphabet, forced Iranians to wear western clothing and set Iranians to wear western clothing and set up modern, secular schools.up modern, secular schools.

Promises in PalestinePromises in Palestine Since Roman times, Jews had dreamed of Since Roman times, Jews had dreamed of

returning to Palestine. In 1897, Theodor Herzl returning to Palestine. In 1897, Theodor Herzl responded to growing anti Semitism in responded to growing anti Semitism in Europe by founding the modern Zionist Europe by founding the modern Zionist movement which was a movement to rebuild movement which was a movement to rebuild the Jewish state in Palestine. the Jewish state in Palestine.

During WWI, the Allies made two vague sets During WWI, the Allies made two vague sets of promises. First, they promised Arabs their of promises. First, they promised Arabs their won kingdoms in former Ottoman lands, won kingdoms in former Ottoman lands, including Palestine. Then, in 1917, the British including Palestine. Then, in 1917, the British issued the Balfour Declaration to win support issued the Balfour Declaration to win support of European Jews. Britain supported the idea of European Jews. Britain supported the idea of setting up “a national home for the Jewish of setting up “a national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine. people” in Palestine.