National Geodetic Survey 101 Brett Howe Geodetic Services Division Chief 28 June, 2013...
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Transcript of National Geodetic Survey 101 Brett Howe Geodetic Services Division Chief 28 June, 2013...
National Geodetic Survey 101
Brett Howe
Geodetic Services Division Chief
28 June, 2013
geodesy.noaa.gov
What is Geodesy?
Geodesy (geodetic control) is a foundational science that defines position & height
The Earth is an irregular surface and is difficult to model. Accurate positions are required for a wide variety of applications
(e.g. monitoring climate change impacts/sea level change)
Why is Geodesy important?
Constant monitoring of position and height is important because the Earth constantly changes
Benchmark set at 0.2m (1980)
NGS Mission StatementTo define, maintain and provide access to the
National Spatial Reference System (NSRS) to meet our nation’s economic, social, and
environmental needs.
The NSRS is a consistent coordinate system that defines latitude, longitude, height, scale, gravity, and orientation
throughout the United States.
geodetic control (the NSRS) is the foundation for all geospatial products.
without Geodetic Control as a “base map” layer, GIS applications will not work properly
Accurate positioning begins with accurate coordinates
Sour
ce: Z
uric
h-A
mer
ican
Ins
uran
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roup
Foothills Lab Flagpole
NAD83
1000 m radius
500 m radius
2 mi2
Locations from different “map datums”
Some GPS units provide 70 different datums
Using Inconsistent Geospatial InformationResults in Inconsistent Positions
An example of the difference in lat/long from different Datums:
Riverside, CA location in
NAD 2734 22 43.99847 N, 118 56 27.89065 W
NAD 83 (1986):34 22 44.00314 N, 118 56 31.24680 W
NAD 83 (1992):34 22 44.00291 N, 118 56 31.25370 W
Passive Control
(Monuments)
Active Control(CORS)
The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) has been around a long time
NGS and the NSRS continue to evolve
United States Coast Survey
and the National Spatial Reference System continues to evolve with us
1878 1970
1807
GPS GNSS
The Expansion of the National Spatial Reference System
1816 - 2006
http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/foundations/spatial/survey_network.html Video available at:
Major Programs of NGS1) How we are modernizing the NSRS
2) NGS Products and Services
OPUS GPS Satellite Orbits
CORS GRAV-DHeight Modernization ECO
Airport Surveys VDatum
State Advisor Program
Emergency Response Imagery
Coastal Mapping
Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS)
CORS Enable accurate positing and provide accurate interface between land and ocean observing systems
•Co-located with tide stations, CORS can contribute to local and global sea-level rise calculations by measuring land subsidence relative to water levels.
•CORS data can also used to monitor and predict the distribution of moisture and electrons in the atmosphere; as well as produce ionosphere models of total electron content (TEC) that impact GNSS-derived position accuracy.
~ 1900 Stations
2014 CORS Network
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/CORS/
•Over 2.8 millions solutions processed since 2002
•Processed automatically on NGS computers
•Solution via email - in minutes
Fast, easy, consistent access to NSRS
Online Positioning User Service (OPUS)
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/OPUS/
GPS Satellite Orbits
NGS is one of several Analysis Centers (AC) of the International Global Navigation Satellite Systems Service (IGS).•The accuracy of a user-determined GPS position is directly related to the accuracy of the GPS orbit information used. •Data from Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) and IGS stations are used to determine GPS satellite orbits, station positions, and Earth orientation.
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/orbits/
Height Modernization
Height Modernization is used to determine accurate heights using GPS/GNSS, along with traditional leveling, gravity, and modern remote sensing observations. Examples of Height Modernization applications:
– Dam, levee safety– Evacuation planning– Hazard mitigation– Flood-plain mapping– Subsidence monitoring– Determining high-water marks
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/heightmod/Regional.shtml
Height Modernization is making evacuation routes safer for citizens who may need to escape from flood-prone areas.
Evacuation Route Analysis
Gravity for the Redefinition of the American Vertical Datum (GRAV-
D)http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/GRAV-D/
• GRAV-D is a project to collect gravity data to redefine the Vertical Datum of the USA by 2022 (at current funding levels)
• Target: 2 cm accuracy relative to sea level (orthometric heights) using GPS/GNSS and a geoid model.
GRAV-D Status 5-1-14: 35%
Ellipsoidal Datums
Orthometric Datums
Tidal Datums
MHHW, MHW, MTL, DTL, LMSL, MLW, MLLW
NAVD 88, NGVD 29
WGS 84, NAD 83 (NSRS)
+17 others
(MSL)
VDatum
• All elevation data are referenced to a vertical datum
• BUT there are many different vertical datums in use around the nation
• For elevation data sets to be blended together they must be referenced to the same vertical datum:
VDATUM provides a solution!!
http://vdatum.noaa.gov/
• The NGS ECO program is working to apply precise positioning models, tools and techniques for marsh restoration and to support community resilience in response to climate change.
• ECO also develops guidelines for collecting elevation data and monitoring in restoration projects.
Courtesy USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
NGS Ecosystem and Climate Operations(ECO) Activities
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/web/science_edu/ecosystems_climate/
Coastal Mapping Program (CMP)
NGS delineates produces the Nation’s national shoreline which defines our nation’s territorial limits.
•Up-to-date shoreline is an integral component of NOAA Nautical Charts and supports a wide range of coastal applications.
•NGS uses multiple remote sensing technologies (imagery, lidar, radar, etc) from various sources (aircraft, satellites) to survey the shoreline and we continually assess new technologies and workflows.
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/RSD/cmp.shtml
Emergency Response Imagery
To support NOAA national security and emergency response requirements, NGS collects high resolution, geo-referenced imagery of the effects of disasters such as hurricanes, tornados and earthquakes.
http://storms.ngs.noaa.gov/eri_page/index.html
Aeronautical Survey Program
NGS has a long standing relationship with the FAA to conduct airport surveys used to develop runway approach procedures and obstructions charts. Activities include:
•QA/QC third party aeronautical survey data (primary function).•Develop survey standards, guidelines, tools, and models to assist surveyors conducting aeronautical surveys.•Provide positional, height, and orientation data to the FAA in support of the National Airspace System (NAS) and safe navigation.
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/AERO/aero.html
State Advisor Program
for a current list, visit: http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/ADVISORS/AdvisorsIndex.shtml
The NGS Geodetic Advisor Program:
•Currently provides either a jointly-funded NOAA employee or a State designated coordinator residing in the state to guide and assist the state's geodetic and surveying programs.
•Is transitioning o a regional approach, meaning more coverage but fewer advisors.
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/ADVISORS/AdvisorsIndex.shtml
SatelliteOperation
s
SatelliteOperation
s
Personal NavigationPersonal
Navigation
Fishing & BoatingFishing & Boating
Oil ExplorationOil Exploration
Trucking & Shipping
Trucking & Shipping
Surveying & Mapping
Surveying & Mapping
Precision AgriculturePrecision Agriculture
AviationAviation
NGS provides the Geospatial Infrastructure Critical to Our Economy through the NSRS
Disaster ResponseDisaster
Response
The NSRS Supports:
FEMA uses NSRS elevations to determine flood zones for the National Flood Insurance Program
Federal Emergency Management Agency
USACE uses NSRS elevations to determine levee heights and positions in their Levee Safety Program
United States Army Corps of Engineers
NSRS gravity data contributes to the geospatial mission of NGA National Geospatial Intelligence Agency
USGS uses the NSRS to geospatially reference their Topographic Maps and interior water data for the nation
United States Geological Survey
NSRS positioning data provides the reference for NOAA’s Nautical Charts, among many other geospatial applications
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Location, Location, and Elevation! NGS Positioning Products Worth Billions!
NSRS worth $2.4 billion per year, $22 billion over 15 years at a discounted rate.
CORS worth $758 million per year; $6.9 billion over 15 years at a discounted rate.
GRAV-D worth $522 million per year through implementation of a new national vertical datum; $4.8 billion over 15 years at a discounted rate, which includes $2.2 billion for improved floodplain management alone.
One page handout available at:http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/INFO/OnePagers/socio_eco_handout.pdf
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/Socio-EconomicBenefitsofCORSandGRAV-D.pdf
Coastal Mapping Program Benefitshttp://www.ngs.noaa.gov/web/news/Big_Benefits_from_NGS_Coastal_Mapping.shtml
Total economic Benefits estimated in excess of $200 million per year
Combined direct and indirect return of $35 for every $1 in program cost
CMP supports ~1500 jobs including 40 FTE jobs within the CMP and its contractors.
There is a huge cost-benefit associated with NGS’ Coastal Mapping Program:
The National Geodetic Survey 10 year plan
Support the Users of the National Spatial Reference System.
Modernize and Improve the National Spatial Reference System.
Expand the National Spatial Reference System Stakeholder Base through Partnerships, Education and Outreach.
Develop and Enable a Workforce with a Supportive Environment.
Improve Organizational and Administrative Functionality.
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/web/news/Ten_Year_Plan_2013-2023.pdf
What’s Next for Geodetic Datums?
New Datums Coming in 2022• A new geometric and a new
geopotential (vertical) datum will be released together in 2022
• The realization of the new datums will be through GNSS receivers
• NGS will provide tools to allow for easy transformation between the new and old datums
How the New Datums Will Affect You
• New geometric datum will change latitude, longitude, and ellipsoid height by between 1 and 2 meters.
• The new vertical (geopotential) datum will change heights on average 50 cm (20”), with a 1 meter (39”) tilt towards the Pacific NW
How can you prepare (generally)?• Watch for upcoming NGS status
conferences/reports/webinars
• Understand the impact of changing positions and heights for your community, company or agency
• Communicate your issues directly to NGSo NGS Info Centero State /Regional Geodetic Advisor
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/ADVISORS/AdvisorsIndex.shtml
o Joe Evjen – [email protected] – Geometric Datum Manager
o Mark Eckl – [email protected] – Geopotential Datum Manager
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/INFO/NGSinfo.shtml
How can you prepare (technical version)?
• Move to newest realizations– NAD 83(2011) epoch 2010.00– USGG12 (gravimetric geoid) / GEOID12A (hybrid geoid)
• Obtain precise ellipsoid heights on NAVD 88 bench marks (OPUS-DB, contact NGS Geodetic Advisor)
– Improves hybrid geoid models and provides “hard points” in new vertical datum
– Follow new NGS Guidelines when released
• Move off of NGVD 29 to NAVD 88– Understand the accuracy of VERTCON in your area
• Move away from passive marks to GNSS– Especially move off of classical passive control
• Require/provide complete metadata for all mapping contracts
– How did they get the positions/heights? Document it!!
NGS Workshop, Conference and Training Opportunities
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/web/science_edu/training/
Workshops/Conferences
Training Classes
Online Learning Resources
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/multimedia/
NGS Presentations Libraryhttp://www.ngs.noaa.gov/web/science_edu/presentations_library/
Sign up for NGS Training Notifications
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/web/science_edu/training/
Sign up for NGS ListServe
http://www.geodesy.noaa.gov/
Questions?