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Napoleon Bonaparte A military genius, seizes power in France and makes himself emperor.
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Transcript of Napoleon Bonaparte A military genius, seizes power in France and makes himself emperor.
Napoleon Bonaparte A military genius,
seizes power in France and makes himself
emperor
Who is Napoleon and how did he gain so much power?
• Born in Corsica, went to military school and joined the army
• By 1795 he has made his way to France and helps defeat the royalist when they attack the National Convention- helps beat Italy and hides defeats in Egypt from the public
• Coup d'état:– November 1799- he seizes power – Beats back attacks from England, Russia and Austria,
who all join forces to fight against him
Napoleons Reforms
• Vote of approval and new constitution via plebiscite- vote of the people
• He creates a national bank and efficient tax collection system
• Establishes lycees- government run public schools to train officials
• Signs Concordat- an agreement restoring Catholicism in France
• Napoleonic Code- uniform set of laws
Napoleon crowns HIMSELF emperor in December 1804
Napoleon Creates an Empire
• Sells the Louisiana Territory to U.S. for $15 million in 1803 – helps him focus on taking over Europe
• Britain, Russia, Austria, Sweden join forces• Napoleon crushes most opponents, forcing
Austria, Russia and Sweden to sign peace treaties • 1805-Battle of Trafalgar- Napoleon tries to attack
England – but their naval forces prove too strong, Napoleon gives up invading England
Napoleon’s Empire Collapses: Costly Mistakes
• Blockade and Continental System fail to impact England • Peninsular War: invades Spain to attack Portugal –
Spain protests, Napoleon puts brother in as king – Spain uses guerrilla warfare to fight French troops – losing 300,000 soldiers
• Invasion of Russia: Invades with 420,000 -600,000 men in June 1812- Russians use Scorched-earth policy- by September Napoleon reaches Moscow only to find it burning, he must retreat across Europe in harsh winter conditions – only 100,000 men survive
Napoleon’s Downfall
• With only a small fraction of his army remaining, Napoleon is finally defeated by England, Prussia, Sweden, Russia and Austria – exiled to Elba
• Hundred Days!– Napoleon returns with help from loyal soldiers,
overthrows Louis XVIII– Battle of Waterloo- England and Prussian forces
defeat Napoleon, for good – exiled further away to St. Helena
Congress of Vienna
• A meeting intended to restore order and reestablish peace in Europe
• European nations do not want to carve up France but weaken it while making surrounding nations stronger
• Strengthened Legitimacy- restoring monarchs to their thrones
• Peace lasts almost 40 years