Nanotechnology

Manfred Scriba

Materials Sciences and Manufacturing

27 October 2006

mrscriba@csir.co.za

© CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za

Overview

• How small?• Nanotechnology – definition• Examples• Approach to manufacture• Tools• Building blocks• Applications• International• South Africa• CSIR Activities

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Ant head

1mm

Human hair

100um , 100 000nm

Red blood cell

10um, 10 000nm

DNA

4nm wide

H2O Molecule

0.2nm

How small?

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Nanotechnology

“ Nanotechnology is concerned with materials and systems, whose structures and components exhibit novel and significantly improved physical, chemical

and biological properties – and that enable the exploitation of novel phenomena and processes –

due to their nanoscale size.”

- National Nanotechnology Initiative, USA

2 examples

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1 mm3

10 nm10 nm33 in 1 mm in 1 mm33

Dissolution time:

1 mm3 - 34 million years

1 nm3 - 1.1 seconds

1. Nanoparticles1: surface area

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Greatly IMPROVED:• surface area (>800m2/gram)• catalytic activity• mechanical reinforcement • magnetic properties (super-magnets)• ductility and formability of ceramics• luminescence of semiconductors • waste reduction

Nanoparticles2

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Remarkable properties:• Conduct better than Cu• Behave like metals or semiconductor• Heat transmission better than diamond• Very strong (100x steel)• 1/6 the weight

2. Carbon Nanotubes: Strength

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Assemble Nano-parts• Chemical Synthesis• Vapour Deposition• Sol-gel• Pyrolysis• Manipulators• SELF ASSEMBLY

‘Sculpt’ from Bulk• Lithography• Etching• Ion beam milling• Ball milling

Bottom Up / Top Down

Approach to manufacture

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Characterisation • SEM, AFM, STM • TEM, XRD• Nano-tweezers• Lasers• Focused Ion

Beam• Clean Rooms

ToolsSynthesis • Chemical vapour

deposition• Plasma• Sol-gel• Laser ablation• Reactor• Chemical lab

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• Fullerenes/nanotubes• Nanoparticles• Nanofibres• Nanocomposites• Layers/Films• Nano-Dots/Wires• Nano–Biotech

Building Blocks

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Nanocomposites

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Biomimetics

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INFORMATION

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Quantum Dots

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1 mm3

Current:1 Gigabyte

• Digital memory – capacity / cost• Access – speed / ease• Display – cost / size / flexibility

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ENERGY

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HEALTH1

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Nanocapsules

HEALTH2

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AUTOMOTIVE

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COSMETIC

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Big R&D spending (2005)

- Japan > $800m - W. Europe > $700m

- USA > $800m - Other > $600m

INTERNATIONAL

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FOCUS:Social

• Water• Energy• Health

Industry• Materials• Minerals and

Mining• Chemical and Bio-

processing

Strategy 2006- R420m (3years)- HRD- Equipment- Chairs- Flagship projects

www.sani.org.za200+ members (SA and International)

South Africa

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• Nanoscienece Research Group

- CNT

- Nanoparticles

- Nanocomposites

- Drug encapsulation

- Dye solar cells (TiO2 nanoparticle)

- Fuel cell membranes

CSIR activities

END