NANOPARTICULES : USAGES ET EFFETS SANITAIRES · Nanomaterials •a natural, incidental or...
Transcript of NANOPARTICULES : USAGES ET EFFETS SANITAIRES · Nanomaterials •a natural, incidental or...
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NANOPARTICULES :
USAGES ET EFFETS SANITAIRES
Dominique Lison Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (Bruxelles)
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nanomaterials
• nano = dwarf, 10-9
• solids (particles, fibres, rods, ...)
• produced by manipulating @ atomic level
• at least one dimension < 100 nm
• quantum physics
• unique physico-chemical properties (compared to bulk)
• also .… unique toxicological hazards ?
• ISO/TS 27687 Nanoobjects ≥ 1 nanodim
Nanoplates 1 dim
Nanofibres
Nanotubes 2 dim
Nanoparticles 3 dim
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Nanomaterials
• a natural, incidental or manufactured material containing particles, in an unbound state or as an aggregate or as an agglomerate and where, for 50 % (1-50%) or more of the particles in the number size distribution, one or more external dimensions is in the size range 1 nm - 100 nm
• or if the specific surface area by volume of the material is greater than 60 m² / cm³
• fullerenes, graphene flakes and single wall carbon nanotubes with one or more external dimensions below 1 nm should be considered as nanomaterials.
EC definition, Oct 2011
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Different types of nanomaterials
Natural
Incidental
Combustion
(motors)
Smelting
Incinerators
Fuming, …
Welding fumes
Intentional (engineered)
Metallic NP
Carbon NP,
nanotubes,
graphene
Complex NP
Anthropogenic
Vulcans
Forrest fires
Virus
Air pollution : ultrafines particles
Respiratory, cardio-vascular toxicity , allergy…
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Nanotechnology
• 2014 : >1/10th of the global manufacturing workforce employed in nanotechnology-related processes (Lux Research 2004)
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INDUSTRIAL SECTOR EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS
Automobile, aeronautics, aerospatial Reinforced and lighter materials
Paints : color, brightness, antiscratch, antidirt
Sensors optimizing engine performances
Ice sensors on aircraft wings
Diesel additives
Tyres : performances, durability, recycling
Electronics and communications High density storage miniprocessors
Solar cells
e-book readers
Computers
Wireless technologies
Flat screens
Chemistry and materials Pigments
Ceramic powders
Corrosion inhibitors
Catalysts
Dirt-resistant and self-cleaning windows, paints
Antibacterial and resistant fabrics
Water treatment
Thermal insulation
Pharmaceutics, biomedicine,
biotechnology
Drugs (delivery, targeting)
Anti-allergy surface
Biocompatible surfaces, implants
Tissue regeneration (bone)
Heat destruction of tumors
Gene therapy
Diagnostic kits
Industrial applications of nanomaterials (1)
INRS, 2012
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INDUSTRIAL SECTOR EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS
Cosmetics Sun creams
Toothpastes (abrasive)
Make-up, lipsticks (long lasting)
Moisturisers (healing, anti-oxidant)
Energy Photovoltaic cells
Batteries
Smart windows
Insulation
Artificial photosynthesis
Hydrogen storage
Ecology, environment Water purification
Pesticides, fertilisers
Sensors
Recovery, cleaning
Chemical analysers
Defence Detection, monitoring
Guiding
Light, self-reparing fabrics
Manufacturing Microscopes and precision tools
Industrial applications of nanomaterials (2)
INRS, 2012
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Some occupational scenarios
Liquid vs powder
• Sampling, transfer, weighing, shaking, mixing, drying, filling
• Drilling, cutting, polishing
• Packing, packaging, storage
• Cleaning
• Maintenance
• Waste treatment
• Recycling
• Accident
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Exposure routes
• Inhalation throughout resp. tract
• Digestive (primary), secondary
• Cutaneous liquids, powders abraded skin (irritation, allergy)
• Olfactive CNS
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What makes nanos different in terms of toxicity ?
The same physico-chemical properties that make nanos so attractive for technological applications may be a source of concern for health :
• Surface area (dose)
• Surface reactivity (oxidative stress ?)
• Tissular/cellular distribution
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Elder et al, 2006
MnO 30 nm
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Assessing the toxicity of nanos
• Solid material
• Distinct from bulk material
• Different biological targets
• Different modes of action
• Several nanos for same compound (ZnO)
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Massive funding,
mainly in vitro studies,
a lot of noise,
relatively little progress
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3 selected new horizons
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1. Cancer and Immunosuppression
• Great diversity
• Experimental data only (>200 in vivo studies)
• Lung inflammation
granulomas
fibrosis
• Genotoxic (in vitro, in vivo)
• Lung cancer (Mitsui) Mesothelioma (Mitsui, …)
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Ctl
CNT-7
Asb 2
SiO LPS
0
5
10
15
***
***
Pro
port
ion (
%)
Monocytic MDSC
Huaux et al. 2016
1 2 4 81
63
26
4 1 2 4 81
63
26
4 1 2 4 81
63
26
4 1 2 4 81
63
26
4
0
50
100
150
§ §
§
§
#
*
§ §§
§
§*
§§
§
§
§
§ §
§
§
1 day
% o
f co
ntr
ols
7 days 15 days 30 days
His48
CD
11
bc
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Engineered nanoparticles
Nanoparticles in food
Nanoparticles in food
Systemic toxicity
Local toxicity ?
Microbiota ?
2. Microbiota (Ag NP)
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Modifications at phyla level
trend : p < 0.0001 % all phyla
0 46 460
4600
0
20
40
60
80
100
bacteroidetes
firmicutes
other phyla
Ag NP (ppb)
% o
f to
tal b
ac
teri
a
van den Brule et al. 2016
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Modifications at genus level
% all genera
0 46 460
4600
0
20
40
60
80
100
Coprococcus
Dorea
Mucispirillum
Odoribacter
Oscillospira
Ruminococcus
other genera
unidentified Bacteroidetes
unidentified Firmicutes
[Prevotella]
Bacteroides
Blautia
Ag NP (ppb)
% o
f to
tal b
ac
teri
a
van den Brule et al. 2016
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3. Transgenerational toxicity (DEP)
Valentino et al. 2016
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Valentino et al. 2016
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Valentino et al. 2016
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Valentino et al. 2016
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Thank you for your attention