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Nano-Energy ApplicationsPart I
Wade Adams, Ph.D.
DirectorRichard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale
Science and TechnologyRice University
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• Why is Energy Important Today?
• Overview of Energy
• Why Nanotechnology is Essential for Meeting Energy Needs
• Nanotech Energy Challenges
• Greenhouse Gases/Global Warming
• Efficiency
• Fossil Fuels
• Hydrogen
• Nuclear Power
• Fusion Energy
Topics
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Why is Energy Important Today?Humanity’s Top Ten Problems over Next 50 Years:
1. Energy
2. Water
3. Food
4. Environment
5. Poverty
6. Terrorism and War
7. Disease
8. Education
9. Democracy
10. Population2003: 6.5 Billion People2050: 8-10 Billion People
Figure 6.1: Photo of Earth.
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Figure 6.2a: World power usage in terawatts.
World Power Consumption for 2005
Overview of Energy
Figure 6.2b: Global power usage in successive detail.
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Figure 6.3: World production forecast Made by Khebab of The Oil Drum. (December 2006)
Peak Oil?!
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Overview of Energy, Continued
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Overview of Energy, Continued
Figure 6.4: World Marketed Energy Consumption, 1980-2030.
Global Energy Demand Growth
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826
1,286
2050
2100
• World population now is 6B; in 2050, 10B?
Figure 6.5: World energy consumption (Quads).
Projected World Energy Consumption
Overview of Energy, Continued
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Projected World Energy Consumption by Region
Figure 6.6a: World energy consumption by region (Quads).
Figure 6.6b: World regions.
Figure 6.6c: Energy consumption.
Overview of Energy, Continued
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Overview of Energy, Continued
Figure 6.7: GNP versus Energy Consumption.
Energy Use Correlates with National Prosperity
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World Energy Supply and Demand
Figure 6.8: Estimates of 21st Century world energy supplies.
Overview of Energy, Continued
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.5%
Source: Internatinal Energy Agency
2003
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50 2050
Energy Revolution: The Terawatt Challenge
200314 Terawatts
210 M BOE/day
205030 – 60 Terawatts
450 – 900 M BOE/day
Figure 6.9: The basis of prosperity.
Overview of Energy, Continued
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United States Energy Perspective
Figure 6.10: Total world oil reserves.
Overview of Energy, Continued
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U.S. and World Energy Consumption Today.
Figure 6.11: Equivalent ways of referring to energy used by the U.S. in 1 year (approx. 100 Quads):
100.0 quadrillion British Thermal Units (Quads) U.S. and British unit of energy
105.5 exa Joules (EJ) Metric unit of energy
3.346 terawatt-years (TW-yr) Metric unit of power (energy/sec)x(#seconds in a year)
412 Quads
98 Quads
U.S. Share of World, 2002
Overview of Energy, Continued
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U.S. Energy Flow• 34% of U.S. primary energy is imported.
Ene
rgy
Sou
rces
Ene
rgy
Con
sum
ptio
n S
ecto
rs
Figure 6.12: U.S. Energy Flow, 2006 (Quadrillion Btu ).
Overview of Energy, Continued
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U.S. Energy Flow, 2006, Continued
85% of primary energy is from fossil fuels; 8% is from nuclear; 6% is from renewables. Most imported energy is petroleum, which is used for transportation. End-use sectors (residential, commercial, industrial, transportation) all use comparable amounts of energy.
Figure 6.13: U.S. breakdown of energy flow.
Overview of Energy, Continued
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Vik Rao, CTO of Halliburton:
• “The debate is no longer about producing enough energy to meet demand, but about producing hydrocarbons and energy in a sustainable manner. At the same time, it is also about producing more environmentally friendly fluids for transportation and power.”
Why Nanotechnology is Essential for Meeting Our Energy Needs
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R.E. Smalley, 2003:
• Actions involving energy occur at the nanometer level.
- Harvesting
- Transformation
- Transport
- Use
• Improvements will be made most effectively at the same scale.
Why Nanotechnology is Essential for Meeting Our Energy Needs, Continued
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Nanotech Energy Challenges• Photovoltaics – drop cost by 100 fold.
• Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to methanol.
• Direct Photoconversion of light + water to produce H2.
• Fuel Cells – drop the cost by 10-100x + low temp start.
• Batteries and Supercapacitors – improve by 10-100x for automotive and distributed generation applications.
• H2 storage – light-weight materials for pressure tanks and LH2 vessels, and/or a new light-weight, easily reversible hydrogen chemisorption system.
• Power Cables (superconductors or quantum conductors) to rewire electrical transmission grid and enable continental, even worldwide, electrical energy transport; to replace aluminum and copper wires essentially everywhere – particularly in the windings of electric motors and generators (especially good if eliminate eddy current losses).
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• Nanoelectronics to revolutionize computers, sensors, and devices.
• Nanoelectronics-Based Robotics with AI to enable construction maintenance of solar structures in space and on moon; to enable nuclear reactor maintenance and fuel reprocessing.
• Super-Strong, Light-Weight Materials to drop cost to LEO, GEO, and the moon by > 100 x; to enable huge, but low cost light harvesting structures in space; to improve efficiency of cars, planes, etc.
• Thermochemical Processes with catalysts to generate H2 from water that work efficiently at temperatures lower than 900 C.
• Nanotech Lighting to replace incandescent and fluorescent lights.
• Nanomaterials/Coatings to enable vastly lower cost of deep drilling; to enable HDR (hot dry rock) geothermal heat mining.
• CO2 Mineralization schemes that can work on a vast scale, hopefully starting from basalt and having no waste streams.
Nanotech Energy Challenges, Continued
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DOE Research Targets Nanoscience for Energy Needs
• Scalable methods to split H20 with sunlight for H2 production.• Highly selective catalysts for clean and energy-efficient
manufacturing.• Harvesting of solar energy with 20% power efficiency and 100X
lower cost.• Solid-state lighting at 50% of power use.• Super-strong, light-weight materials for transportation efficiency.
• Reversible H2 storage materials at RT.• Power transmission lines with 1 GW capacity.• Low-cost fuel cells, batteries, thermoelectrics, and ultra-capacitors.• Materials synthesis and energy harvesting based on efficient,
selective bio-mechanisms.
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Greenhouse Gases/Global Warming
Figure 6.14: Greenhouse Effect.
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• We have entered uncharted territory – what some call the anthropocene climate regime. • Over the 20th Century, human population quadrupled and energy consumption increased sixteenfold. • Near end of last century, global warming from fossil fuel greenhouse became a major, dominant factor in climate change. Figure 6.15: Global warming over the century.
Global Warming Over Past Millennium
Greenhouse Gases/Global Warming, Continued
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Figure 6.16: Rise of CO2.
Global Warming Over Past Millennium, Continued
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Greenhouse Gases/Global Warming, Continued
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Cost of Capture • Single largest impediment to implementation of carbon sequestration at a grand scale.
Figure 6.17: DOE fossil energy.
Greenhouse Gases/Global Warming, Continued
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Nanotechnology for Greenhouse Gas (CO2) Remediation
• Efficient capture mechanisms – membranes, high surface area.
• Catalytic or other chemical conversion to useful compounds such as methanol.
• Photochemical reduction to CO for fuel.
• “Artificial” photosynthesis.
• Convert to carbon nanotubes or graphene.
Greenhouse Gases/Global Warming, Continued
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Figure 6.18: Overall, 58% of primary energy is lost energy.
Efficiency
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Primary Energy
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Figure 6.19b: Liquid fuels consumption by sector 1990-2030.
Efficiency, Continued
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Petroleum Consumption
Figure 6.18a: Petroleum consumption by sector
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Figure 20: Energy-intensity indicator for household vehicles, by vehicle type and age, 1985, 1988, and 1991.
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Household Vehicles
Efficiency, Continued
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Figure 6.21: Energy-intensity indicator by passenger transportation mode, 1985, 1988, and 1991.
Technology and Energy Supply• Improving faster for efficient end-use than for energy supply.
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Efficiency, Continued
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Boeing• The Boeing 787
Dreamliner will be more fuel-efficient than earlier Boeing airliners. Boeing will also be the first major airliner to use composite materials for most of its construction.
Figure 6.22b: Photo of hybrid vehicle.
PHEVs• Plug-in hybrid electrical
vehicles (PHEVs) can reduce air pollution and dependence on petroleum, and lessen greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global warming.
Figure 6.22a: Boeing 787 Dreamliner.
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Efficiency, Continued
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Figure 6.23: Potential per-vehicle reduction of petrolum consumption in PHEVs
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Petroleum Consumption of PHEVs
Efficiency, Continued
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Efficiency, ContinuedLighting Large Fraction of Energy Consumption • Lighting consumes ~20% of U.S electricity, but has very low efficiency.
Efficiencies of Energy Technologies in Buildings
Heating: 70-80%
Electrical Motors: 85-95%
Incandescent Lighting: ~5%
Fluorescent Lighting: ~25%
Metal Halide Lighting: ~30%1
10
100
1000
En
erg
y C
on
sum
pti
on
(Q
uad
s)
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Energy
Electricity
Illumination42% Incandescent41% Fluorescent17% HID Projected
~96 Quads
~37 Quads
~8 Quads
Year
U.S. Energy ConsumptionU.S. Energy Consumption
Figure 6.24a: U.S. consumption of illumination.
Figure 6.24b: Efficiencies of energy technologies.
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Synergy Between Solar Photovoltaic and LED
Figure 6.25: Converting between electricity and light – LED works as a reverse solar PV cell.
Efficiency, Continued
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LEDElectricity
V
SOLAR PV
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Solid-State Lighting: Semiconductor-Based Lighting Technology
Inorganic Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs).
• III-V semiconductors-based device.
• High brightness point sources.
• Potential high efficiency and long lifetime.
Solid-state lighting is a new technology.
• Potentially 10 times more energy efficient than an incandescent lamp.• Provides revolutionary ways to illuminate homes, offices, and public spaces.
Figure 6.26: Closeup view of a LED’s substrate. (photo by Randy Montoya)
Efficiency, Continued
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Efficiency, Continued
• Ultralight-weighting everything by new strong nanocomposites
• Nanostructured materials for insulation.
• Efficient nanodesigned lighting, reflectors to reduce heating.
• Improved combustion, higher fuel density.
• Light-weight energy storage devices in transportation.
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Fossil Fuels
• High efficiency (50%), high wattage (>500 MW) plants.
• British Coal Gasifier: burns sewage sludge.
Figure 6.27: Integrated Gasified, Combined Cycle Plants.
Integrated Gasified, Combined Cycle Plants (IGCC)
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• In 2003, President G.W. Bush announced:“… $1 billion, 10-year demonstration project to create the world’s first coal-based, zero-emissions electricity and hydrogen power plant.”
• Carbon Capture- Initial goal: 90% capture- Ultimate goal: 100% capture
• Economics - <10% increase in cost of electricity.- H2 production at $4/million Btu’s.- S and N2 used for fertilizers.
• Power Generation - ~275 MW (small prototype).- 50-60% efficiency.
Figure 6.28: Fossil energy prototype.
FutureGen (Zero Emissions Plant)
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Fossil Fuels, Continued
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Challenges in Oil Patch• Lighter systems for deep offshore operations (stronger, stable).
• Better sensors downhole (harsh environment).
• Smarter fluids.
• Enhanced recovery methods.
• Better catalysts.
• Better materials – corrosion, hardness.
Fossil Fuels, Continued
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Nanotechnology for Oil and Gas Exploration and Production (E&P) – Part 1• Stronger Pipe, Casing, Structures.
– Metals, Ti, alloys and composites, nanotextured.– Composite, nanocomposite.
• Complex Fluids.– Mud, nano additives, conducting at 0.02%, shape, size.– Viscosity, friction, thermal conductivity, control surface interactions.
• Sensors.– Wide variety, multifunctional chemical, physical.– Imbedded, composite, concrete, in fluids, smart dust?– Reliability through redundancy – emulate jet engine sensors?
• Seals, Elastomers with nano fillers.– High temperature resistance, toughness, and elongation.
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Fossil Fuels, Continued
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Impact of Nanostructured Materials
• Revolution of Available Materials
Current Future
Property, Cost, Performance
Pro
per
ty,
Cos
t, P
erfo
rman
ce
New Perfo
rmance
Property, Cost, Performance
Pro
per
ty,
Cos
t, P
erfo
rman
ce
options
options requirements
• New Paradigms - Designed and tailorable materials with combination of characteristics:
•Sensing Responsive
•Information Processing Data Storage
•Data Transmission Bio-Compatibility
•Mechanical Durability
Figure 6.29: Optimize contradicting material performance requirements.
Fossil Fuels, Continued
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Nanowires in Electrical Sensing
Figure 6.30: A Nanowire that generates power by harvesting energy from the environment..
Fossil Fuels, Continued
• Why is small good?
- Decrease thermal noise since electrode is smaller.
- Binding depletes charge carriers at surface, which is all device.
- Smaller sensors enable sensor array developments.
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Source
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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Figure 6.31a: Annular blowout preventers.
Fossil Fuels, Continued
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Seals, Elastomers with nano fillers.
Figure 6.31b: A is a schematic drawing of an unstressed polymer. The dots represent cross-links. B is the same polymer under stress. When the stress is removed, it will return to the A configuration.
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• NanoComposites, Inc. develops nanotechnology-enhanced materials for use in seals and gaskets for the energy market.
• NanoComposites’ proprietary technology is enabling practical applications of these carbon nanotubes in elastomers - with the potential for many more applications.
Fossil Fuels, Continued
NanoComposites, Inc.
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Nanotechnology for Oil and Gas Exploration and Production (E&P) – Part 2
• SWNTs (Single Wall Nanotubes) – metallic conductors.– Power at the bit, rotation, plasma, laser.– (Embedded) signal wiring.– Energy from the bottom of the well.
• Thermoelectric.• Direct conversion of oil to electrons (catalysts).• Hydrogen (catalysts).
• Microwave (and optical) Sensors.• Thermal Control/Transport.• (Trailing) Cables for moles.• Percolation Conductivity (0.02%).• Fracturing Fillers, Particles.• Vibration damping SWNT composites.• Elastomer Composites (NanoComposites, Inc.).
Fossil Fuels, Continued
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-Al2O3
1000 °C
hollow core
toluene wash
polystyrene bead
aqueous solution alumoxne, fire to 220 °C
amorphous alumina
2000150010005000
corrundum
hollow -alumina spheres
Porous -alumina infiltrated by alumina
A-alumoxane sintered to 1000 °C
polystyrene bead
Hardness (Hv, Kgf.mm-2)
Nano Approach to Buoyant Proppants
Figure 6.32: Buoyant proppants.
Fossil Fuels, Continued
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• Smart Dust/Matter – ubiquitous computing.– Communication/interaction through media.
• Raw Computing/Visualization Power.– Approaching power of human brain.
• Data Storage – Petabyte CDs.– All corporate data on one disk in your shirt pocket.
• Grind Cuttings to nano-size – blow out!– Solve Mole cuttings problem?
• Nanoenergetics – shaped, smaller explosives (100X).• Smaller Motors – stronger nanocomposite magnets, lighter wire.• Lighter, Stronger Batteries (10x over Li already demonstrated –
nanostructured electrodes).• Coatings–hard, corrosion-resistant, durable, multifunctional, chameleon.• Nanotextured Membranes and Filters.• Self-protecting, self-diagnosing, self-healing (Space) Systems.
Fossil Fuels, Continued
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Nanotechnology for Oil and Gas Exploration and Production (E&P) – Part 3
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Limiting Friction and Wear
- Challenge – mechanism. Performance and life are limited by lubricant supply; having effective lubricant replenishment/film repair could extend life indefinitely.
- Possible roles for nanotechnology.• Self-repairing lubricant films.• Nano-structured thin films with
optimized adhesion, friction, hardness, life, CTE.
• Smart liquid lubricants that adapt to conditions.
• Wear resistant nanostructured materials.
• Material limitations/opportunities for nanomaterials.
Figure 6.33: Nano diamond.
Fossil Fuels, Continued
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• Present market for nanomolecular paints.
Figure 6.34: Paint.
Fossil Fuels, Continued
Molecular Electronics Corp. (MEC)
• Super C for electro coatings.
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Adaptable “Chameleon” Coatings
solid lubricant nanoparticle
1-3
nm
3-10
nm
amor
ph
ous
mat
rix
wit
h s
olid
lub
rica
nt
hard crystallinenanoparticle
Lubricant Reservoirs
Figure 6.35: Jeffrey Zabinski, Air Force Research Laboratory.
• Transfer film formation.
wear debris
adaptive transfer film (“tribo-skin”) on contact surfaces
Substrate
Fossil Fuels, Continued
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“chameleon” coatingwith lubricant reservoirs
gradient interface
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Nanoscale Revolutions to Mega Scale Challenges in Upstream E&P
• Introduce nanotechnologies to E&P.
• Clarify science versus sci-fi.
• Draw analogies to other industries.
• Demonstrate nanotech capabilities/relevance to E&P.
• Stimulate thinking and encourage investment.
• Plan for an international nanotech roadmap.
Fossil Fuels, Continued
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Hydrogen – Not a Primary Fuel
Hydrogen
Figure 6.36: Elements of a hydrogen economy.
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Nanotechnology and Hydrogen Storage
• Researchers at the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory are taking a new approach to "filling up" a fuel cell car with a nanoscale solid, hydrogen storage material.
• Their discovery could hasten a day when vehicles will run on hydrogen-powered, environmentally friendly fuel cells instead of gasoline engines.
• The challenge, of course, is how to store and carry hydrogen. Whatever the method, it needs to be no heavier and take up no more space than a traditional gas tank, but provide enough hydrogen to power the vehicle for 300 miles before refueling.
Figure 6.37: Hydrogen powered vehicle.
Hydrogen, Continued
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DOE Hydrogen Storage Target
Figure 6.38: Comparison of storage solutions available on the market .
Hydrogen, Continued
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Chahine’s Rule for Carbon vs. Kittrell’s Rule for 3D Nanoengineered Carbon
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Surface Area (m2/g)
Hy
dro
ge
n U
pta
ke
(7
7K
)
Chahine’s slope
Kittrell’s slope
Kittrell’s Rule3.7 wt%/1000 m2/g @ 2 atm, 77 K
Chahine’s Rule2.0 wt%/1000 m2/g@ 40 atm, 77 K
.
Figure 6.39: Nanoengineered carbon.
Hydrogen, Continued
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Nuclear Power • The pebble bed modular reactor, or PBMR, is a particular design of pebble bed reactor under development by South African company PBMR, Ltd. in partnership with Eskom and other companies.
• PBMR is fueled and moderated by fuel spheres each containing TRISO coated oxide fuel grains and a surrounding hollow sphere of graphite moderator. These are stacked in a close packed lattice and cooled by helium, which is used to drive a turbine directly, or may be used to provide process heat for the production of hydrogen fuel.
• PBMR is modular in that only small to mid-sized units will be designed; larger power stations will be built by combining many of these modules.
• Core is annular with a centre column as a neutron reflector. Operating fuel temperature is to be kept below 1130°C to minimize fission product release from fuel during operation.
• First commercial units could start construction in 2016.
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Fission Reactors
• About 500 operating in the world now.
• To produce 10 TW, need 5000 new 2 GW reactors – one every other day for 28 years.
• Proven Uranium reserves at 10 TW last only 6-30 years.
• Uranium from the ocean to produce 10 TW requires 5 times the flow rate of all rivers on Earth.
• Still have issues with public fear, waste, proliferation, and terrorism.
• FY08 DOE Fission R&D totals $560 million.
• Nanotech needs include strong, corrosion, and radiation-resistant materials.
Nuclear Power, Continued
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Figure 6.40: Fusion.
Nuclear Power, Continued
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Source: The Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL)
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Fusion Attractive Domestic Energy Source• Abundant fuel, available to all nations.
– Deuterium and lithium easily available for thousands of years.• Environmental advantages.
– No carbon emissions, short-lived radioactivity.• Can’t blow up, resistant to terrorist attack.
– Less than 5 minutes of fuel in the chamber.• Low risk of nuclear materials proliferation.
– No fissile or fertile materials required.• Compact relative to solar, wind, and biomass.
– Modest land usage.• Not subject to daily, seasonal, or regional weather variation.
– No large-scale energy storage, nor long-distance transmission.• Cost of power estimated similar to coal, fission.• Can produce electricity and hydrogen.
– Complements other nearer-term energy sources.
Nuclear Power, Continued
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ITER Provides Cooperative Opportunity to Make Sun on Earth
• Science Benefits-Extends fusion science to larger size, burning (self-heated) plasmas.
• Technology Benefits- Fusion-relevant technologies; high duty-factor operation.
• Goal - To demonstrate thescientific and technological feasibility of fusion energy,by producing industriallevels of fusion power. Figure 6.41: ITER.
Nuclear Power, Continued
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Fusion Energy• Fusion is an attractive energy option for the future. • Progress towards fusion energy has been very rapid, but is
severely limited by budget constraints.– Japan and Europe are each investing much more in fusion
than the U.S.– DOE proposed FY08 funding of $428 million for Fusion
Energy with $160 million tagged for ITER, a joint international research and development project.*
• A plan for the development of fusion requires:– Fundamental Understanding.– Configuration Optimization.– Materials and Technology.
• Nanotechnology is needed for improved HT and radiation-resistant materials…and could have revolutionary impacts through improved magnet systems.
*Update: Funding ITER was not approved in FY08 budget. 60