MYOLOGY

ANDREA HEINZLMANN

University of Veterinary Medicine

Department of Anatomy and Histology

Course of Human Anatomy

March 12nd. 2020.

HUMAN MUSCLES

Myology is the specialised study of muscles and muscle tissue

• the bones and the joints represent the passive part of the locomotor system

• the skeletal muscles form the active part of it

HUMAN MUSCLES

CLASSIFY OF MUSCLES:

1. skeletal

2. cardiac

3. smooth

https://www.coursehero.com/sg/anatomy-and-physiology/function-of-the-muscular-system/

HUMAN MUSCLES

FUNCTION OF THE MUSCLES:

1. to produce force and cause motion

2. locomotion of the organism itself

3. movement of internal organs

• cardiac and smooth muscle contraction occurs without conscious thought and is necessary for survival

• voluntary contraction of the skeletal muscles is used to move the body and can be finally controlled

skeletal muscle is a form of striated muscle tissue existing under control of the somatic nervous system

1. ORIGIN (Origo):

• is a less mobile bone

• at this point there is a muscle head

2. MUSCLE BELLY (VENTER)

3. ATTACHMENT (Insertion):

• is a more mobile bone by a tendon

SKELETAL MUSCLE

Muscle belly

Tendon

Origin

Tendon

Insertion

Origins

(heads)

Muscle

belly

Attachment

(tendo)

biceps brachi muscle

FORM OF THE MUSCLES

• the disposition of the muscle fibers in a muscle can be parallel or oblique

I. TYPES OF THE MUSCLES WITH PARALLEL FIBERS (LONG MUSCLES)

1. FUSIFORM MUSCLES

2. FLAT MUSCLES

II. TYPES OF THE MUSCLES WITH OBLIQUE FIBERS

1. UNIPENNATE MUSCLES

2. BIPENNATE MUSCLES

3. MULTIPENNATE MUSCLES

TYPES OF THE MUSCLES WITH PARALLEL FIBERS (LONG MUSCLES)

FUSIFORM (SPINDLE) MUSCLES

• long fibers

• short tendon

• produce extensive movement

• muscles of the extremities

m. rectus femoris m. quadriceps femoris muscle

TYPES OF THE MUSCLES WITH PARALLEL FIBERS (LONG MUSCLES)

FLAT MUSCLES

• triangular in shape

• flat tendon or aponeurosis

m. rectus abdominis m. obliqus internus abdominis m. obliqus externus abdominis m. transversus abdominis

TYPES OF THE MUSCLES WITH PARALLEL FIBERS (LONG MUSCLES)

FLAT MUSCLES

M. rhomboideus major M. trapezius M. latissimus dorsi

M. rhomboideus minor

TYPES OF THE MUSCLES WITH OBLIQUE FIBERS

UNIPENNATE MUSCLES

• one muscle head

• the muscle fibers are attached to one side of the tendon – like the half of a feather

• long tendon

• origins from the tendon of the other muscles Mm. lumbricales

Mm. interossei plantares Mm. interossei palmares

TYPES OF THE MUSCLES WITH OBLIQUE FIBERS

BIPENNATE MUSCLES

• the muscle fibers are attached to both sides of the tendon – like a complete feather

• they have long tendons

Mm. interossei dorsales palmares

Mm. interossei dorsales plantares

TYPES OF THE MUSCLES WITH OBLIQUE FIBERS

MULTIPENNATE MUSCLE:

• consists of many bipennate structures set together on the muscles

1. deltoid muscle:

• which has three sections:

a) anterior

b) posterior

c) middle

M. deltoideus ventral view dorsal view

TYPES OF THE MUSCLES WITH OBLIQUE FIBERS

CIRCULAR MUSCLES:

• constriction of passage or orifice

M. orbicularis oculi M. orbicularis oris

FORMS OF THE MUSCLE ORIGIN

ONE - HEADED MUSCLES

FORMS OF THE MUSCLE ORIGIN

TWO - HEADED MUSCLES (BICEPS)

M. biceps brachii M. biceps caput longum M. briceps caput breve

FORMS OF THE MUSCLE ORIGIN

THREE - HEADED MUSCLES (TRICEPS)

M. triceps brachi caput longum M. triceps brachi caput laterale M. triceps brachi caput mediale

FORMS OF THE MUSCLE ORIGIN

FOUR - HEADED MUSCLES (QUADRICEPS)

M. rectus femoris M. vastus medialis M. vastus laterais M. vastus intermedius

TYPES OF THE MUSCLES

TWO - BELLY MUSCLES (BIVENTER):

• any muscle with 2 muscle masses separated by fibrotendinous tissue

M. digastricus venter ant. tendo M. digastricus venter post.

Venter

posterior

Venter

anterior

Zwischensehne

TYPES OF THE MUSCLES

MULTI – BELLY MUSCLES:

• any muscle with 4 - 5 muscle masses separated by fibrotendinous tissue

M. rectus abdominis Intersectio tendineae

„Six Pack Abs”

TYPES OF THE MUSCLES

Classification of the muscle according to the number of joints over which the muscle passes:

1. ONE – JOINT MUSCLES

2. TWO – JOINTS MUSCLES

3. MUTI – JOINTS MUSCLES

one – joint muscles

m. bracialis

two – joitn muscle

m. biceps brachii

multi – joint muscle

m. flexor digitorum superficialis

FORM OF MUSCLES ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTIONS

Classification according to the Orientation of line of pull in releation to the joint

FLEXORS (biceps on the shoulder joints) – if the line of pull passes anterior to the joint axis

EXTENSORS (triceps on the shoulder joint) – if the line of pull passes posterior to the joint axis

ADDUCTORS (adductors of the thigh) – if the line of pull passes medial to the joint axis

ABDUCTORS (dorsal interosseal muscles of the hand) – if the line of pull passes lateral to the joint axis

FORM OF MUSCLES ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTIONS

SPINCTERS

• circular muscle

• maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice

• relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning

Urethra

feminina

Uterus

Vesica

urinaria

Rectum

M. sphincter

urethrae int.

M. sphincter

urethrae ext.

FORM OF MUSCLES ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTIONS

SPINCTERS

Ampulla

recti

M. sphincter

ani ext.

M. sphincter

ani int.

FORM OF MUSCLES ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTIONS

ELEVATORS

• any muscles which lift or rises a bodily part including:

1. the skin

2. the bones

3. the internal organs

M. levator labii superioris aleque nasi

M. levator anguli oris

M. levator scapulae

SYNERGISTIC (AGONIST) MUSCLES

• groups of muscles that contract together to accomplish the same body movement

Example:

• biceps and brachioradialis muscle

• the bicep is the prime mover in elbow joint movement and the brachioradialis acts as a synergistic muscle to stabilize the joint, thus aiding in the motion

FORM OF MUSCLES ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTIONS

https://boneandspine.com/types-of-muscles-and-there-functions/

ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLES

• a muscle that acts in opposition to the specific movement generated by the agonist

• it is responsible for returning a limb to its initial position

example of this kind of muscle pairing is the biceps brachii and triceps brachii

• when the biceps are contracting, the triceps are relaxed, and stretches back to its original position

• the opposite happens when the triceps contract

FORM OF MUSCLES ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTIONS

AXILLARY FEATURES OF THE MUSCLES

FASCIA

• connective tissue that surrounds muscles, blood vessels, and nerves

• binding those structures together in much the same manner as a plastic wrap

• passive structures - transmit mechanical tension generated by muscular activities or external forces throughout the body reduce friction

• minimize the reduction of muscular force

Fascia

thoraco-

lumbalis

Musculus

trapezius

Musculus

latissimus

dorsi

Fascia pectoralis

Fascia

lata

THE FACIAL MUSCLES

• group of striated skeletal muscles

• innervated by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)

• control facial expression (mimicry)

THE FACIAL MUSCLES Occipitofrontal muscle (epicranius muscle):

• covers parts of the skull

consists of two parts or bellies:

1. the occipital belly

2. the frontal belly

- moves the galea aponeurotica

- wrinkles the forehead

M. occipitofrontalis M. frontalis M. occipitofrontalis

M. occipitofrontalis M. occipitalis

scalp (galea aponeurotica)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/galea-aponeurotica

https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-

neurosurg/125/2/article-p419.xml

THE FACIAL MUSCLES

Corrugator supercilii muscle:

• draws the eyebrow downward and medially producing the vertical wrinkles of the forehead

• principal muscle in the expression of suffering

Depressor supercilii muscle

Orbicularis oculi muscle:

• to close the eye

M. orbicularis oculi

THE FACIAL MUSCLES

Procerus muscle

• contribute to an expression of anger

Nasalis muscle

• responsible for "flaring" of the nostrils

Depressor septi nasi muscle

• drawing the ala of the nose downward constricting the aperture of the nares

Mm. nasales M. procerus

THE FACIAL MUSCLES

Zygomaticus major muscle

• arises the corners of the mouth when a person smiles

Zygomaticus minor muscle

• referred to as the "zygomatic head" of the levator labii superioris muscle

Levator labii superioris

• to retract (depress) and/or evert upper lip (sadness)

Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle

• the "lifter” of both the upper lip and of the wing of the nose

Levator anguli oris

M. zygomaticus major M. zygomaticus minor

M. levator labii superioris aleque nasi M. levator labii superioris

THE FACIAL MUSCLES

Buccinator muscle:

• pull back the angle of the mouth and to flatten the cheek area, which aids in holding the cheek to the teeth during chewing

• in neonates it is used to suckle

Orbicularis oris muscle

• closur of the mounth

M. buccinator

M. orbicularis oris

https://www.babanet.hu/gyerek/szoptatas/a-szoptatas-technikaja-gyakorisaga-mennyisege-gyakorlati-tanacsok/

https://nullahategy.hu/a-tapsbol-sok-minden-megtudhato-interju-elek-istvan-szaxofonmuvesszel/

THE FACIAL MUSCLES

Risorius muscle:

• retracts the angle of the mouth to produce a smile

Risus sardonicus or rictus grin - abnormal, sustained spasm of the facial muscles that appears to produce grinning

- caused by tetanus

M. risorius

http://img.xatakaciencia.com/ 2007/07/sardonica.jpg

Risus sardonicus = „rictus grin”

THE FACIAL MUSCLES

Depressor anguli oris muscle

• depresses the corner of the mouth which is associated with frowning

Depressor labii inferioris muscle

• depresses the lower lip

Mentalis muscle:

• allows the lips to "pout" externally

• its contraction causes wrinkling of the chin skin

• used in expressions of doubt or displeasure

M. depressor anguli oris M. depressor labii inferioris

THE FACIAL MUSCLES

Auricular muscles

1. anterior

2. superior

3. posterior

• in humans these muscles possess very little action

a) the auricularis anterior draws the auricula forward and upward

b) the auricularis superior slightly raises the auricula

c) the auricularis posterior draws it backward

THE MASTICATION

1. the masseter

2. the temporalis

3. the medial pterygoid

4. the lateral pterygoid

• in humans, the mandible is connected to the temporal bone via the temporomandibular joint which permits movement in all planes

• the muscles of mastication originate on the skull and insert into the mandible allowing for jaw movements during contraction

• during mastication, three muscles of mastication (musculi masticatorii) are responsible for adduction of the jaw

• the lateral pterygoid helps to abduct it

M. temporalis M. masseter M. pterygoideus medialis M. pterygoideus lateralis

MUSCULUS STERNOCLEIDOMASTOIDEUS

M. sternocleidomastoideus (SCM)

MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB

1. MUSCLES OF THE ARM (BRACHIUM)

2. MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

3. MUSCLES OF THE PALM

MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB

MUSCLES OF THE ARM (BRACHIUM)

FLEXOR GROUP:

• anteriorly

M. biceps brachii M. coracobrachialis M. brachialis

BRIEF MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB

MUSCLES OF THE ARM (BRACHIUM)

EXTENSOR GROUP:

• posteriorly

M. triceps brachii

M. anconeus

MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB

MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

FLEXOR MUSCLES SUPERFICIAL LAYER:

• anteriorly

M. pronator teres M. flexor carpi radialis M. flexor digitorum superficialis M. flexor carpi ulnaris M. palmaris longus

https://www.handsurgeryresource.com/muscle-test-pl

MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB

MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

FLEXOR MUSCLES DEEP LAYER:

• anteriorly

M. flexor pollicis longus M. pronator quadratus M. flexor digitorum profundus

BRIEF MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB

MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

EXTENSOR MUSCLES, RADIAL GROUP

M. brachioradialis M. extensor carpi radialis brevis M. extensor carpi radialis longus

BRIEF MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB

MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

EXTENSOR MUSCLES SUPERFICIAL LAYER:

• dorsally

M. extensor carpi ulnaris M. extensor digitorum M. extensor digiti minimi

BRIEF MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB

MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

EXTENSOR MUSCLES DEEP LAYER:

• dorsally

M. supinator M. extensor indicis M. abductor pollicis longus M. extensor pollicis longus M. extensor pollicis brevis

APONEUROSIS PALMARIS

• the central portion occupies the middle of the palm

• is triangular in shape

• great strength and thickness

covers:

• the superficial volar arch

• the tendons of the flexor muscles

• the branches of the median and ulnar nerves

• on either side it gives off a septum - which is continuous with the interosseous aponeurosis

• separates the intermediate from the collateral groups of muscles

Aponeurosis

palmaris

SUPERFICIAL AND DEEP PALMAR ARCH

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/curricula/first-year-medical-curriculum/sequence

-8-musculoskeletal/session-19-wrist-hand-and-foot/lablink http://www.meiwoscience.com/vascular-system/deep-palmar-arch-plastinated-specimens.html

Arcus palmaris profundus

https://pictures.doccheck.com/com/photo/28783-anatomy-of-the-hand

Arcus palmaris superficialis

MEDIAN AND ULNAR NERVE

http://www.bioblog.it/2007/01/02/videogiochi-pericolosi-per-i-tendini/2007600

CANALIS CARPI (CARPAL TUNNEL)

CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROM

https://iythealth.com/know-carpal-tunnel-syndrome/

http://www.columbianeurology.org/neurology/staywell/document.php?id=33270

- medical condition due to compression of the median nerve as it travels through the wrist at the carpal tunnel

- risk factors include obesity, repetitive wrist work, pregnancy, genetics, and rheumatoid arthritis

symptoms:

a. pain

b. numbness

c. tingling in the thumb, index finger, middle finger and the thumb side of the ring finger.

d. symptomes start gradually and during the night

MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB

MUSCLES OF THE HAND

THENAR MUSCLES:

M. abductor pollicis brevis M. opponens pollicis M. adductor pollicis M. flexor pollicis brevis

BRIEF MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB

MUSCLES OF THE HAND

MESOTHENAR (METACARPAL) MUSCLES

M. lumbricales M. interossei palmares

M. interossei dorsales

BRIEF MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB

MUSCLES OF THE HAND

HYPOTHENAR MUSCLES

M. abductor digiti minimi M. flexor digiti minimi brevis M. opponens digit minimi M. palmaris brevis

Aponeurosis

palmaris

MUSCLES OF THE HIP

In human anatomy, the muscles of the hip joint are those muscles that cause movement in the hip

divided into four groups according to their orientation around the hip joint:

1. the gluteal group

2. the lateral rotator group

3. the adductor group

4. the iliopsoas group

MUSCLES OF THE HIP

GLUTEAL GROUP:

• cover the lateral surface of the ilium

• the gluteus maximus, which forms most of the muscle of the buttocks

M. gluteus maximus M.gluteus medius M. gluteus minimus M. tensor fasciae latae

MUSCLES OF THE HIP

LATERAL GROUP

M. gemellus inferior

et

M. gemellus superior

tendon

of the

M. obturator internus

Musculus piriformis M. quadratus femoris

m. gemellus sup.

m. obturator int. ína

m. gemellus inf.

„Austrian flag”

MUSCLES OF THE HIP

ILIOPSOAS GROUP

M. iliacus

M. psoas major

M. psoas minor

M. psoas major

MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LIMB

• the lower limb is commonly called as the leg, this term strickly refers to the region between the knee and the foot

• above the knee there is the thight

MUSCLES OF THE THIGHT:

1. Anterior or Extensors

2. Posterior or Flexors

3. Medial or Adductors

MUCLES OF THE THIGHT

I. EXTENSORS:

• laying anteriorly

• extens the knee

M. rectus femoris M. vastus medialis M. vastus laterais M. vastus intermedius

M. sartorius

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Overview-of-

the-quadriceps-muscle-group-including-the-newly-

discovered-fifth-component_fig1_309686546

MUCLES OF THE THIGHT

II. ADDUCTORS:

• laying medially

• adduct the thight

M. adductor longus M. adductor magnus M. gracilis M. adductor brevis

M. pectineus

m.

gracilis

MUCLES OF THE THIGHT

III. FLEXORS:

• laying posteriorly

• extend the hip joint

• flex the knee joint

M. semitendinosus M. biceps femoris

Caput longum

M. semimembranosus M. biceps femoris

Caput breve

MUCLES OF THE LEG

1. Anterior or Extensors

2. Posterior or Flexors

3. Lateral or Peroneal

MUCLES OF THE LEG

I. EXTENSORS:

• dorsalflexion

M. tibialis anterior M. extensor digitorum longus M. extensor hallucis longus M. fibularis tertius

MUCLES OF THE LEG

II. PERONEAL GROUP:

• plantar flexion

• pronation

MUCLES OF THE LEG

III. FLEXORS:

SUPERFICIAL GROUP:

M. triceps surae (calves):

1. M. gastrocnemius med. et lat.

2. M. soleus

• Achilles tendon

M. triceps surae

Mm. gastrocnemii

Musculus soleus Musculus plantaris

Achilles

tendon

calcaneal tendon

https://noijam.com/2017/05/10/the-sural-

nerve-the-appendix-of-the-nervous-system/ https://lermagazine.com/cover_story/battl

es-of-achilles-how-the-debate-is-

informing-clinical-practice

MUSCLES OF THE LEG

M. triceps surae

Mm. gastrocnemii

Achilles

in

https://www.footdoctorpodiatristnyc.com/procedures/achilles-tendon-surgery/

acute rupture of Achilles – tendon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmonds%27_test

MUCLES OF THE LEG

III. FLEXORS:

DEEP GROUP:

• plantar flexion

• supination

M. tibialis posterior M. flexor hallucis longus M. popliteus M. flexor digitorum longus

MUSCLES OF THE FOOT

the muscles of the foot have two primary functions:

1. they are responsible for the movement which is made during walking

2. help to maintain the arches of the foot

ARCHES OF THE FOOT

• arranged both longitudinally and transversely

caused primarily:

1. by the conformation of the bones of the foot

2. by the ligaments which bind them together

caused secondarily:

1. by the muscles which act upon the bones

ARCHES OF THE FOOT

MEDIAL LONGITUDINAL ARCH:

• is higher on the medial side

• it forms the instep as can be seen on a foot-print

• is made up of the 1st three digits and their metatarsals, the cuneiforms, the navicular bone and the talus

LATERAL LONGITUDINAL ARCH:

• is made up of digits 4 and 5 and their metatarsals, the cuboid and the calcaneum

• much shallower than the medial arch

TRANSVERSE ARCH:

• formed by the 5 metatarsal bones

A - C = Inner Arch / Medial Longitudinal Arch

B - C = Outer Arch / Lateral Longitudinal Arch

A - B = Front Arch / Anterior Transverse Arch

CLINICAL RELEVANCE OF ARCHES OF THE FOOT

1. Pes Cavus (high Arches):

Pes cavus

normal

Pes planus

a foot condition characterised by an unusually high medial longitudinal arch

2. Pes Planus (flat Footed): the longitudinal arches have been lost. Arches do not develop until about 2-3 years of age, meaning flat feet during infancy is

normal

https://www.canstockphoto.co.kr/%EB%B0%9C-%EB%B3%80%ED%98%95-52026035.html

MUSCLES OF THE FOOT

PLANTAR APONEUROSIS (FASCIA):

• is a very dense organized layer of deep fascia

• runs down the middle of the sole

• helps maintain the medial longitudinal arch of the foot

Plantar

aponeurosis

MUSCLES OF THE FOOT

On the sole the muscles are divided into:

1. THENAR

2. MESOTHNAR

3. HYPOTHENAR

• plantarflexion

MUSCLES OF THE FOOT

THENAR MUSCLES:

M. adductor hallucis M. abductor hallucis M. flexor hallucis brevis

MUSCLES OF THE FOOT

MESOTHENAR MUSCLES:

M. flexor digitorum brevis Mm. interossei plantares Mm. interossei dorsales

Mm. lumbricales M. quadratus plantae

MUSCLES OF THE FOOT

HYPOTHENAR MUSCLES

• Opponens digiti minimi muscle

M. abductor digiti minimi M. flexor digiti minimi brevis

THANK YOU FOR

YOUR ATTENTION!

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Gray’s Anatomy

Keith L. Moor: Clinically Oriented Anatomy

R.M.H.McMinn: Last’s Anatomy Regional and Applied

Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 2.

Werner Platzer: Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1. Locomotor System

http://wikipedia.com

http://plasticsurgerykey.com/forehead/

http://www.wesnorman.com

http://www.custommadeorthotics.com.au

BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.wikipedia.de

http://www.embryology.ch/

https://academic.amc.edu

https://quizlet.com

http://www.cram.com/flashcards/

http://e-learning.studmed.unibe.ch/

http://flexikon.doccheck.com/

http://ctrgenpath.net/static/atlas/mousehistology/

BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.studyblue.com

http://musculoskeletalkey.com

https://academic.amc.edu/

http://www.anatomyexpert.com/

http://anatomy_atlas.academic.ru

http://radsource.us/palmar-bursae-and-flexor-tendon-sheaths/

https://www.thieme.de

http://www.medizin-kompakt.de/mimische-muskulatur

http://www.wesnorman.com