Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) Chapter 14 Personality James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth...
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Transcript of Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) Chapter 14 Personality James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth...
Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(6th Ed)
Chapter 14
Personality
James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University
Worth Publishers
What is Personality?
PersonalityAn individual’s characteristic pattern
of thinking, feeling, and actingFour basic perspectives
•Psychoanalytic•Trait•Humanistic•Social-cognitive
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
From Freud’s theory which proposes that childhood
sexuality and unconscious
motivations
influence personality
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Psychoanalysis
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory that
attributes our thoughts and actions to
UNCONSCIOUS motives and conflictsTechniques used in treating psychological
disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Unconscious According to Freud- a reservoir of
mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories
Contemporary viewpoint- information processing of which we are unaware
Preconscious information that is not conscious,
but is retrievable into conscious awareness
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Free AssociationIn psychoanalysis, a method of
exploring the unconsciousPerson relaxes and says whatever
comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
Personality Development
Psychosexual Stagesthe childhood stages of development during
which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
Oedipus Complexa boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and
feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
•Theme is dependency.
•Others must provide everything needed.
•Baby is all id.
•Oral characters- independent and refuse help from anyone OR passive and wait for things to get done.
•Theme is self-control. All of a sudden, more demands on the child• Child begins to develop the ego- meditate b/w what is wanted and what is possible.•Anal characters- overly organized and controlling OR little or no self-control
•Theme: Gender identification•Superego devel.•Phallic person- rigid or loose moral code
•Something that is attained if all goes well- some it might not happen•Theme: enhancement of life/maturity•Genital character is balanced- love and work
Moving Through Stages
The mind progressing through these stages is like an army conquering hostile territory. Sometime, is encounters opposition.
“Battles” at each of the stages. If the battle is not completely won (unresolved conflict), energy “Libido” is left behind- FIXATION
As an adult, the person will be dominated by issues from that stage and will retreat there when stressed- REGRESSION Oral character might become passive and
dependent, suck thumb, smoke Phallic character might become promiscuous
The more libido at the end, the more adjusted the person will be.
Personality Development
Identificationthe process by which
children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos
Personality Structure
Freud’s idea of the mind’s structure
Id
Superego
Ego Conscious mind
Unconscious mind
Personality Structure
Id- “it”contains a reservoir of unconscious
psychic energystrives to satisfy basic sexual and
aggressive drivesoperates on the pleasure principle,
demanding immediate gratificationAt birth, we are all id.
Personality Structure
Superegothe part of personality that
presents internalized idealsprovides standards for judgement
and for future aspirationscan be taught
Defense Mechanisms
Defense Mechanismsthe ego’s protective methods of
reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Repression the basic defense mechanism that
banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
Personality Structure
Egothe largely conscious, “executive” part of
personalitymediates among the demands of the id,
superego and realityoperates on the reality principle,
satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
Assessing the Unconscious
Projective Test a personality test, such as the Rorschach or
TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) a projective test in which people express their
inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Assessing the Unconscious- TAT
Assessing the Unconscious
Rorschach Inkblot Test the most widely used projective
testa set of 10 inkblots designed by
Hermann Rorschachseeks to identify people’s inner
feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
Assessing the Unconscious- Rorschach
Neo-Freudians
Alfred Adlerimportance of childhood social tension
(inferiority complex) Karen Horney
sought to balance Freud’s masculine biases
Carl Jungemphasized the collective unconscious
• concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history
Carl Jung Disagreed with Freud on two
major points1) took a more positive view of
human nature- people try to develop their potential
2) Two types of unconscious• 1) personal unconsciousness• 2) collective unconscious
Collective Unconscious Contains inherited instincts, urges, and
memories of the entire human species that shape perception of the world- archetypes
Appear again and again- influence us Small but good triumphs over big and bad Heroes Males and Females Sense of self Parenthood Spiritual search Death Fear of snakes?
Carl Jung- Persona
The "mask" or image we present to the world. Designed to make a particular impression on
others We put on different “masks” in different social
situations and act like different people. Teacher Mother Child Friend Principal
Alfred Adler
Driving force is to overcome inferiority People who continually try to
compensate for their feelings have an inferiority complex Ex- Someone who felt physically week
as a child will result as an adult striving for physical strength
Parenting matters- a child should learn self-reliance and courage from the father and generosity and apathy from the mother
Others Erich Fromm- need to belong and
avoid loneliness Karen Horney- children can avoid
the sexual parent-child conflict if raised with love and security
Erik Erikson
Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective
Important within its historical context Researchers find little support that
defense mechanisms disguise sexual and aggressive impulses
History does not support Freud’s idea that sexual repression causes psychological disorder
The Trait Perspective
Trait a characteristic pattern of behaviora disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-
report inventories and peer reports Personality Inventory
a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors
used to assess selected personality traits
The Trait Perspective
Hans and Sybil Eysenck use two primary personality factors as axes for describing personality variation
UNSTABLE
STABLE
cholericmelancholic
phlegmaticsanguineINTROVERTED EXTRAVERTED
MoodyAnxious
RigidSober
PessimisticReserved
Unsociable
Quiet
SociableOutgoing
TalkativeResponsiveEasygoing
LivelyCarefree
Leadership
PassiveCarefulThoughtful
Peaceful
ControlledReliableEven-tempered
Calm
TouchyRestlessAggressive
ExcitableChangeable
ImpulsiveOptimistic
Active
The Trait Perspective
The “Big Five” Personality FactorsTrait Dimension Description
Emotional Stability Calm versus anxious Secure versus insecure Self-satisfied versus self-pitying
Extraversion Sociable versus retiring Fun-loving versus sober Affectionate versus reserved
Openness Imaginative versus practical Preference for variety versus
preference for routine Independent versus conforming
Agreeableness Soft-hearted versus ruthless Trusting versus suspicious Helpful versus uncooperative
Conscientiousness Organized versus disorganized Careful versus careless Disciplined versus impulsive
I see myself as someone who
1) is talkative 2) tends to find fault
with others 3) does a thorough job 4) has a wide range of
interests 5) is depressed, blue 6) is original, comes
up with new ideas 7) is reserved 8) is helpful and
unselfish with others 9) prefers the
conventional and the traditional
10) can be somewhat careless
11) is relaxed, handles stress well
12) is curious about many different things
13) is full of energy 14) prefers work that
is routine and simple 15) starts quarrels
with others 16) is a reliable
worker 17) can be tense 18) is clever and
sharp witted 19) tends to be quiet 20) values artistic
experiences
21) tends to be disorganized
22) is emotionally stable, not easily upset
23) has an active imagination
24) perseveres until the task is finished
25) is sometimes rude to others
26) has unwavering self-confidence
27) is inventive 28) is generally trusing 29) tends to be lazy 30) is clear-thinking,
intelligent
31) worries a lot 32) wants things to be
simple and clear cut 33) is sometimes shy and
inhibited 34) has a forgiving nature 35) is idealistic and can
be a dreamer 36) does things efficiently 37) can be moody 38) is ingenious and a
deep thinker 39) generates a lot of
enthusiasm 40) can be cold and aloof
41) Enjoys thinking about complicated problems
42) Makes plans and follows through with them
43) Remains calm in tense situations
44) Likes to reflect and play with ideas
45) Is considerate and kind to almost everyone
46) Seeks adventure and excitement
47) Gets nervous easily
48) Is sophisticated in art, music, or literature
49) Has an assertive personality
50) Is insightful and sees different possibilities
51) Likes to cooperate with others
52) Is easily distracted 53) Is outgoing and
sociable 54) Has few artistic
interests
The Trait Perspective
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)the most widely researched and clinically
used of all personality testsoriginally developed to identify emotional
disorders (still considered its most appropriate use)
now used for many other screening purposes
The Trait Perspective
Empirically Derived Testa test developed by testing a pool
of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
such as the MMPI
51.I am in just as good physical health as most of my friends52.I prefer to pass by school friends, or people I know but have not seen for a long time, unless they speak to me first54.I am liked by most people who know me55.I am almost never bothered by pains over the heart or in my chest56.As a youngster I was suspended from school one or more times for cutting up59.I have often had to take orders from someone who did not know as much as I did60.I do not read every editorial in the newspaper everyday61.I have not lived the right kind of life62.Parts of my body often have feeling like burning, tingling, crawling, or like “going to sleep”64.I sometimes keep on at a thing until others lose their patience with me65.I loved my father66.I see things or animals or people around me that others do not see67.I wish I could be as happy as others seem to be68.I hardly ever feel pain in the back of the neck
Evaluating the Trait Perspective
Situational influences on behavior are important to consider
People can fake desirable responses on self-report measures of personality
Averaging behavior across situations seems to indicate that people do have distinct personality traits
Humanistic Perspective
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)studied self-actualization processes of
productive and healthy people (e.g., Lincoln) Self-Actualization
the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved
the motivation to fulfill one’s potential
Humanistic Perspective
Carl Rogers (1902-1987)focused on growth and fulfillment of individuals
• requires three conditions:
• genuineness
• acceptance - unconditional positive regard
• empathy
Unconditional Positive Regardan attitude of total acceptance toward another
person
Humanistic Perspective
Self-Conceptall our thoughts and feelings about
ourselves, in an answer to the question, “Who am I?’
Self-Esteem one’s feelings of high or low self-worth
Self-Serving Bias a readiness to perceive oneself
favorably
Humanistic Perspective
Individualism giving priority to one’s own goals over group
goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
Collectivismgiving priority to the goals of one’s group
(often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly
Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective
Concepts like self-actualization are vague Emphasis on self may promote self-
indulgence and lack of concern for others Theory does not address reality of human
capacity for evil Theory has impacted popular ideas on
child-rearing, education, management, etc.
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Reciprocal Determinism the interacting
influences between personality and environmental factors
Internal personal/cognitive factors
(liking high-riskactivities)
Behavior(learning to
bungee jump)
Environmentalfactors
(bungee-jumpingfriends)
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Personal Controlour sense of controlling our
environments rather than feeling helpless
External Locus of Control the perception that chance or
outside forces beyond one’s personal control determine one’s fate
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Internal Locus of Control the perception that one controls
one’s own fate Learned Helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Learned Helplessness
Uncontrollablebad events
Perceivedlack of control
Generalizedhelpless behavior
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Positive Psychologythe scientific study of optimal
human functioningaims to discover and promote
conditions that enable individuals and communities to thrive
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Built from research on learning and cognition
Fails to consider unconscious motives and individual disposition
Today, cognitive-behavioral theory is perhaps predominant psychological approach to explaining human behavior