Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 9 Motivation James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson...
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Transcript of Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 9 Motivation James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson...
Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed)
Chapter 9
Motivation
James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University
Worth Publishers
Motivation
Motivation a need or desire that energizes
and directs behaviorInstinct
complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
Motivation
Drive-Reduction Theory the idea that a physiological
need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Motivation
Homeostasis tendency to maintain a balanced or
constant internal state regulation of any aspect of body
chemistry around a particular levelIncentive
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Needs begins at the
base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied
then higher-level safety needs become active
then psychological needs become active
Self-actualization needsNeed to live up to one’s
fullest and unique potential
Esteem needsNeed for self-esteem,
achievement, competence,and independence; need for
recognition and respect from others
Belongingness and love needsNeed to love and be loved, to belong
and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation
Safety needsNeed to feel that the world is organized and
predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable
Physiological needsNeed to satisfy hunger and thirst
Motivation-Hunger Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time in minutes
Subject swallowsballoon, which
measures stomachcontraction
Subject presseskey each timewhen hungry
Stomach contractions
Hunger pangs
Motivation-Hunger
Glucose the form of sugar that
circulates in the blood provides the major source of
energy for body tissues when its level is low, we feel
hunger
Motivation-HungerSet Point
the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set
when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
Metabolic Rate body’s base rate of energy expenditure
Eating DisordersAnorexia Nervosa
when a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
usually an adolescent femaleBulimia Nervosa
disorder characterized by private “binge-purge” episodes of overeating, usually of highly caloric foods, followed by vomiting or laxative use
Eating Disorders- Anorexia Nervosa
when a person is less than 85% of their normal body weight
95% of sufferers are female most are between the ages of 18-
30 30% of persons diagnosed with
anorexia nervosa die
Weight Discrimination
When women applicants were made to look overweight, subjects were less willing to hire
Willingnessto hire scale
(from1:definitely
not hire to7: definitely
hire)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 Women Men
Normal Overweight
Weight ControlEffects of a severe diet
Caloric intake
in caloriesper day
Body weight
in kilograms
Metabolism:Oxygen
consumptionin liters
per hour
3000
2000
1000
0 8 16 24 32
Days
165
160
155
150
145
140
Days Days
26
25
24
23
22
218 16 24 32
Weight Control
Most lost weight is regained
Weightchange
in pounds
+5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20 Posttreatment
1 2 3 4 5
Years of follow-up
Weight Control
Obesity is more common among those who watch the most television
Hours of TV watched per day
Percentageobese 25
20
15
10
5
00-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 More
than 5
Sexual Motivation
Sex is a physiologically based motive, like hunger, but it is more affected by learning and values
Sexual Response Cyclethe four stages of sexual responding
described by Masters and Johnson excitementplateauorgasmresolution
Refractory Periodresting period after orgasm, during which a
man cannot achieve another orgasm
Sexual Motivation
Sexual DisordersProblems that consistently impair
sexual arousal or functioning In Men
premature ejaculation• ejaculation before they or their partners
wish
impotence• inability to have or maintain erection
In Womenorgasmic disorder
• infrequent or absent orgasms
Sexual Motivation
Sexual Orientation an enduring sexual attraction
toward members of either one’s own gender (homosexual orientation) or the other gender (heterosexual orientation)
Motivation
Achievement Motivation a desire for significant
accomplishmentfor mastery of things, people, or
ideasfor attaining a high standard
McClelland and Atkinson believed fantasies would reflect achievement concerns
Motivation
Intrinsic Motivation desire to perform a behavior for its
own sake and to be effectiveExtrinsic Motivation
desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment
Rewards Affect Motivation
Mom: “I’ll give you $5 for every A.’’Controlling reward
Child: “As long as she pays, I’ll study.’’Extrinsic motivation
Mom: “Your grades were great! Let’s celebrate by going out for dinner.’’Informative reward
Child: “I love doing well.’’Intrinsic motivation