My Name Powerpoint

7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint

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MALNUTRITIONGay Debonaire B. Tarala


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MALNUTRITION

Malnutrition is a broad term which refers to

both under nutrition (sub nutrition) and over

nutrition. Individuals are malnourished, or

suffer from under nutrition if their diet does

not provide them with adequate calories andprotein for maintenance and growth, or they

cannot fully utilize the food they eat due to

illness. People are also malnourished, or sufferfrom over nutrition if they consume too many

calories.


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Malnutrition can also be defined as the

insufficient, excessive or imbalanced

consumption of nutrients. Several differentnutrition disorders may develop, depending

on which nutrients are lacking or consumed in

excess.

According to the World Health Organization

(WHO), malnutrition is the gravest single

threat to global public health.

Sub nutrition occurs when an individual does

not consume enough food. It may exist if the

person has a poor diet that gives them the

wrong balance of basic food groups


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Obese people, who consume more calories than they

need, may suffer from the sub nutrition aspect of

malnutrition if their diet lacks the nutrients their body

needs for good health.

Poor diet may lead to a vitamin or mineral deficiency,

among other essential substances, sometimes resulting in

scurvy - a condition where an individual has a vitamin C(ascorbic acid) deficiency. Though scurvy is a very rare

disease, it still occurs in some patients - usually elderly

people, alcoholics, or those that live on a diet devoid of

fresh fruits and vegetables. Similarly, infants or childrenwho are on special or poor diets for any number of

economic or social reasons may be prone to scurvy.


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Individuals who are socially isolated

People on low incomes (poor people)

People with chronic eating disorders,

such as bulimia or anorexia nervosa People convalescing after a serious

illness or condition


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Malnutrition is "Faulty nutrition

resulting from mal-absorption, poordiet, or overeating."

Under-nutrition is "A form of

malnutrition resulting from areduced supply of food or from

inability to digest, assimilate, and usethe necessary nutrients."


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Signs and symptoms of malnutrition (sub-nutrition)

include:

Loss of fat (adipose tissue) Breathing difficulties, a higher risk of

respiratory failure

Depression

Higher risk of complications after surgery

Higher risk of hypothermia - abnormally lowbody temperature


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In more severe cases:

Skin may become thin, dry, inelastic, pale, and cold

Eventually, as fat in the face is lost, the cheeks lookhollow and the eyes sunken

Hair becomes dry and sparse, falling out easily

Sometimes, severe malnutrition may lead to

unresponsiveness (stupor)

If calorie deficiency continues for long enough, there

may be heart, liver and respiratory failure

Total starvation is said to be fatal within 8 to 12weeks (no calorie consumption at all)


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Children - children who are severely

malnourished typically experience slow

behavioral development, even mentalretardation may occur. Even when treated,

under-nutrition may have long-term effects in

children, with impairments in mental function

and digestive problems persisting; in some

cases for the rest of their lives. Adults whose

severe undernourishment started during

adulthood, usually make a full recovery whentreated


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What are the causes of malnutrition?

Poor diet

Mental health problems

Mobility problems

Digestive disorders and stomach conditions Alcoholism

Food shortages

Food prices and food distribution Lack of breastfeeding


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What are the treatment options for malnutrition?

The care plan -aims for treatment will be set out,

which should include the treatment for anyunderlying conditions/illnesses which are

contributory factors to the malnutrition

Diet - a good healthcare professional will discusseating and drinking with the patient and provide

advice regarding healthy food choices. The aim is

to make sure the patient is receiving a healthy,nutritious diet


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Preventing malnutrition

Carbohydrates

Fruit and vegetables

Protein

Dairy - vegans are able to find abundant

nutrients from non-animal sources

Fats

The average human should drink at least 1.2

liters of fluid per day.


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FOOD

PYRAMID


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NUTRITION


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The process of nourishing or being

nourished, especially the process bywhich a living organism assimilates

food and uses it for growth and for

replacement of tissues.

The science or study that deals with

food and nourishment, especially in

humans.

A source of nourishment; food.


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six major classes of nutrients

Carbohydrates

Fats

Minerals

Protiens

Vitamins

Water


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FOOD PYRAMID


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Nutrition, nourishment, or aliment, is thesupply of materials - food - required by

organisms and cells to stay alive. In science

and human medicine, nutrition is the scienceor practice of consuming and utilizing foods.

In hospitals, nutrition may refer to the foodrequirements of patients, including

nutritional solutions delivered via an IV

(intravenous) or IG (intragastric) tube.


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Nutritional science studies how the body breaks food

down (catabolism) and repairs and creates cells and tissue(anabolism) - catabolism and anabolism = metabolism.

Nutritional science also examines how the body responds

to food. In other words, "nutritional science investigates

the metabolic and physiological responses of the body todiet".

As molecular biology, biochemistry and genetics advance,

nutrition has become more focused on the steps ofbiochemical sequences through which substances inside

us and other living organisms are transformed from one

form to another - metabolism and metabolic pathways.

Th h b d i


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The human body requires seven

major types of nutrients

A nutrient is a source of nourishment, an

ingredient in a food, e.g. protein,

carbohydrate, fat, vitamin, mineral, fiber and

water. Macronutrients are nutrients we need

in relatively large quantities. Micronutrients

are nutrients we need in relatively small

quantities. Energy macronutrients - theseprovide energy, which is measured either in

kilocalories (kcal) or Joules. 1 kcal = 4185.8

joules.

1 Carbohydrates 4 kcal per


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1.Carbohydrates - 4 kcal per

gram Molecules consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

Carbohydrates include monosaccharides (glucose,

fructose, glactose), sisaccharides, and polysaccharides

(starch).

Nutritionally, polysaccharides are more favored forhumans because they are more complex molecular sugar

chains and take longer to break down - the more complex

a sugar molecule is the longer it takes to break down and

absorb into the bloodstream, and the less it spikes bloodsugar levels. Spikes in blood sugar levels are linked to

heart and vascular diseases.


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2. Proteins - 4 kcal per gram

Molecules contain nitrogen, carbon,

hydrogen and oxygen. Simple proteins,

called monomers, are used to create

complicated proteins, called polymers,which build and repair tissue. When used

as a fuel the protein needs to break

down, as it breaks down it gets rid ofnitrogen, which has to be eliminated by

the kidneys.


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3.Fats - 9 kcal per gram

Molecules consist of carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Fats

are triglycerides - three molecules of

fatty acid combined with a moleculeof the alcohol glycerol. Fatty acids

are simple compounds (monomers)

while triglycerides are complex

molecules (polymers)


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4.FIBER

Fiber consists mostly of

carbohydrates. However because

of its limited absorption by thebody, not much of the sugars and

starches get into the blood

stream. Fiber is a crucial part of

essential human nutrition.


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5.Water

About 70% of the non-fat mass of the human body is water.Nobody is completely sure how much water the human body

needs - claims vary from between one to seven liters per day to

avoid dehydration. We do know that water requirements are very

closely linked to body size, age, environmental temperatures,

physical activity, different states of health, and dietary habits.

Somebody who consumes a lot of salt will require more water

than another person of the same height, age and weight,

exposed to the same levels of outside temperatures, and similar

levels of physical exertion who consumes less salt. Most blanketclaims that 'the more water you drink the healthier your are' are

not backed with scientific evidence. The variables that influence

water requirements are so vast that accurate advice on water

intake would only be valid after evaluating each person

individually.


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6.Minerals

Dietary minerals are the other chemical elements ourbodies need, apart from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and

nitrogen. The term "minerals" is misleading, and would be

more relevant if called "ions" or "dietary ions" (it is a pity

they are not called so). People whose intake of foods is

varied and well thought out - those with a well balanced

diet - will in most cases obtain all their minerals from

what they eat. Minerals are often artificially added to

some foods to make up for potential dietary shortages

and subsequent health problems. The best example of thisis iodized salt - iodine is added to prevent iodine

deficiency, which even today affects about two billion

people and causes mental retardation and thyroid gland

problems. Iodine deficiency remains a serious public

health problem in over half the planet


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Potassium

What it does - a systemic (affects entire body)

electrolyte, essential in co-regulating ATP (an

important carrier of energy in cells in the

body, also key in making RNA) with sodium.Deficiency - hypokalemia (can profoundly

affect the nervous system and heart).

Excess - hyperkalemia (can also profoundlyaffect the nervous system and heart).


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Chloride

What it does - key for hydrochloric acid

production in the stomach, also important for

cellular pump functions.Deficiency - hypochleremia (low salt levels,

which if severe can be very dangerous for

health).Excess - hyperchloremia (usually no

symptoms, linked to excessive fluid loss).


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Sodium

What it does - a systemic electrolyte, and

essential in regulating ATP with potassium.

Deficiency - hyponatremia (cause cells tomalfunction; extremely low sodium can be

fatal).

Excess - hypernatremia (can also cause cellsto malfunction, extremely high levels can be

fatal).


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Calcium

What it does - important for muscle, heart and

digestive health. Builds bone, assists in the

synthesis and function of blood cells.

Deficiency - hypocalcaemia (muscle cramps,

abdominal cramps, spasms, and hyperactive deeptendon reflexes).

Excess - hypercalcaemia (muscle weakness,

constipation, undermined conduction of electrical

impulses in the heart, calcium stones in urinarytract, impaired kidney function, and impaired

absorption of iron leading to iron deficiency).


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Phosphorus

What it does - component of bones and

energy processing.

Deficiency - hypophosphatemia, an example isrickets.

Excess - hyperphosphatemia, often a result of

kidney failure


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Magnesium

What it does - processes ATP and required forgood bones.

Deficiency - hypomagnesemia (irritability of

the nervous system with spasms of the handsand feet, muscular twitching and cramps, and

larynx spasms).

Excess - hypermagnesemia (nausea, vomiting,

impaired breathing, low blood pressure). Very

rare, and may occur if patient has renal

problems.


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Zinc

What it does - required by several enzymes.

Deficiency - short stature,anemia increased

pigmentation of skin, enlarged liver and

spleen, impaired gonadal function, impairedwound healing, and immune deficiency.

Excess - suppresses copper and iron

absorption.


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Iron

What it does - required for proteins and

enzymes, especially hemoglobin.

Deficiency - anemia.Excess - iron overload disorder; iron deposits

can form in organs, particularly the heart


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ManganeseWhat it does - a cofactor in enzyme

functions.

Deficiency - wobbliness, fainting,hearing loss, weak tendons and

ligaments. Less commonly, can be cause

of diabetes.Excess - interferes with the absorption

of dietary iron.


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Copper

What it does - component of many redox

(reduction and oxidation) enzymes.

Deficiency - anemia or pancytopenia

(reduction in the number of red and white

blood cells, as well as platelets) and aneurodegeneration.

Excess - can interfere with body's formation of

blood cellular components; in severe casesconvulsions, palsy, and insensibility and

eventually death (similar to arsenic poisoning.


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Iodine

What it does - required for the biosynthesis of

thyroxine (a form of thyroid hormone).

Deficiency - developmental delays, amongother problems.

Excess - can affect functioning of thyroid

gland.


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Selenium

What it does - cofactor essential to activity ofantioxidant enzymes.

Deficiency - Keshan disease (myocardial

necrosis leading to weakening of the heart),Kashing-Beck disease (atrophy degeneration

and necrosis of cartilage tissue).

Excess - garlic-smelling breath,gastrointestinal disorders, hair loss sloughing

of nails, fatigue irritability, and neurological

damage.


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Molybdenum

vital part of three important enzyme systems,xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and sulfite

oxidase. It has a vital role in uric acid formation and

iron utilization, in carbohydrate metabolism, and

sulfite detoxification.

Deficiency - may affect metabolism and blood

counts, but as this deficiency is often alongside

other mineral deficiencies, such as copper, it is hard

to say which one was the cause of the health

problem.

Excess - there is very little data on toxicity,

therefore excess is probably not an issue.

i i


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6. VitaminsThese are organic compounds we require in tiny amounts.

An organic compound is any molecule that contains carbon.It is called a vitamin when our bodies cannot synthesize

(produce) enough or any of it. So we have to obtain it from

our food. Vitamins are classified by what they do

biologically - their biological and chemical activity - and nottheir structure.

Vitamins are classified as water soluble (they can dissolve

in water) or fat soluble (they can dissolve in fat). For

humans there are 4 fat-soluble (A, D, E, and K) and 9 water-

soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C) vitamins - a total of 13.


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Water soluble vitamins need to be consumed

more regularly because they are eliminated

faster and are not readily stored. Urinary

output is a good predictor of water solublevitamin consumption. Several water-soluble

vitamins are manufactured by bacteria.


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Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed through the

intestines with the help of fats (lipids). They

are more likely to accumulate in the body

because they are harder to eliminate quickly.

Excess levels of fat soluble vitamins are morelikely than with water-soluble vitamins - this

condition is called hypervitaminosis. Patients

with cystic fibrosis need to have their levels offat-soluble vitamins closely monitored.
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/147960.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/147960.php


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Vitamin A

chemical names - retinol, retinoids and

carotenoids.

Solubility - fat.Deficiency disease - Night-blindness.

Overdose disease - Keratomalacia

(degeneration of the cornea)


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Vitamin B1

chemical name - thiamine.

Solubility - water.

Deficiency disease - beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

Overdose disease - rare hypersensitive

reactions resembling anaphylactic shock whenoverdose is due to injection. Drowsiness.


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Vitamin B2

chemical name - riboflavinSolubility - water

Deficiency disease - ariboflanisosis

(mouth lesions, seborrhea, andvascularization of the cornea).

Overdose disease - no known

complications. Excess is excreted inurine.


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Vitamin B3

chemical name - niacin.

Solubility - water.

Deficiency disease - pellagra.

Overdose disease - liver damage, skin

problems, and gastrointestinal

complaints, plus other problems.


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Vitamin B5

chemical name -pantothenic acid.

Solubility - water.

Deficiency disease - paresthesia (tingling,pricking, or numbness of the skin with no

apparent long-term physical effect).

Overdose disease - none reported.


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Vitamin B6

chemical name - pyridoxamine, pyridoxal.

Solubility - water.Deficiency disease - anemia, peripheral

neuropathy.

Overdose disease - nerve damage,proprioception is impaired (ability to sense

stimuli within your own body is undermined).
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/147963.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/147963.php


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Vitamin B7

chemical name - biotin.

Solubility - water.

Deficiency disease - dermatitis,enteritis.

Overdose disease - none reported


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Vitamin B9

chemical name - folinic acid.

Solubility - water.

Deficiency disease - birth defects duringpregnancy, such as neural tube.

Overdose disease - seizure threshold possibly

diminished.


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Vitamin B12

chemical name - cyanocobalamin,

hydroxycobalamin, methylcobalamin.

Solubility - water.Deficiency disease - megaloblastic anemia (red

blood cells without nucleus).

Overdose disease - none reported.


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Vitamin C

chemical name - ascorbic acid.

Solubility - water.

Deficiency disease scurvy, which can lead to

a large number of complications.

Overdose disease - vitamin C megadosage diarrhea, nausea, skin irritation, burning

upon urination, depletion of the mineral

copper, and higher risk of kidney stones.


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Vitamin D

chemical name - ergocalciferol,cholecalciferol.

Solubility - fat.

Deficiency disease - rickets, osteomalacia(softening of bone), recent studies indicate

higher risk of some cancers.

Overdose disease - hypervitaminosis D

(headache, weakness, disturbed digestion,

increased blood pressure, and tissue

calcification).


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Vitamin E

chemical name - tocotrienols.

Solubility - fat.

Deficiency disease - very rare, may

include hemolytic anemia in newborn

babies.

Overdose disease - one study reported

higher risk of congestive heart failure.


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Vitamin K

chemical name - phylloquinone,

menaquinones.

Solubility - fat.Deficiency disease - greater tendency to

bleed.

Overdose disease - may undermine effects ofwarfarin.

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