mvgvwRK wbqš¿Y, weP~¨wZ Ges Aciva

Social Control, Deviance and Crime

wewfbœ mvgvwRK Av`k© I g~j¨‡eva hv gvbyl mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g ‡k‡L Zv †g‡b Pjv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ †hme cš’v-c×wZi e¨envi Kiv nq ZvB mvgvwRK wbqš¿‡Yi g~j welq| mgv‡Ri weivRgvb wbq‡gi QK †hb †KD j•Nb bv K‡i GwUB nj Gi D‡Ïk¨| mvgvwRK wbqš¿‡Yi AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK `y'wU iƒc i‡q‡Q| AvbyôvwbK mvgvwRK wbqš¿‡bi KvRwU m¤úvw`Z nq KwZcq cÖvwZôvwbK G‡RwÝi gva¨‡g| G‡¶‡Î cÖavb evnb¸‡jv nj cywjk, Av`vjZ, KvivMvi cÖf…wZ| c¶všÍ‡i, AbvbyôvwbK mvgvwRK wbqš¿‡Yi cÖavb evnb¸‡jv nj cwievi, we`¨vjq, mgeqmx †Mvôx, MYgva¨g, ag©, mgvR I AvPvi-Abyôvb|GB G‡Rwݸ‡jvi g~L¨ D‡Ïk¨ mvgvwRK wbqš¿b bv n‡jI mvgvwRK wbqš¿‡Y ¸iyZ¡c~Y© I Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| mvaviYZ weP~¨wZ wn‡m‡e mgvR ev †Mvôxi Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq Ggb AvPiY‡K g‡b Kiv nq| mijfv‡e ejv hvq mvgvwRK weP~¨wZ n‡”Q mgv‡Ri †kª‡qv‡ev‡ai j•Nb| weP~¨wZ‡K †evSvi Rb¨ ˆRweK I gb¯ÍvwZ¡K ZË¡ _vK‡jI mgvRZvwË¡K ZË¡B me‡P‡q †ewk ¸iyZ¡c~Y©|G †¶‡Î D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wZbwU ZË¡ nj - †kª‡qvnxbZvi ZË¡, c„_KxK…Z Abyl½ ZË¡ I †j‡ewjs ZË¡| Aciva ej‡Z eySvq Ggb me AvPiY hv mgv‡Ri AvBb f½‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| Avi G AvBb j•N‡bi d‡j kvw¯Í cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Aciva gvbe mgv‡Ri m‡½ †hgb IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e hy³ †Zgwb mgv‡Ri Rb¨ ûgwK ¯^iƒcI| mgvRweÁv‡b Aciva‡K eyS‡Z weP~¨wZ Z‡Ë¡i mvnvh¨ MÖnY Ki‡Z nq|¯’vb, Kvj‡f‡` Aciv‡ai ZviZ‡g¨i d‡j Gi †kªYxKiY mnRmva¨ bq| mgvRweÁv‡b Aciv‡ai K‡qKwU †kªYxKiY i‡q‡Q| †hgb, msNe× Aciva, mwnsm Aciva, wkKvinxb Aciva, I †ckvMZ Aciva| cÖ‡Z¨K mgv‡RB Aciva `gb I cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv nq| AvaywbK mgv‡R AvBb, cywjk, Av`vjZ I KvivMvi -G PviwU welq Gi mv‡_ m¤ú„³| Aciva cÖwZ‡iv‡a mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Dcv`v‡bi i‡q‡Q we‡kl f‚wgKv| mvgvwRK wbqš¿‡bi evnb¸wj G‡¶‡Î j¶bxq| Kv‡RB Aciva cÖwZ‡iv‡a cÖ‡qvRb mgwb¦Z D‡`¨vM|

9

GB BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q:

� cvV-1 t mvgvwRK wbqš¿Y � cvV-2 t weP~¨wZ t msÁv I weP~¨wZi ZË¡mg~n � cvV-3 t Aciva t msÁv I Aciv‡ai aib

� cvV-4 t Aciva cÖwZ‡iva

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mgvRweÁvb cwiwPwZ c„ôv-155

Eb‡kªYx me©wb¤œ †kªYx Under Class `xN©w`b a‡i †eKvi, G_wbK †Mvôxi †jvK cÖf…wZ hviv kªgevRvi †_‡K wew”Qbœ Zviv me©wb¤œ †kªYxi AšÍ©f‚³|

†kªYx t cÖksmvwfwËK

1930 Ges 1940 Gi `k‡K Iqvb©vi Lloyed Warner Ges Zvui mn‡hvMxiv gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi BqvswK wmwU Yankee City bv‡gi GKwU kn‡i mvgvwRK Íiweb¨vm †evSvi Rb¨ M‡elYv cwiPvjbv K‡iwQ‡jb| GB M‡elYvq †kªYx †evSvi Rb¨ Zuviv ’vbxq †jvKRb Ab¨‡`i †Kvb †kªYxf‚³ g‡b K‡i Zvi Dci wbf©i K‡iwQ‡jb| d‡j Zviv †h c×wZ MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb Zv‡K ejv nq Reputational Method |

H kn‡i †K †Kvb Ae ’v‡b i‡q‡Q GB Rev‡ei cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Zvuiv QqwU wfbœ wfbœ †kªYx‡K wPwýZ Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb|

†kªYx wfwË

DuPy DuPy †kªYx Upper upper class eY© Ges cvwievwiK cUf‚wg

wbPy DuPy †kªYx Lower upper Class bZzb weË

DPy ga¨ †kªYx Upper MIddle Class DuPy wk¶v, †ckv, DuPy Av‡qi

e¨emv

wbPy ga¨ †kªYx Lower Middle Class †Kivbxi PvKzix Ges Ab¨vb¨

AKvwqK kªg PvKzix|

DuPy wbPy †kªYx Upper Lower Class KvwqK kªg: KviLvbvi kªwgK

wbPy wbPy †kªYx Lower Lower Class `vwi ª¨: mgvR ewnf‚©Z †jvKRb|

†kªYx t gb¦qMZ †kªYx‡K wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ A‡bK mgq Rwi‡ci gva¨‡g DËi`vZv‡`i wb‡R‡`i Ae ’vb Rvbvi †Póv Kiv nq| 1980 Gi `k‡K gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi GiKg GKwU M‡elYv †_‡K †`Lv hvq t

eM© gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †kªYx RbmsL¨v (kZvsk)

DuPy †kªYx 1

DPy ga¨ †kªYx 8

ga¨ †kªYx 43

Gm Gm GBP Gj

BDwbU-9 c„ôv-156

kªwgK †kªYx 37

`wi ª 8

wj½wfwËK Íiweb¨vm Av‡M g‡b Kiv nZ bvixiv Zv‡`i wcZv Ges ¯vgxi †kªYxMZ Ae ’vb‡K cÖwZdwjZ K‡i| ZvB Zv‡`i Ae ’vb Avjv`vfv‡e we‡kølY Kivi cÖ‡qvRb Abyf‚Z nqwb| wKšÍz GLb ¯ú÷ n‡q D‡V‡Q †h, bvix Ges cyiy‡li g‡a¨ h‡_ó wfbœZv i‡q‡Q hvi d‡j bvix I cyiyl‡K Avgiv y'wU wfbœ Íi wnmv‡e †`L‡Z cvwi| bvix-cyiy‡li wefvRb Avw`g mgvR †_‡KB †`Lv hvq Ges me mgv‡RB cyiyl weË, ¶gZv I gh©v`vi w`K †_‡K †kªôZi Ae ’v‡b _v‡K|

mgvRweÁvbxiv bvix cyiy‡li wfbœZv‡K ev wjsM cwiwPwZ‡K PviwU Dcv`v‡bi wfZi w`‡q †`‡L‡Qb|

ˆRweK wjsM t GB Dcv`v‡bi mv‡_ hy³ bvix-cyiy‡li kvixwiK ˆewkó¨ hvi gva¨‡g GKRb‡K bvix Ges GKRb‡K cyiyl wnmv‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq|

†RÛvi cwiwPwZ Gender Identity t †RÛvi cwiwPwZ ej‡Z †evSvq bvix A_ev cyiyl wnmv‡e Avgv‡`i Abyf‚wZ Ges g‡bvfve|

†RÛvi Av`k© Gender Ideals t †Kvb mgv‡R bvix-cyiyl-wKfv‡e AvPiY Ki‡e Zv wb‡ ©k K‡i ms¯‹…wZ| †QvU †ejv †_‡K †g‡q‡`i cyZzj Ges †Q‡j‡`i kw³wfwËK wel‡q †Lj‡Z †kLv‡bv nq| mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi wfZi w`‡q bvix cyiy‡li wfbœ wfbœ RMZ ˆZwi n‡q hvq|

wjsM f‚wgKv Sex Roles t cÖwZwU mgv‡R bvix-cyiy‡li f‚wgKv, Zvi AwaKvi, kªgwefvR‡b Zvi Ae ’vb Ges Zvi `vwqZ¡ wbw ©ó Kiv _v‡K|

cÖwZwU mgv‡R GB PviwU Dcv`v‡bi mvgÄm¨Zvi Dci †Rvi †`Iqv nq|

GB PviwU Dcv`v‡bi mvgćm¨i d‡j mgv‡R bvix-cyiy‡li wfbœZvi GKwU QK ˆZix nq hv‡K wjsMev` Sexism ejv nq| wjsMev` n‡”Q Ggb GKwU gZev` hv‡Z g‡b Kiv nq bvixiv ye©j| bvix‡`i ’vb N‡i Ges Zv‡`i eyw×gËv Kg Ges d‡j DuPy PvKzix‡Z Zv‡`i ’vb cvIqv DwPr bq|

bvix-cyiy‡li AmgZv bvix-cyiy‡li AmgZvi GKwU cÖavb †¶Î ˆZwi n‡q hvq cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ †hLv‡b bvix‡`i Ae ’vb _v‡K wbPy Ges Zviv bvbvfv‡e AmgZv Ges mwnsmZvi wkKvi nq|

Kg©‡¶‡Î †`Lv hvq bvix‡`i Ae ’vb ye©j Ges bvRyK| DbœZ †`‡k Zv‡`i‡K Kg©‡¶‡Î e¨vcK msL¨vq †`Lv †M‡jI Zviv Aí wKQy †¶‡Î wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K Ges DuPy Av‡qi PvKzix ev †ckv‡Z Zv‡`i cÖ‡ek GLbI †ek mxgve×| Dbœqbkxj †`‡k bvix‡`i Ae ’vb LyeB bvRyK| A‡bK mgq Zv‡`i M„n ’vjxi g‡a¨ AvUK _vK‡Z nq|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mgvRweÁvb cwiwPwZ c„ôv-157

eqmwfwËK Íiweb¨vm eqmev` Ageism ej‡Z †evSvq GK e‡qv‡Mvôxi cÖwZ Ab¨ e‡qv‡Mvôxi we‡Ølg~jK AvPiY| Z‡e mvaviYZ: GB ˆelg¨g~jK AvPiY N‡U _v‡K eq¯‹‡`i cÖwZ|

e„ׇ`i mgm¨vwU ˆZwi n‡”Q mv¤úªwZKKv‡j| gvby‡li Mo Avqy †e‡o hvIqvq 65 eQi ev Zvi †ewk eq‡mi e„ׇ`i msL¨v µgk †e‡o hv‡”Q| eZ©gv‡b mviv we‡k¦ 65 kZvs‡ki †ewk Ges BD‡ivc I DËi Av‡gwiKvq Zv 12 kZvs‡ki †ewk| mviv we‡k¦ Avqy †e‡o hvIqvq eq¯‹‡`i msL¨v µgvMZ †e‡o hv‡”Q|

†Kvb †Kvb mgv‡R mvs¯‹…wZKfv‡e eqmwe‡ivax †PZbv KvR K‡i| Gi d‡j eq¯‹‡`i AeÁvi †Pv‡L †`Lv nq| Avevi A‡bK mgv‡R GLb †h ªyZ mvgvwRK cwieZ©b NU‡Q Zvi d‡j cwievi e„ׇ`i †evSv Nv‡o wb‡Z Pv‡”Q bv| e„×iv Amnvq‡eva Ki‡Q Ges Zviv bvbvfv‡e ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi n‡”Q| d‡j eqmwfwËK Íiweb¨vm GLb Lye ¸iyZ¡c~Y© n‡q c‡o‡Q|

G_wbwmwU G_wbK †Mvôx ej‡Z †evSvq Ggb eû gvbyl hviv wb‡Riv g‡b K‡i Ges Ab¨ivI g‡b K‡i Zv‡`i Ggb wKQy mvaviY ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q hvi d‡j e„nËi mgv‡Ri gvbyl †_‡K Zviv ¯Zš¿| GB ¯Z‡š¿i Dci wfwË K‡i Zviv we‡kl mvs¯‹…wZK AvPiY M‡o †Zv‡j|

cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨K mgv‡RB †`Lv hvq †Kvb bv †Kvb G_wbK †Mvôx Ab¨‡`i Dci cÖf‚Z¡ Ki‡Q| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi mv`v †cÖv‡U¨÷¨v›Uiv Ges e„‡U‡b Bs‡iRiv Ab¨‡`i Dci cÖfyZ¡ K‡i| Ab¨ ye©j RvwZ‡Mvôx‡K ejv nq msL¨vjNy †Mvôx Minority Groups.

jyBm ev_© Louis Writh Gi g‡Z msL¨vjNy †Mvôx n‡”Q, a group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.

msL¨vjNy †Mvôxi †jvK‡`i mgvb A_©‰bwZK my‡hvM, mvgvwRK m¤§vb Ges A‡bK †¶‡Î ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi _v‡Kbv| d‡j Zviv e¨vcK ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi nq| Gfv‡e †`Lv hvq mgv‡Ri wewfbœ mvgvwRK †Mvôx ¶gZv, weË Ges gh©v`vi w`K †_‡K Íi ˆZix K‡i|

Gm Gm GBP Gj

BDwbU-9 c„ôv-158

mvivsk †kªYx mvgvwRK Íiweb¨v‡mi GKgvÎ iƒc bq| mgvRweÁvbx g¨v· †fevi Íiweb¨vm‡K †`‡L‡Qb ¶gZvi mvgvwRK e›Ub wnmv‡e| Íiweb¨v‡mi †¶‡Î Avgiv ¶gZvi Amg e›Ub wZbwU †¶‡Î j¶¨ Kwi| ¶gZvi mivmwi I ivR‰bwZK cÖKvk ivR‰bwZK `‡j j¶¨Yxq| mgv‡Ri cwim‡i m¤§vb ev gh©v`vi †h Amg cÖKvk Zv weivR K‡i gh©v`v‡Mvôxi wfZ‡i| Avi A_©‰bwZK m¤úK©, we‡kl K‡i m¤úwË web¨v‡mi wfwˇZ M‡o I‡V †kªYx| gh©v`v †Mvôx n‡”Q cÖvK-abZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri Íiweb¨v‡mi iƒc| Gi ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q †Kvb †Mvôxi GKwU we‡kl RxebixwZ hvi m`m¨iv Ab¨ †Mvôxi mv‡_ mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM mxgve× iv‡L| g¨v· †fevi †kªYx cÖZ¨qwU‡K mxgve× ivL‡Z †P‡q‡Qb abZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri Rb¨| Zvui gZvbyhvqx †hme gvby‡li evRv‡i GKB Ae ’v‡b _v‡K Ges GKB cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡i Zv‡`i GKwU †kªYx ejv hvq| G †¶‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K †kªYxi GKB ai‡bi Rxeb m¤¢vebv _v‡K| AvaywbK mgv‡R wk¶vMZ, †ckvMZ I Ab¨vb¨ †hvM¨Zv Rxeb m¤¢vebv‡K evwo‡q Ges DPuy Av‡qi my‡hvM K‡i †`q e‡j mgKvjxb mgvRweÁvbxiv †kªYx we‡køl‡Y e¨envi K‡ib †ckv, wk¶v Ges Avq A_ev †KejB †ckv| bvix I cyiy‡li g‡a¨ h‡_ó wfbœZv _vKvq Zv‡`i‡K `y'wU wfbœ ͇i †`Lv hvq| bvix-cyiyl wefvRb Avw`g mgvR †_‡KB j¶Yxq Ges me mgv‡RB weË, ¶gZv I gh©v`vi w`K †_‡K cyiyl †kªôZi Ae ’v‡b _v‡K| mgvRweÁvbxiv bvix-cyiy‡li wfbœZv ev wj½ cwiwPwZ‡K ˆRweK wj½, †RÛvi cwiwPwZ, †RÛvi Av`k© I wj½ f‚wgKv -G PviwU Dcv`v‡bi wfZi w`‡q †`‡L‡Qb| ˆRweK wj‡½ bvixi kvixwiK ˆewkó¨, †RÛvi cwiwPwZ‡Z bvix ev cyiyl wnmv‡e Avgv‡`i g‡bvfve, †RÛvi Av`‡k© bvix-cyiy‡li wfbœ wfbœ RMr m„wó‡Z mvgvwRKxKiY Ges wj½ f‚wgKvq cÖwZwU mgv‡R bvix-cyiy‡li f‚wgKv I kªgwefvR‡b Ae ’vb I `vwq‡Z¡i cÖwZ ¸iyZ¡v‡ivc Kiv nq|GB PviwU Dcv`v‡bi mvgćm¨i d‡j wj½ev` bv‡g bvix-cyiy‡li wfbœZvi GKwU QK ˆZwi nq †hLv‡b bvixiv `ye©j, bvix‡`i ’vb N‡i Ges Zv‡`i eyw×gËv Kg e‡j DPuy PvKzwi cvIqv AbywPr g‡b Kiv nq| bvix-cyyiy‡li AmgZvi cÖavb †¶Î ˆZwi nq cwiev‡ii g‡a¨|cwiev‡i bvixi Ae ’vb _v‡K wbPy Ges bvbv fv‡e AmgZv I mwnsmZvi wkKvi nq|Kg©‡¶‡ÎI bvix‡`i Ae ’vb `ye©j I bvRyK|DbœZ †`‡ki Zzjbvq Dbœqbkxj †`‡k bvix‡`i Ae ’vb LyeB bvRyK| GK e‡qv‡Mvôxi cÖwZ Ab¨ e‡qv‡Mvôxi we‡Ølg~jK AvPiY n‡”Q eqmev` Ges GB ˆelg¨g~jK AvPiY mvaviYZt eq¯‹‡`i cÖwZB N‡U _v‡K| mviv we‡k¦ Avqy †e‡o hvIqvq eq¯‹‡`i msL¨v µgvMZ †e‡o hv‡”Q| A‡bK mgv‡R `ªyZ mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi d‡j e„ׇ`i †evSv Nv‡o wb‡Z Pv‡”Q bv| e„×viv Amnvq †eva Ki‡Q Ges bvbv fv‡e ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi n‡”Q| eqmwfwËK Íiweb¨vm ZvB ¸iyZ¡c~Y© n‡q D‡V‡Q| G_wbK †Mvôx ej‡Z †evSvq Ggb wKQy gvbyl hviv wb‡R‡`i Ges Ab¨ivI Zv‡`i‡K g‡b K‡i Zv‡`i Ggb wKQy mvaviY ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q hvi d‡j Zviv e„nËi mgvR n‡Z ¯Zš¿ Ges GB ¯Zš¿Zvi Dci wfwË K‡i Zviv we‡kl mvs¯‹…wZK AvPiY M‡o †Zv‡j| cÖ‡Z¨K mgv‡RB j¶¨ Kiv hvq †Kvb bv †Kvb G_wbK †Mvôx Ab¨‡`i Dci cÖfyZ¡ Ki‡Q| Ab¨ `ye©j RvwZ‡Mvôx ev msL¨vjNy †Mvôx mgvb A_©‰bwZK my‡hvM, mvgvwRK m¤§vb I A‡bK †¶‡Î ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ I ˆel¨‡g¨i wkKvi nq| d‡j ¶gZv, weË Ges gh©v`vi w`K †_‡KI Íi m„wó n‡q hvq|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mgvRweÁvb cwiwPwZ c„ôv-159

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b 1. ¶gZvi ivR‰bwZK cÖKvk N‡U wb‡Pi †KvbwU‡Z ? K. m¤úª`vq L. †Mvôx M. ivR‰bwZK `j N. Dc‡ii GKwUI bq 2. Íiweb¨v‡mi †¶‡Î ¶gZvi Amg e›Ub KqwU †¶‡Î j¶¨bxq ? K. 2wU L. 3wU M. 4wU N. 5wU 3. gh©v`v‡Mvôx †Kvb mgv‡Ri Íiweb¨v‡mi iƒc e‡j g‡b Kiv nq ? K. cÖvK -abZvwš¿K L. abZvwš¿K M. AvaywbK N. Dc‡ii me¸‡jv 4. mgvRweÁvbxiv bvix-cyiy‡li wfbœZv‡K wb‡Pi †Kvb Dcv`v‡bi wfZi w`‡q †`‡Lb ? K. ˆRweK wj½ I †RÛvi cwiwPwZ L. †RÛvi Av`k© M. wj½ f‚wgKv N. Dc‡ii me¸‡jv 5. G_wbK †Mvôxi D`vniY wb‡Pi †KvbwU ? K. gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi mv`v †cÖv‡U›U¨v›U L. e„‡U‡bi Bs‡iR M. K I L DfqB N. †KvbwUB bq msw¶ß cÖkœ 1. mgvRZvwË¡K „wó‡Kv‡Y eqmev` I G_wbwmwU ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb ? 2. mvgRweÁvbxiv wj½ cwiwPwZ‡K wK wK Dcv`v‡bi wfZi w`‡q †`‡Lb ? iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. mvgvwRK Íi web¨v‡mi Aeqe¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiyb ? 2. wj½ I eqmwfwËK Íiweb¨vm ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb ? we ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|

Gm Gm GBP Gj

BDwbU-9 c„ôv-160

mgvwRK — iweb¨v‡mi aiY Forms of Social Stratification

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvVwU c‡o Avcwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb: ● RvZ-eY© cÖ_v, `vm cÖ_v, G‡÷U e¨e ’v Ges †kªYxi aviYv I ˆewkó¨ ● cwðgv mgv‡R †kªYxi aib

f‚wgKv Avw`g †_‡K AvaywbK mgvR ch©šÍ me mgv‡RB Íiweb¨v‡mi wewfbœ iƒc †`Lv hvq| GB iƒc¸‡jvi g‡a¨ PviwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ges G¸‡jv mgvRweÁvbx, b„weÁvbx Ges HwZnvwmK‡`i we‡kl „wó AvKl©Y K‡i‡Q| Íiweb¨v‡mi GB PviwU aib n‡”Q RvZ-eY© cÖ_v Caste System, `vm cÖ_v Slavery, G‡÷U e¨e ’v Estate System Ges †kªYx Class|

RvZ-eY©cÖ_v Caste System fviZ I wn› ya‡g© we`¨gvb RvZ-eY©cÖ_v n‡”Q Íiweb¨v‡mi GKwU cÖvPxb aib| Gi DrcwË A¯úó n‡jI cÖvq wZb nvRvi eQ‡ii cyi‡bv| RvZ-eY© cÖ_v µ‡gv”PkxjZvq mw¾Z I „p fv‡e Ave×| Gi ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q :

❐ cÖ‡Z¨KwU RvZ-eY© AšÍ©weevn †Mvôx Endogamous †hLv‡b m`m¨iv GKB RvZ-e‡Y© we‡q K‡i _v‡K|

❐ cÖ‡Z¨KwU RvZ-e‡Y© m`m¨c` Av‡ivwcZ Ascribed nq DËivwaKvi m~‡Î| GK RvZ-e‡Y©i mv‡_ Ab¨ RvZ-e‡Y©i †hvMv‡hvM LyeB mxgve×|

❐ ev Íe †¶‡Î NU‡jI, ZË¡MZfv‡e eY© gh©v`vi cwieZ©b ev MwZkxjZv Am¤¢e|

❐ RvZ-e‡Y©i g~jbxwZ nj agx©q| m`m¨‡`i agx©q AvPvi-Abyôv‡bi cwiï×Zv Purity Ges Zv‡`i ~lY wfwˇZ e‡Y©i Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq|

RvZ-eY© cÖ_vi cuvPwU fvM i‡q‡Q: 4wU RvZ-eY© I GKwU ewn:eY© Out Caste hv‡`i nwiRb Harijans A_ev `vwjZ Dalit e‡j| RvZ-eY© PviwU nj:

❐ eªvþY -Giv me‡P‡q cwiï× eY©, hviv ag© PP©v I agx©q Kvh©µg m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K

❐ ¶wÎq -Giv †hv×v Ges kvmK

❐ ˆek¨ -Giv e¨emvqx

cvV-2

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mgvRweÁvb cwiwPwZ c„ôv-161

❐ ï ª -Giv K…lK I KvwiMi

`vm cÖ_v Slavery GKRb e¨w³ Øviv †Kvb e¨w³ ev †Mvôxi Dci ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g AvwacZ¨ we ÍviB nj `vm cÖ_v| `v‡mi †Kvb e¨w³MZ AwaKvi _v‡K bv Ges Rb¥, weµq ev `L‡ji †¶‡Î †m A‡b¨i m¤úwˇZ cwiYZ nq|

`vm cÖ_vi wKQy mvaviY ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q (wM‡WÝ, 1992)|

❐ GKRb `vmcÖfz `v‡mi Dci †h †Kvb ai‡bi wnsmªZv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|

❐ `v‡mi Rb¥MZfv‡e †Kvb AwaKvi bv _vKvq †m me‡P‡q †ewk gvÎvq wew”QbœZvi wkKvi nq|

❐ `v‡mi †Kvb gh©v`v Status ev m¤§vb Honour _v‡K bv|

cÖvPxb MÖxm I †iv‡g `vm cÖ_v we Ívi jvf K‡iwQj Ges gvK©m& -Gi g‡Z H mgvR¸‡jv‡Z `vm Drcv`b c×wZ Slave Mode of Production wQj| Jcwb‡ewkKZvi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© I ee©i w`K n‡”Q `vm e¨emv slave Trade| GB me `vm‡`i Drcv`b Kg©Kv‡Û e¨envi Kiv nZ| M„nhy‡×i Av‡M gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi `w¶Yv‡j Zzjv Drcv`‡b e¨vcK fv‡e `vm kªg e¨envi nZ|

G‡÷U Estates G‡÷U e¨e ’v mvaviYZ: BD‡ivcxq mvgšÍev‡`i mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z wQj| cÖwZwU G‡÷U AvBbMZ ˆea AwaKvi I KZ©‡e¨i wfwˇZ ¯Zš¿ wQj Ges Zv‡`i wfZi m¤úK© wQj µ‡gv”P| G‡÷U e¨e ’vi m‡e©v”P wkL‡i hvRKiv Clergy Ae ’vb Ki‡Zv hv‡`i KvR wQj cÖv_©bv Kiv| Gi wb‡P wQj AwfRvZ m¤úª`vq Nobility ev Aristocracy Ges hy× KivB wQj Zv‡`i g~j KvR| Z…Zxq G‡÷U mvaviY‡`i Commoners wb‡q MwVZ wQj| G †¶‡Î DVwZ ey‡R©vqv‡`i Bourgeoisie K_v D‡jøL‡hvM¨| e¨vL¨v mgvRweÁv‡bi wKQy cvV¨ eB-G AwfRvZ m¤úª`vq Nobility-†K G‡÷U e¨e ’vi kx‡l© †`Lv‡bv nq| mv¤úªwZK M‡elYvi †`Lv hvq hvRK †kªYx wQj ev ͇e G‡÷U e¨e ’vi kx‡l©|

†kªYx Class AvaywbK mgv‡Ri Íiweb¨vm‡K †kªYx e¨e ’v e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq| wM‡WÝ Anthony Giddenª (1992) †kªYx ej‡Z GKwU e„nr Rb‡Mvôx‡K wb‡ ©k K‡ib hv‡`i GKB ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK m¤ú` Ges GKB Rxeb-aviY cÖYvjx i‡q‡Q| m¤ú` Wealth, wk¶v Education Ges †ckv Occupation -G¸‡jv nj †kªYxi cÖavb wb‡ ©kK| †kªYx e¨e ’vi ˆewkó¨vejx

Gm Gm GBP Gj

BDwbU-9 c„ôv-162

❐ †kªYx e¨e ’v GKwU Db¥y³ Open e¨e ’v| DËivwaKvim~‡Î cÖvß m¤ú` ev e¨w³MZ mvg_©¨ Øviv †kªYxMZ Ae ’vb wba©vwiZ nq|

❐ mvgvwRK †Mvôxi g‡a¨ A_©‰bwZK AmgZvB nj †kªYx e¨e ’vi cÖv_wgK wfwË| ❐ †kªYx e¨e ’vq mvgvwRK MwZkxjZvi m‡e©v”P cwigvY j¶¨ Kiv hvq| †kªYx MwÛ ev

cwiwa me©`v wbw ©ó bq| hy³iv‡R¨ 1921 mv‡ji †mÝvm Census ‡_‡K ïiy K‡i n‡Z GLbI †iwRóvi †Rbv‡ij Øviv †ckvMZ ˆewP‡Î¨i wfwˇZ Ô†kªYx' fvM Kiv nq| ❐ †kªYx -1 t D”P †ckvMZ I cÖkvmwbK †ckv| †hgb Wv³vi, wek¦we`¨vj‡qi

cÖfvlK| ❐ †kªYx -2 t wk‡í PvKzix`vZv, LyPiv e¨emvqx, wbæ †ckvq Awdm g¨v‡bRvi| ❐ †kªYx -3 t KvwqK cwikªgwenxb `¶ †ckv- K¨vwkqvi| ❐ †kªYx -3 t KvwqK cwikªg †ckv-†gwkb †jUvi, wdUvi, Lwb-kªwgK| ❐ †kªYx -4 t AvswkK `¶ †ckv-†gwkb Uzj Acv‡iUi, †cvóvj ev WvK Kgx©| ❐ †kªYx -5 t A`¶ †ckv- evZ©v evnK, wcqb|

mvivsk Avw`g mgvR †_‡K eZ©gvb mgvR ch©šÍ me mgv‡RB Íiweb¨v‡mi wewfbœ iƒc j¶¨Yxq| mgvRweÁvbx, b„weÁvbx Ges HwZnvwmK‡`i `„wó AvKl©Y K‡i‡Q Ggb PviwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© aib n‡”Q RvZ-eY© cÖ_v, `vm cÖ_v, G‡÷U e¨e ’v I †kªYx| fviZ I wn›`y a‡g© we`¨gvb RvZ-eY© cÖ_v n‡”Q Íiweb¨v‡mi GKwU cÖvPxb aib hv µ‡gv”PkxjZvq mw¾Z I `„pfv‡e Ave×| cÖ‡Z¨KwU RvZ-eY© AvšÍ:weevn †Mvôx| GLv‡b m`m¨c` Av‡ivwcZ nq DËivwaKvi m~‡Î| RvZ-e‡Y©i g~jbxwZ nj agx©q| m`m¨‡`i agx©q AvPvi-Abyôv‡bi cwiï×Zv Ges Zv‡`i `~l‡Yi wfwˇZ e‡Y©i Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq| GLv‡b PviwU RvZ-eY© I GKwU ewn:eY© wg‡j i‡q‡Q cuvPwU fvM| RvZ-eY© PviwU nj - eªvþY, ¶wÎq, ˆek¨ I ï`ª| GKRb e¨w³ Øviv †Kvb e¨w³ ev †Mvôxi Dci ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g AvwacZ¨ we ÍviB nj `vm cÖ_v| G‡¶‡Î `v‡mi †Kvb e¨w³MZ AwaKvi _v‡K bv Ges †m A‡b¨i m¤úwˇZ cwiYZ nq| `vmcÖf‚ `v‡mi Dci †h †Kvb ai‡bi wnsmªZv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| Rb¥MZfv‡e †Kvb AwaKvi bv _vKvq †m m‡e©v”P gvÎvq wew”QbœZvi wkKvi nq| cÖvPxb MÖxm I †iv‡g `vm cÖ_v we Ívi jvf K‡iwQj| Jcwb‡ewkKZvi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© I ee©i w`K n‡”Q `vm cÖ_v| GB me `vm‡`i A‡bK mg‡q Drcv`b Kg©Kv‡Û e¨envi Kiv nZ| mvaviYZ: BD‡ivcxq mvgšÍev‡`i mv‡_ G‡÷U e¨e ’v m¤úwK©Z wQj| AvBbMZ ˆea AwaKvi I KZ©e¨i wfwˇZ G‡÷U e¨e ’v wQj ¯Zš¿|G e¨e ’vi m‡e©v”P wkL‡i hvRKiv, Zvi wb‡P AwfRvZ m¤úª`vq Ges ZviI wb‡P mvaviYiv Ae ’vb Ki‡Zv| AvaywbK mgv‡Ri Íiweb¨vm‡K †kªYx e¨e ’v e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq| GwU Ggb GKwU e„nr Rb‡Mvôx hv‡`i GKB ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK m¤ú` I GKB ai‡bi Rxeb-cÖYvjx i‡q‡Q| †kªYx e¨e ’v GKwU Db¥y³ e¨e ’v †mLv‡b DËivwaKvi m~‡Î cÖvß m¤ú` ev e¨w³MZ mvg_©¨ Øviv †kªYxMZ Ae ’vb wba©vwiZ nq| mvgvwRK †Mvôxi g‡a¨ A_©‰bwZK AmgZvB nj †kªYx e¨e ’vi cÖv_wgK wfwË| G‡¶‡Î mvgvwRK MwZkxjZvi m‡e©v”P gvÎv j¶¨Yxq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mgvRweÁvb cwiwPwZ c„ôv-163

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b 1. mvgvwRK Íiweb¨v‡mi aib KqwU? K. 2 wU L. 3 wU M. 4 wU N. 5 wU 2. wn› y a‡g© we`¨gvb Íiweb¨v‡mi GKwU cÖvPxb aib wb‡Pi †KvbwU? K. †kªYx e¨e ’v L. G‡÷U e¨e ’v M. `vm e¨e ’v N. RvZ-eY© cÖ_v 3. `vm cÖ_v we Ívi jvf K‡iwQj †Kv_vq? K. cÖvPxb MÖx‡m L. cÖvPxb †iv‡g M. cÖvPxb fvi‡Z N. K I L DfqB 4. G‡÷U e¨e ’vi m‡e©v”P wkL‡i Kviv Ae ’vb Ki‡Zv? K. hvRK L. AwfRvZ m¤úª`vq M. mvaviY N. Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq 5. mvgvwRK †Mvôxi g‡a¨ A_©‰bwZK AmgZv wb‡Pi †Kvb aibwUi cÖv_wgK wfwË? K. G‡÷U e¨e ’v L. `vm e¨e ’v M. RvZ-eY© cÖ_v N. †kªYx e¨e ’v msw¶ß cÖkœ 1. `vmcÖ_vi mvaviY ˆewk󨸇jv D‡jøL Kiyb ? 2. RvZ-eY© cÖ_v wK ? iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. mvgvwRK Íiweb¨v‡mi wewfbœ aib¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiyb| 2. †kªYx ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb? †kªYx e¨e ’vi ˆewkó¨mn cvðvZ¨ mgv‡R †kªYxi aib

we‡kølY Kiyb|

Gm Gm GBP Gj

BDwbU-9 c„ôv-164

mvgvwRK mPjZv Social Mobility

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvVwU c‡o Avcwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb: ● mvgvwRK mPjZvi aviYv ● mvgvwRK mPjZvi iƒc ● mvgvwRK mPjZvi Zvrch©

f‚wgKv mvgvwRK mPjZv mgvRweÁvbx‡`i M‡elYvi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© welq| mvgvwRK mPjZvi wfZi w`‡q gvbyl GK †kªYx ev Íi †_‡K Ab¨ †kªYx ev ͇i P‡j Av‡m| GB cÖwµqvq †Kvb e¨w³ ev †Mvôxi mvgvwRK Íiweb¨v‡mi †mvcvb †e‡q Dc‡i D‡V †h‡Z cv‡i A_ev wb‡P cwZZ n‡Z cv‡i| mvgvwRK mPjZv me mgv‡RB Kg †ewk KvR K‡i| GgbwK Abo Ges „p RvZ-e‡Y©i g‡a¨I mPjZv wµqvkxj| Z‡e g‡b Kiv nq wkí-wfwËK mgv‡R gy³ Íiweb¨vm weivR K‡i Ges GLv‡b mPjZv A‡bK †ewk

mvgvwRK mPjZv : msÁv Oxford Dictionary of Sociology Abyhvqx mvgvwRK mPjZv ej‡Z †evSvq ÒmvgvwRK Íiweb¨v‡mi

wewfbœ Ae ’v‡bi g‡a¨ mvaviYZ: e¨w³, wKšÍz KLbI c~Y© †Mvôxi PjvPj|Ó The movement - usually of individuals but sometimes of whole groups between different positions within the system of social stratification in any society.

mPjZv cwigvc Ki‡Z mgvRweÁvbx‡`i Aek¨ †kªYxi mxgve× aviYv wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| cwigv‡ci myweavi Rb¨ Zviv †ckv‡K †kªYxi mgZzj¨ wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡ib|

mvgvwRK mPjZvi iƒc mvgvwRK mPjZvi GK ai‡bi fvM n‡”Q Dj¤ Vertical Ges Avbyf‚wgK Horizontal mPjZv| Dj¤ mPjZvi gva¨‡g †Kvb e¨w³ DaŸ©Mvgx mPjZv Upward Mobility AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi A_© n‡”Q †Kvb e¨w³ wb‡Ri †kªYx ev gh©v`v‡Mvôx †_‡K Dc‡ii †kªYx ev gh©v`v †Mvôx‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i|

cvV-3

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mgvRweÁvb cwiwPwZ c„ôv-165

GKBfv‡e †Kvb e¨w³ wb‡Ri †kªYx ev gh©v`v‡Mvôx †_‡K Py¨Z n‡q wb‡Pi ͇i †b‡g †h‡Z cv‡i|

Avbyf‚wgK mPjZvq †Kvb e¨w³ GKB †kªYxi ga¨ †_‡K †ckv ev Rxeb-hvÎvi cwieZ©b NUvq| GKRb Wv³vi miKvix PvKzix †Q‡o e¨w³MZfv‡e Wv³vix Ki‡j Zv Zvi †kªYxMZ Ae ’v‡bi †Kvb cwieZ©b NUvq bv|

...RvZcÖ_v wbtm‡›`‡n GK me©fviZxq e¨e ’v-we‡kl GB A‡_© †h Gi g‡a¨ mevi ’vbB Rb¥m~‡Î wba©vwiZ; ’vbxq †Mvôxmg~n GK GKwU web¨vm MVb K‡i, Ges Zv‡`i

mevB mv‡eK hyM †_‡KB GK GKUv †ckvi m‡½ hy³| MZ cÂvk eQ‡i GKB NUbv †`Lv †M‡Q fvi‡Zi wewfbœ MÖv‡g-M‡Ä|

DBwjqg †iv e‡j‡Qb, 1936 mv‡j DËi cÖ‡`‡ki c~e©v‡j Aew ’Z †mbvcyi MÖv‡g bwbqviv (Av‡M Gi byb evbvZ, GLb wUDeI‡qj emv‡bv, iv Ív, cyKzi ˆZix, Uvwj ev BU ˆZixi KvR K‡i) GKm‡½ ˆc‡Z aviY Ki‡j †mLvbKvi ¶zä ¶wÎq Rwg`viiv Zv‡`i †g‡i a‡i, ˆc‡Z wQu‡o mgMÖ Rv‡Zi Dci Rwigvbv avh© K‡i w`j| K‡qK eQi ci bwbqviv Avevi ˆc‡Z wbj, ZLb wKšÍz †KD we‡ivwaZv Kij bv|

...GLv‡b ejv `iKvi, mv‡eK hy‡M RvZ cÖ_vi GB MwZkxj ˆewk‡ó¨i `iyb †Kvb we‡kl ÁvZ‡Mvôx ev Rv‡Zi GKvs‡ki Ae ’vbMZ cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q, wKšÍz KvVv‡gvMZ †Kvb cwieZ©b nqwb| A_©vr we‡kl †Kv‡bv RvZ Dc‡i D‡V‡Q ev bx‡P †b‡g‡Q, wKšÍz KvVv‡gv GKB i‡q †M‡Q|

Avw` I ga¨hy‡Mi fviZxq mgv‡Ri A™¢yZ ¶gZv wQj| mvgvwRKfv‡e bxPy es‡kv™¢‡ei kvmK‡`i GB mgvR Ôï×' I ¶wÎq gh©v`v `v‡b AKzÉ wQj| GB wewkó ¸‡Yi †Rv‡iB fviZxq mf¨Zv mywPi ’vqx HwZn¨ I ’vwqZ¡ jvf K‡i‡Q|

hyM hyM a‡i we‡kl we‡kl e‡Y©i IVvbvgvi welqwU QvovI eY©e¨e ’vi h_vh_ ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, Zv †gvUvgywU mevi Kv‡QB gy³ wQj| GUv Av‡ivI †evSv hvq Avw` hy‡M Ab¨vb¨ RvwZ‡Mvóx †_‡K ¶wÎq nIqv †_‡K| †hgb MÖxK, kK I cnje †Mvôx|cvwb°i e‡jB‡Qb †h BwZnv‡mi Avw` hy‡M ¶wÎq e‡j wKQy wQj bv, L„:c~: cÂg kZvãx ch©šÍ kvmK cwievi¸‡jv AvmZ wewfbœ RvwZ‡Mvôx †_‡K|

evU©b †÷Bb ga¨hyM‡K mvgvwRK mPjZvi „óvšÍ ˆewkó¨c~Y© e‡j gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb| ZË¡ I ev ͇ei g‡a¨ ˆecixZ¨ †`wL‡q e‡j‡Qb, ZË¡MZfv‡e ï×Rv‡Z R‡b¥i m~‡Î gh©v`v wVK nZ, wKšÍz ev ͇e †`Lv †M‡Q fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK †¶‡Î wb¤œ es‡ki gvbylB kvmb K‡i G‡m‡Q| GB mvaviYxKiY `w¶Y fvi‡Zi †hv×v‡`i †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨|

-Gg. Gb. kªxwbevm

AvšÍt cÖRb¥ mPjZv Ges cÖRb¥MZ mPjZv mPjZv †evSvi Rb¨ mgvRweÁvbxiv cÖavbZ: †`L‡Z Pvb y'cÖR‡b¥i g‡a¨ wK ai‡bi cv_©K¨ NU‡Q| evevi mvgvwRK †kªYx †_‡K mšÍvb wK Dc‡ii †kªYx‡Z D‡V †h‡Z cvi‡Q bv

Gm Gm GBP Gj

BDwbU-9 c„ôv-166

bx‡P bvg‡Q| †Kvb †Kvb mgvRweÁvbx Avevi †`L‡Z Pvb gvbyl Zvi wb‡Ri Rxe‡b †kªYx cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cvi‡Q wKbv|

Z‡e mgvRweÁv‡b AvšÍ:cÖRb¥ mPjZv M‡elYv Kg ¸iyZ¡c~Y© welq| G‡¶‡Î †`Lv nq GKRb gvby‡li Rxe‡bi y'wU we› y‡Z †ckvMZ cwieZ©b wK NU‡Q| GKRb Awd‡mi wcqb hw` G¨vKvDbU¨v›U n‡q hvq Z‡e GwU AvšÍ:cÖRb¥ mPjZvi D`vniY|

mvgvwRK mPjZvi Dci mgvRweÁvbxiv †`L‡Z †P‡q‡Qb wewfbœ mvgv‡R Dj¤ mPjZvi aib †Kgb| mvaviYfv‡e †`L‡j wkí-wfwËK mgvR¸‡jv‡Z mPjZvi nvi GKB iKg| Z‡e m~¶fv‡e †`L‡j †`Lv hvq gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi kªwgK †kªYx †_‡K me‡P‡q DuPy †ckvRxex †kªYx‡Z hvIqvi nvi Ab¨vb¨ †`k †_‡K A‡bK †ewk| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª D”Pwk¶vi e¨vcK we Ívi Ges AvbyôvwbK AwfRvZ †kªYx bv _vKvi Rb¨ GB ªyZ mPjZv m¤¢e nq|

mvgvwRK mPjZvi Zvrch© gvK©m& g‡b Ki‡Zb mvgvwRK †kªYx¸‡jvi g‡a¨ hZ †ewk †giyKiY NU‡e ZZ †ewk Ø› ¡ I wecø‡ei m¤¢vebv †e‡o hv‡e| wKšÍz wkí-wfwËK mgv‡R mvgvwRK mPjZv †e‡o hvIqvq †kªYxØ› ¡ K‡g †M‡Q| wkí-wfwËK mgvR gy³ mgvR nIqvq, e¨w³i c‡¶ kªwgK †kªYx †_‡K Dc‡i D‡V hvIqv m¤¢e n‡”Q| wk¶vjv‡fi e¨vcK my‡hvM g~jZ: G‡¶‡Î me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| ZvB mPjZvi Rb¨ †kªYxMZ Av‡›`vjb bq, e¨w³MZ D‡`¨vMB me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© n‡q c‡o‡Q| mvgvwRK mPjZv †kªYx؇› ¡i D‡ËRbv n«v‡mi GKwU wbivc` Dcvq| Zvi KviY kªwgK †kªYxi †hvM¨ Ges †gavex mšÍvbiv Dc‡ii †kªYx‡Z D‡V †h‡Z cv‡i|

A·‡dvW© mPjZv M‡elYv 1972 mv‡j e„‡U‡bi A·‡dvW© wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Rb †Mvì_c© John Goldthorpe Ges Zuvi mn‡hvMx mgvRweÁvbxiv mPjZvi Dci 1949 mv‡ji c‡i me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© M‡elYv K‡ib| GB M‡elYvq †`Lv n‡qwQj mvZwU mvgvwRK †kªYxi g‡a¨ AvšÍ: cÖRb¥ mPjZvi iƒc wK| GB M‡elYv †_‡K †`Lv hvq A`¶ ev Avav `¶ kªwg‡Ki †Q‡j-†g‡q 7.1 kZvsk me‡P‡q DuPy †kªYx‡Z †h‡Z cv‡i| `¶ kªwgK‡`i †¶‡Î GB nvi cÖvq GKB iKg 7.8 kZvsk| Z‡e mvgwMÖKfv‡e e„‡U‡b †`Lv hvq mPjZvi nvi †ek †ewk| wb¤œ mPjZvi nv‡ii PvB‡Z DaŸ© mPjZvi nvi A‡bK †ewk| kªwgK †kªYxi c‡¶ DaŸ© mPjZv jvf Kivi m¤¢vebv Av‡Mi Zzjbvq A‡bK †e‡o wM‡qwQj| †kªYx cwiwPwZ 1. DuPy †ckvRxex, DuPy cÖkvmK, eo KviLvbvi g¨v‡bRvi Ges wekvj m¤úwËi gvwjK| 2. wbPy †ckvRxex, DuPy hš¿we` Technician †QvU cÖkvmK, †QvU e¨emvi g¨v‡bRvi,

AKvwqK kªgRxex‡`i ZË¡veaqK| 3. †KivYx Ges Kg©Pvix| 4. †QvU gvwjK Ges ¯-wb‡qvwRZ KvwiMi| 5. wbPy hš¿we` Ges kªgRxex‡`i ZË¡veavqK| 6. `¶ kªwgK|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mgvRweÁvb cwiwPwZ c„ôv-167

7. Avav-`¶ Ges A`¶ kªwgK|

mvivsk mvgvwRK mPjZv nj mvgvwRK Íiweb¨v‡mi wewfbœ Ae ’v‡bi g‡a¨ e¨w³ ev †Mvôxi PjvPj| Gi g‡a¨ gvbyl GK †kªYx ev Íi †_‡K Ab¨ †kªYx ev ͇i P‡j Av‡m| me mgv‡RB Kg †ewk GwU KvR K‡i _v‡K| mvgvwRK mPjZvi GK ai‡bi fvlv n‡”Q Dj¤^ I Avbyf‚wgK mPjZv| Dj¤^ mPjZvi †Kvb e¨w³ wb‡Ri †kªYx ev gh©v`v †Mvôx †_‡K Dc‡ii †kªYx ev gh©v`v †Mvôx‡Z †hgb cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i †Zgwb gh©v`v‡Mvôx ‡_‡K Py¨Z n‡q wb‡Pi ͇iI †b‡g †h‡Z cv‡i| Aciw`‡K Avbyf‚wgK mPjZvq GKRb e¨w³ GKB †kªYxi g‡a¨ †_‡K †Kej †ckv ev Rxeb-hvÎvi cwieZ©b NUvq| mgvRweÁv‡b AvšÍ:cÖRb¥ mPjZvi M‡elYv GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© welq| G‡¶‡Î †`Lv nq wcZv Ges mšÍv‡bi g‡a¨ †ckvMZ cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q wKbv| mgvRweÁvbxiv mvgvwRK mPjZvi †¶‡Î †`L‡Z Pvb wewfbœ mgv‡R Dj¤^ mPjZvi aib †Kgb| gvK©m& g‡b Ki‡Zb mvgvwRK †kªYx¸‡jvi g‡a¨ hZ †ewk †giyKiY NU‡e ZZ †ewk Ø›`¡ I wecø‡ei m¤¢vebv †e‡o hv‡e| wKšÍz wkíwfwËK mgv‡R mvgvwRK mPjZv †e‡o hvIqvq †kªYxØ›`¡ K‡g †M‡Q| GLv‡b gy³ mgvR e‡j e¨w³i c‡¶ kªwgK †kªYx †_‡K Dc‡i hvIqv m¤¢e n‡”Q| G‡¶‡Î wk¶v jv‡fi e¨vcK my‡hvM ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|

Gm Gm GBP Gj

BDwbU-9 c„ôv-168

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b 1. †Kvb mPjZvi gva¨‡g GKRb e¨w³ DaŸ©Mvgx mPjZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i? K. Avbyf‚wgK L. Dj¤ M. Avbyf‚wgK I Dj¤ N. Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq 2. wb‡Pi †Kvb ai‡bi mPjZvq GKRb e¨w³ GKB †kªYxi ga¨ †_‡K †ckv ev Rxeb hvÎvi cwieZ©b NUvq? K. Dj¤ L. Avbyf‚wgK M. AvšÍ: cÖRb¥g~jK N. cÖRb¥MZ 3. e„‡U‡b †Mvì_c© I Zuvi mn‡hvMxiv KZ mv‡j mvgvwRK mPjZvi Dci M‡elYv K‡iwQ‡jb? K. 1972 L. 1982 M. 1989 N. 1992 4. wb‡Pi †Kvb Dw³wU mwVK? K. wkí-wfwËK mgvR gy³ mgvR nIqvq, e¨w³i c‡¶ kªwgK †kªYx †_‡K Dc‡i D‡V hvIqv m¤¢e n‡”Q L. wkí-wfwËK mgv‡R mvgvwRK mPjZv †e‡o hvIqvq †kªYx Ø› ¡ †e‡o †M‡Q M. K I L DfqB N. Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq msw¶ß cÖkœ 1. AvšÍ: cÖRb¥ I cÖRb¥MZ mPjZv ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb ? 2. Dj¤ I AvbyfzwgK mPjZv wK ? iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. mvgvwRK mPjZv wK? mvgvwRK mPjZvi iƒc¸‡jv we‡kølY Kiyb| 2. mvgvwRK mPjZvi Zvrch© e¨vL¨v Kiyb|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mgvRweÁvb cwiwPwZ c„ôv-169

mvgvwRK wbqš¿Y Social Control

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvVwU c‡o Avcwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb:

● mvgvwRK wbqš¿‡Yi msÁv ● mvgvwRK wbqš¿‡Yi ¸iyZ¡ ● mvgvwRK wbqš¿‡Yi evnb

f‚wgKv

cÖ‡Z¨K mgvR Ges †Mvôxi GK¸”Q we‡kl Av`k© ev ‡kª‡qv‡eva ev Norms _v‡K hv H mgvR ev †Mvôxi m`m¨‡`i mwVK AvPiY wba©vwiZ K‡i †`q| mevi Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ †kª‡qv‡eva Qvov mgvR Rxeb m¤¢e bq|GB mKj Av`k© I g~j¨‡eva gvbyl mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g ‡k‡L| Z‡e mKj Av`k©¸‡jv‡K mevB †g‡b Pj‡e Zv bq| d‡j wewfbœ mvgvwRK Av`k© I g~j¨‡eva hv gvbyl mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g wk‡L _v‡K Zv †g‡b Pjv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ †hme cš’v-c×wZi e¨envi Kiv nq ZvB mvgvwRK wbqš¿‡Yi g~j welq| mvgvwRK wbqš¿Y wfbœ mgvR wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| mgv‡R msnwZ i¶v I DbœwZi Rb¨ mvgvwRK wbqš¿Y AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| Avi GwU AR©b Kiv nq †h cš’vq Zv‡K ejv nq Aby‡gv`b Sanction| nu¨v-agx© Aby‡gv`b cyi¯‹vi Ges bv-agx© Aby‡gv`b kvw Íi gva¨‡g mgvR ev †Mvôxi gvbyl‡`i we`¨gvb wbqg, g~j¨‡eva Ges ‡kª‡qv‡eva‡K †g‡b Pj‡Z Ges wec_MvgxZv †iva Ki‡Z †Póv K‡i| Z‡e ¯§iY ivLv cÖ‡qvRb †Kvb mgvR ev †Mvôx m¤ú~Y© wbqš¿Y AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

msÁv mgvRweÁvbx ievU©m Roberts e‡jb mgvR wbqš¿Y ej‡Z eySvq: Ò†Kvb mgv‡R e¨w³i AvPiY wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ wKQy c×wZ I Kjv‡KŠkj|Ó

†Kb eªvD‡bi fvlvq mgvR wbqš¿Y ej‡Z eySvq, ÒThe process of persuading or forcing individuals to conform to values and norms." [Ken Brown. 1998]

ÒGgb GKwU cÖwµqv hv e¨w³‡K g~j¨‡eva Ges ‡kª‡qv‡eva‡K AbymiY Ki‡Z cÖ‡ivwPZ ev eva¨ K‡i|Ó

¸iyZ¡

cvV-4

Gm Gm GBP Gj

BDwbU-9 c„ôv-170

cybiy‡jøL wb®úª‡qvRb †h mvgvwRK wbqš¿Y mgvR‡K msnZ iv‡L| mvgvwRK wbqš¿Y †f‡½ co‡j mgvRI †f‡½ c‡o| mgv‡R m„ó nq wek„´Ljv I ˆbivR¨| XvKvi gZ GKwU AwZKvq bM‡ii hvbR‡Ui GKwU mvaviY D`vniY †_‡K mvgvwRK wbqš¿‡Yi ¸iyZ¡ Avgiv eyS‡Z cvwi| UªvwdK cywjk bv _vK‡j ev UªvwdK wmMb¨vj bv †g‡b mevB Av‡M hvIqvi †Póv Ki‡j hvbRU m„wó nq| d‡j mevB iv Ívq AvU‡K hvq, mevB ¶wZMÖ Í nq| GgbwK A‡bK †¶‡Î weev` m„wó nq, yN©Ubv N‡U| Gi wecix‡Z UªvwdK wbqg †g‡b Pj‡j mevi hvÎv nq myMg Ges mevB h_vmg‡q MšÍe¨ ’‡j †cŠuQv‡Z cv‡i|

mgvR wbqš¿‡Yi evnb mvgvwRK wbqš¿‡Yi y'wU iƒc i‡q‡QÑ AvbyôvwbK Formal Ges AbvbyôvwbK Informal| AvbyôvwbK mgvR wbqš¿‡Y mgvR ev †Mvôxi cÖwZôvb ev KZ…©Z¡evb e¨w³ wbqš¿Y Av‡ivc K‡ib|

AvbyôvwbK mgvR wbqš¿Y Formal Social Control AvbyôvwbK mgvR wbqš¿Y ej‡Z eySvq Ggb GK mgvR wbqš¿Y e¨e ’v †hLv‡b mvgvwRK wbqš¿‡Yi KvRwU m¤úvw`Z nq KwZcq cÖvwZôvwbK G‡RwÝi gva¨‡g hvi Øviv mgv‡Ri †Kvb we‡kl ev AvB‡bi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ wbwðZ Kiv nq| AvbyôvwbK mgvR wbqš¿‡Yi cÖavb evnb¸‡jv n‡”Q cywjk, Av`vjZ, KvivMvi Ges we‡kl †¶‡Î mvgwiK evwnbx| mgvRweÁvb we‡klfv‡e ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i AvbyôvwbK mvgvwRK wbqš¿‡Yi Dci|

AbvbyôvwbK mgvR wbqš¿Y Informal Social Control

wb‡Pi wewfbœ G‡Rwݸ‡jvi gva¨‡g AbvbyôvwbKfv‡e mgvR wbqš¿Y Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Gi A_© nj GB G‡RwÝ ev gva¨g¸‡jvi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨ mgvR wbqš¿Y bq, wKšÍz mgvR wbqš¿‡Y ¸iyZ¡cyY© I Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv cvjb|

cwievi cwieviB nj cÖv_wgK mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© evnb| wkïiv mgv‡Ri cÖv_wgK †kª‡qv‡eva I g~j¨‡eva m¤ú‡K© cÖ_g Ávb cwiev‡iB jvf K‡i| cwievi bvbv iKg m~² RwUj cÖwµqvq wkï‡`i cyi¯‹vi cÖ`vb K‡i A_ev kvw Í †`q| gv‡qi Av`i I wZi¯‹vi wkïi Rb¨ fwel¨‡Zi AvPi‡Yi Ab¨Zg wbqš¿K n‡q c‡o Ges Ggb ARmª kvw Í I cyi¯‹v‡ii wfZi w`‡q wkï cwiev‡ii g~j¨‡eva‡K AvZ¥ ’ K‡i| cwiev‡ii ga¨ w`‡q mgv‡Ri †Kvb AvPiYwU mwVK Ges †KvbwU fzj, †KvbwU fvj Ges †KvbwU g›` Zv wkïiv wk‡L †bq| †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î wkïiv Aeva¨ n‡j Zv‡`i Dci ˆ`wnK AZ¨vPviI Kiv nq| AvaywbK cwiev‡i Aek¨ wkï‡K kvw Í †`qvi cÖeYZv Lye K‡g G‡m‡Q|

we`¨vjq

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mgvRweÁvb cwiwPwZ c„ôv-171

we`¨vjq covïbvi evB‡iI wkï-wK‡kvi‡`i wbqg-k„´Ljv, mgq‡eva, Kvw•¶Z AvPiY †_‡K †cvlvK-cwi”Q` cÖf…wZ m¤ú‡K© wk¶v`vb K‡i wkï‡`i fwel¨‡Zi mvgvwRK gvbyl wnmv‡e M‡o †Zv‡j| we`¨vj‡q wkï cÖ_g Abyfe K‡i cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi ¯v` hv Zv‡K ˆZwi K‡i †`q evRviwfwËK mgv‡Ri cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Rb¨| mgv‡Ri AmgZv‡K wkï-wK‡kvi MÖnY Ki‡Z †k‡L we`¨vj‡qi cwim‡iB| we`¨vjq ïay Ávb weZiY K‡ibv, mgv‡Ri ¶gZv I myweavi Amg web¨vm‡K mnbxq K‡i Zzj‡ZI mvnvh¨ K‡i| we`¨vj‡qi bvbv Kg©KvÛ ZvB Zxeª cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK, eva¨Zv Acwinvh© Ges k„´Ljv AjsNbxq|

mgeqmx †Mvôx mgvR wbqš¿‡Y mgeqmx †Mvôx Kg ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i bv| mgeqmx‡`i KvQ †_‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vZ nevi fq Ges e¨½-we ªƒc-Gi fq e¨w³i AvPi‡Yi Dci Mfxi cÖfve we Ívi K‡i| †h †Kvb wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix Zvi mgeqmx‡`i mnPvh© Kvgbv K‡i Ges Zv‡`i Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡Z Pvq| Zv‡`i Mí-¸Re, nvwm-VvÆv, e¨½-we ªƒc †bnvZ mgq KvUv‡bv hv we‡bv`b bq, Gm‡ei wfZi w`‡q mvgvwRK wbqš¿Y N‡U _v‡K| mgeqmx‡`i Pvc I e„nËi mgv‡Ri †kª‡qv‡ev‡ai AbymiY Kiv‡K kw³kvjx K‡i| Z‡e g‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb mgeqmx †Mvôx wec_MvgxZvqI mnvqZv K‡i Ges welqwU hyeK‡`i g‡a¨ †ewk cwijw¶Z nq| Z‡e mgeqmx m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ MVbg~jK Av‡jvPbv I mgv‡jvPbv e¨w³i AvPiY wbqš¿Y K‡i mgvR wbqš¿‡Y mnvqZv K‡i|

MYgva¨g wewfbœ cÖKvi MYgva¨g¸‡jv mgvR wbqš¿‡Y Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| GB MYgva¨g wewea Z_¨ I aviYvi Drm nIqvq e¨w³i gZvgZ, g‡bvfve, AvPiY‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i _v‡K| wewfbœ cÖKvi MYgva¨g †hgb- †iwWI, wUwf, msev`cÎ I wm‡bgv Ab¨vq Ges Aciv‡ai weiy‡× cÖPviYv, MVbg~jK Av‡jvPbv Ges „‡k¨i mvnv‡h¨ RbgZ m„wó K‡i Ges RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ m‡PZbZv e„w× K‡i| MYgva¨g mš¿vmx‡`i Ges mš¿v‡mi weiy‡× ev Gi djvdj m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ cÖKvi cÖPviYv Pvwj‡q AvBb i¶vq mvnvh¨ K‡i _v‡K| GwU ¯§iY ivLv cÖ‡qvRb †h MYgva¨g †h me mg‡q G f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K Zv bq| Akøxj QvqvQwe eis mvgvwRK wbqš¿Y †f‡½ †dj‡Z mnvqK nq| Zey AwaKvsk MYgva¨g mgvR wbqš¿‡Y ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|

ag© me a‡g© Aciv‡a wjß bv nevi Rb¨ we‡kl wb‡ ©k _v‡K| G‡¶‡Î Bmjv‡gi f‚wgKv AZ¨šÍ ¯úó|cÖ‡Z¨K a‡g© ˆbwZKZvi Dci ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq| ag© wek¦vm gvby‡li g‡a¨ ˆbwZKZvi m„wó K‡i| cig mË¡vq wek¦vm Ges Zvi cÖwZ fvjevmv Ges ciKv‡j AvZ¥vi Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ gvbyl A‡bK mgq Aciva †_‡K weiZ _v‡K| †Kbbv cywj‡ki †PvL‡K duvwK †`Iqv hvq, wKšÍz weavZvi †PvL‡K duvwK †`Iqv hvq bv| evsjv‡`‡ki mgvR

Gm Gm GBP Gj

BDwbU-9 c„ôv-172

Rxe‡b ag© LyeB ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q Ges GKB mv‡_ Zv Aciva‡K wbiyrmvwnZ K‡i|

mgvR

evsjv‡`‡ki MÖv‡g ÔmgvR' kãwU GKwU wfbœ A_© enb K‡i| b„weÁvbx wcUvi ev‡Uªvwmi g‡Z MÖv‡gi me©Rbxb KvR¸‡jv †hŠ_fv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© AcÖvwZôvwbK msN n‡”Q ÔmgvR'| MÖv‡gi mvgvwRK Abyôvb I gmwR` ev agx©q cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv Ges we‡iva gxgvsmvq ÔmgvR' h‡_ó Ae`vb iv‡L| Z‡e Gi e¨vcKZg f‚wgKv n‡”Q mvgvwRK wbqš¿Y| mgv‡Ri gva¨‡g MÖvg ev cvovi eq¯‹ Ges †bZ… ’vbxq e¨w³ ’vbxq Rxebavivi Dci cÖfve m„wó K‡i _v‡Kb Ges weivRgvb g~j¨‡eva‡K wUwK‡q iv‡Lb|

AvPvi Rituals agx©q Ges mvgvwRK AvPvi Ges Abyôvb mvgvwRK wbqš¿‡Y ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| b„weÁvbx wK¬‡dvW© MÖxqviUR& †`wL‡q‡Qb B‡›`v‡bwkqvi Rvfv A‡j wgjv` wKfv‡e cÖwZ‡ekx‡`i g‡a¨ AvwZ¥K Ges mvgvwRK eÜb m„wó K‡i| Avgv‡`i †`‡kI wgjv` GKB f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| mvgvwRK eÜb GKwU †Mvôxi g‡a¨ hZ „p nq ZZ †ewk weP~¨wZi m¤¢vebv K‡g hvq|

mvivsk mgvR ev †Mvôxe× Rxeb ZLbB m¤¢e hLb mgv‡Ri e„nËi wbq‡gi kvm‡b Zvi m`m¨iv cwiPvwjZ nq| mgv‡Ri g~j¨‡eva, †kª‡qv‡eva, ixwZ-bxwZ wbqg Ges wKQy we‡kl cÖwZôvb e¨w³ ev †Mvôxi Dci †h wbqš¿Y Av‡ivc K‡i ZvB n‡”Q mvgvwRK wbqš¿Y| Gi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q weivRgvb wbq‡gi QK‡K †hb †KD j•Nb bv K‡i| gvby‡li mv‡_ gvby‡li mn‡hvwMZv Ges mnggx©Zvq mgvR msnZ nq| gvbweK g~j¨‡eva Ges mvgvwRK g~jab kw³kvjx nq| mywbqwš¿Z mgvR Dbœq‡bi c_‡K myMg K‡i| wbqš¿‡Yi Afv‡e mgv‡R m„wó nq ˆbivR¨| mvgvwRK wbqš¿Y `y'ai‡biÑ AvbyôvwbK Ges AbvbyôvwbK| AvbyôvwbK evnb¸‡jv n‡”Q cywjk, Av`vjZ I KvivMvi| mgvRweÁvb we‡kl ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i AbvbyôvwbK evnb¸‡jvi Dci hvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q cwievi, we`¨vjq, mgeqmx †Mvôx, MYgva¨g, mgvR Ges AvPvi-Abyôvb| Gme evnb¸‡jvi gva¨‡g RwUj Ges m~² cÖwµqvq Avgiv mgv‡Ri mv‡_ IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e hy³ _vwK|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mgvRweÁvb cwiwPwZ c„ôv-173

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b 1. mgv‡R gvbyl Av`k© I g~j¨‡eva wK‡mi gva¨‡g wk‡L _v‡K? K. mvgvwRK cwieZ©b L. mvgvwRKxKiY M. mvgvwRK cÖwµqv N. mvgvwRK wk¶Y I wbqš¿b 2. mgvRweÁvbx ievU©‡mi g‡Z mgvR wbqš¿Y ej‡Z eySvqÑ †Kvb mgv‡R e¨w³i

AvPiY wbqš¿‡Yi R‡b¨ÑÑÑÑÑ| K. KZ¸‡jv c×wZ L. KZ¸‡jv Kjv‡KŠkj M. KZ¸‡jv c×wZ I Kjv‡KŠkj N. KZ¸‡jv wb‡ ©kbv 3. mgvR wbqš¿‡Yi iƒc KqwU? K. 5wU L. 4wU M. 3wU N. 2wU 4. ÔAv`vjZ' †Kvb ai‡bi mvgvwRK wbqš¿Y? K. AvbyôvwbK L. AbvbyôvwbK M. DfqB N. †KvbwUB bq 5. AbvbyôvwbK mgvR wbqš¿‡Y me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© evnb †KvbwU? K. MYgva¨g L. mgeqmx †Mvôx M. we`¨vjq N. cwievi msw¶ß cÖÖkœ 1. mvgvwRK wbqš¿Y wK ? 2. AvbyôvwbK mvgvwRK wbqš¿b ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb? G‡¶‡Î cÖavb evnb¸‡jv wK? iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. mvgvwRK wbqš¿‡Yi evnY¸‡jv wK? Av‡jvPbv Kiyb| 2. mvgvwRK wbqš¿Y ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb? mvgvwRK wbqš¿‡Yi ¸iyZ¡ Ges †h †Kvb wZbwU

evnb Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|

Gm Gm GBP Gj

BDwbU-9 c„ôv-174

weP~¨wZ : msÁv I weP~¨wZi ZË¡

Deviance: Definition & Theories of Deviance.

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvVwU c‡o Avcwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb:

● weP~¨wZ wK ● weP~¨wZi msÁv ● weP~¨wZi wewfbœ ZË¡: †kª‡qvnxbZv, c„_KxK…Z Abyl½ I †j‡ewjs

f‚wgKv gvbyl mvgvwRK Rxe| mgvRe× Rxeb hvc‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b GKRb bvix ev cyiyl mgv‡Ri Av`k©, g~j¨‡eva, ixwZ-bxwZ †g‡b P‡j| e¨w³i Kv‡Q GUvB mgv‡Ri cÖZ¨vkv| Zey mgv‡Ri g‡a¨B Avevi j¶¨ Kiv hvq Gi j•Nb| mgvR ev †Mvôxi Rb¨ Kvw•¶Z bq Ggb AvPiYI wbqwgZfv‡e N‡U _v‡K| G‡KB mgvRweÁvbxiv AvL¨v w`‡q‡Qb mvgvwRK weP~¨wZ wnmv‡e |

msÁv KwjÝ wWK‡kvbvix Ad †mvwmIjwR‡Z mvgvwRK weP~¨wZ‡K ejv n‡q‡Q Ò‡Kvb mgvR ev mvgvwRK cUf‚wg‡Z Ô¯vfvweK' ev MÖnY‡hvM¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ Ggb wKQy †_‡K wfbœZi †Kvb mvgvwRK AvPiY‡K|Ó

"Any social behaviour which departs from that regarded as 'normal' or socially acceptable within a society or social context." (Collins Dictionary of Sociology, 1995)

mijfv‡e ejv hvq mvgvwRK weP~¨wZ n‡”Q mgv‡Ri †kª‡qv‡eva j•Nb| ’vb, Kvj, †Mvôx, mgvR‡f‡` mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva Ges †kª‡qv‡eva wfbœ nq e‡j weP~¨Z AvPi‡Yi iƒcI nq wfbœ|

cwð‡g †Q‡j-†g‡qiv evev ev gv‡qi bvg a‡i Wv‡K| GwU Avgv‡`i †`‡k Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| Avgv‡`i †`‡k GwU weP~¨wZ| †`k-Kvj †f‡` weP~¨wZ †hgb wfbœ wfbœ †Zgwb GKB mgv‡R GKB mg‡q weP~¨wZi bvbv iƒc †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| ag©wek¦vm †_‡K weP~¨Z

cvV-5

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mgvRweÁvb cwiwPwZ c„ôv-175

mgv‡Ri mvaviY AvPiY f½ Ki‡j Zv cvMjvwg ev gvbwmK e¨vwa wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i|

weP~¨wZi ZË¡ bvbv ai‡bi| weP~¨wZ‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q RxeweÁv‡bi M‡elYv Ges g‡bvweÁv‡bi „wó‡KvY †_‡K| mv¤úªwZKKv‡j weP~¨wZi ˆRweK ZË¡ wKQyUv ¸iyZ¡ †c‡jI Gi h_v_©Zv wb‡q h‡_ó m‡›`n i‡q‡Q| g‡bvweÁv‡bi ZË¡¸‡jv GLbI AcwiYZ| weP~¨wZ‡K †evSvi Rb¨ ZvB mgvRweÁv‡bi ZË¡B me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y©|

weP~¨wZi ZË¡ †kª‡qvnxbZv Anomie gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª Aciv‡ai nvi Lye †ewk †Kb cÖkœwUi Reve LuyR‡Z †h‡q mgvRweÁvbx ievU© gvU©b GB ZË¡ wbg©vY K‡ib| wZwb j¶¨ Ki‡jb gvwK©b mgv‡R ms¯‹…wZ Ges mvgvwRK KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ ˆecwiZ¨ I Ø› ¡ i‡q‡Q| ms¯‹…wZ †Rvi †`q mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨| wKšÍz ev ͇e mvgvwRK KvVv‡gvi cwim‡i †m ai‡bi mvdj¨ AR©‡bi my‡hvM _v‡K mxgve×|

gvwK©b mgv‡R g‡b Kiv nq †h †KD D`¨gx I cwikªgx n‡j m¤ú` Ges mvd‡j¨i wkL‡i D‡V †h‡Z cv‡i| wKšÍz ev ͇e mgv‡Ri DuPy ’vb¸‡jv LyeB mxwgZ| †Uwjwfk‡bi c ©vq †KvwUcwZ nIqv †hgb mnR ev ͇e †ZgbwU bq| d‡j A‡b‡KB mgv‡Ri Aby‡gvw`Z wbq‡gi evB‡i weP~¨wZg~jK cš’vq mvdj¨ AbymÜvb K‡i| gvU©‡bi g‡Z Gi PviwU iƒc i‡q‡Q|G¸‡jv nj- D™¢vebv, AvPvi-me©¯Zv, cjvqb, I we‡ ªvn|

D™¢vebv Innovation G‡¶‡Î gvbyl mgv‡Ri ¯xK…Z j¶¨‡K MÖnY K‡i bZzbZi weP~¨wZg~jK Dcv‡q mvdj¨ AR©b Kivi †Póv K‡i| †ckv`vi Acivaxiv Aciv‡ai bZzb bZzb †KŠkj Lyu‡R †ei K‡i| QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i bKj Kivi welqwUI Gi GKwU D`vniY|

AvPvi-me©¯Zv Ritualism

G ai‡bi AvPiY ZLbB N‡U hLb †KD †Kvb Kv‡Ri g~j j¶¨‡K wemR©b w`‡q Dcvq‡KB mewKQy †f‡e e‡m| AvgjvZ‡š¿i g‡a¨ G ai‡bi e¨vcvi j¶¨ Kiv hvq| RbM‡Yi †mevi j‡¶¨i e`‡j Zviv Dcvq ev c×wZMZ cÖwµqv ev dvB‡ji Dci A‡bK mgq †Rvi w`‡q _v‡K| gvbyl Kó cvq, wKšÍz wbqg envj _v‡K| GwUI GK ai‡bi weP~¨wZg~jK AvPiY|

cjvqb Retreatism

cjvqbx AvPiY m„wó nq hLb e¨w³ mgv‡Ri ¯xK…Z j¶¨ Ges j¶¨ AR©‡bi c_ y'wU‡KB Z¨vM K‡i| Gi cÖavb D`vniY n‡”Q †bkv‡Lvi Ges KLbI feNy‡i|

we‡`ªvn Rebellion

Gm Gm GBP Gj

BDwbU-9 c„ôv-176

we‡ ªvn n‡”Q Ggb GKwU Ae ’v hLb e¨w³ ev †Mvôx mgv‡Ri ¯xK…Z j¶¨ I Dcvq y'wU‡K e`‡j bZzb j¶¨ I Dcvq m„wó K‡i| wecø‡e ZvB mgvRe¨e ’v‡K †X‡j mvRv‡bvi AvnŸvb _v‡K hv weivRgvb mgvR e¨e ’vi wbwi‡L weP~¨wZ|

c„_KxK…Z Abyl½ ZË¡ Differential Association Theory GWDBb, GBP. mv`vij¨vÛ 1939 mv‡j weP~¨wZi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ZË¡ Zz‡j a‡ib hv c„_KxK…Z Abyl½ differential association bv‡g cwiwPZ| gvbyl weP~¨Z cwi‡e‡k eo n‡q DV‡j, weP~¨Z gvbyl‡`i mv‡_ †ewk †gjv‡gkv Ki‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Aciv‡ai †cÖlYv I fvebv m„wó n‡Z cv‡i Ges Zviv Aciv‡ai †KŠkj¸‡jv AvqË K‡i †dj‡Z cv‡i| Aciva wk¶‡Yi djRvZ| GKB cwi‡e‡k evm K‡i †KD †KD Acivax‡`i m½ †e‡Q †bq Ges Aciv‡ai wk¶v jvf K‡i| hviv weP~¨Z bq Ggb gvbyl‡`i m½ †e‡Q †bq, Zviv K`vwPr Acivax nq|

†j‡ewjs ZË¡ Labelling Theory weP~¨wZ ev Aciv‡ai ZË¡ wbg©v‡Yi †¶‡Î GKwU bZzb w`MšÍ D‡b¥vPb K‡i lv‡Ui `k‡Ki †j‡ewjs ZË¡| GB Z‡Ë¡i mvigg© n‡”Q weP~¨wZ ev Aciva GKwU mvgvwRK cÖwµqv Ges GB cÖwµqvi wfZi w`‡q wKQy wKQy KvR ev AvPiY weP~¨Z ev Acivag~jK wnmv‡e wPwýZ nq| mgv‡Ri kw³kvjx †Mvôx ev †kªYxi ¯v‡_© wKQy wKQy gvbyl‡K weP~¨Z ev Acivax wnmv‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq| Gi GKwU mij D`vniY n‡”Q Lye Zz”Q Aciv‡ai Rb¨ †Kvb †jvK †MÖdZvi n‡j A‡bK †¶‡Î †m Ggbfv‡e Acivax wnmv‡e wPwýZ n‡q c‡o †h Zvi c‡¶ ¯vfvweK Rxeb hvcb Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| Zv‡K eva¨ n‡q Zwj‡q †h‡Z nq Aciv‡ai RM‡Z|

mvivsk

mgvR ev †Mvôxi Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq Ggb AvPiY‡K weP~¨wZ wnmv‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| weP~¨wZi bvbv ZË¡ i‡q‡QÑ ˆRweK, gb ÍvwË¡K Ges mgvRZvwË¡K| mgvRweÁv‡b ˆRweK I gb ÍvwË¡K ZË¡ Av‡jvwPZ n‡jI, m½Zfv‡eB mgvRweÁvb `„wócvZ K‡i mgvRZvwË¡K Z‡Ë¡i Dci| G‡¶‡Î D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wZbwU ZË¡ nj-†kª‡qvnxbZvi ZË¡, c„_KxK…Z Abyl½ ZË¡ Ges †j‡ewjs ZË¡|

ievU© gvU©‡bi Z‡Ë¡ †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q weP~¨wZ m„wó nq ms¯‹…wZ Ges mvgvwRK KvVv‡gvi ˆecixZ¨ ev ؇›`¡i Rb¨| ms¯‹…wZ †hme welq AR©‡bi Dci ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i KvVv‡gvMZfv‡e mgv‡Ri weivRgvb wbqg AbymiY K‡i Zv e¨w³i c‡¶ AR©b Kiv Am¤¢e ev Lye `yiƒn n‡q c‡o| GB Ø›`¡RwbZ Pv‡ci cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z e¨w³ mvs¯‹…wZK j¶¨ ev cÖvwZôvwbK Dcvq‡K e`j A_ev Z¨vM K‡i| Gi d‡j weP~¨wZ m„wó nq| gvU©‡bi g‡Z weP~¨wZi iƒc PviwUÑ D™¢vebv, AvPvi-me©¯Zv cjvqbx AvPiY I we‡`ªvn| weP~¨wZi c„_KxKiY Abyl½ Z‡Ë¡ mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡ki Dci ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq hvi cwim‡i e¨w³ weP~¨Z AvPiY †kLvi my‡hvM cvq| GLv‡b Aciva nj

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mgvRweÁvb cwiwPwZ c„ôv-177

wk¶‡Yi djRvZ| ‡j‡ewjs Z‡Ë¡ weP~¨wZ ev Aciva GKwU mvgvwRK cÖwµqv Ges Gi wfZi w`‡q wKQy wKQy KvR ev AvPiY weP~¨wZ ev Acivag~jK wnmv‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b 1. mgvR ev †Mvôxi Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq Ggb AvPiY‡K wK ejv nq? K. weP~¨wZ L. Aciva M. Aciva I weP~¨wZ N. †KvbwUB bq 2. gvU©‡bi ZË¡vbyhvqx weP~¨wZ m„wó nq wK Kvi‡Y? K. ms¯‹…wZi Kvi‡Y L. mvgvwRK KvVv‡gvi Kvi‡Y M. ms¯‹…wZ I mgvRKvVv‡gvi mgb¦‡qi Kvi‡Y N. ms¯‹…wZ I mgvRKvVv‡gvi ؇› ¡i Kvi‡Y 3. c„_KxK…Z Abyl½ ZË¡wU †K cÖ`vb K‡ib? K. gvU©b L. mv`vij¨vÛ M. ievU©mb N. g¨vKvBfvi 4. weP~¨Z ev Aciv‡ai ZË¡ wbg©v‡Y †j‡ewjs ZË¡ †Kvb `k‡K bZzb w`MšÍ D‡b¥vPb K‡i? K. cÂv‡ki `k‡K L. lv‡Ui `k‡K M. mˇii `k‡K N. Avwki `k‡K msw¶ß cÖÖkœ 1. weP~¨wZ wK ? 2. †j‡ewjs Z‡Ë¡i g~j e³e¨ wK ? iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. weP~¨wZ ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb? ievU© gvU©‡bi †`Iqv weP~¨wZi ZË¡wU Av‡jvPbv Kiyb| 2. weP~¨wZi ZË¡¸‡jv wK? Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|

Gm Gm GBP Gj

BDwbU-9 c„ôv-178

Aciva : msÁv I Aciv‡ai aib Crime : Definitions and Types of Crime.

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvVwU c‡o Avcwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb:

● AcivaweÁv‡bi aviYv ● Aciv‡ai msÁv ● evsjv‡`‡k Aciv‡ai DcvË

● Aciv‡ai aib

f‚wgKv Aciva gvbe mgv‡Ri Acwinvh© ˆewkó¨| Ggb †Kvb mgvR †bB †hLv‡b Aciva ev weP~¨wZ †bB| Aciva †hgb mgv‡Ri m‡½ IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e hy³ †Zgwb Zv mgv‡Ri Rb¨ ûgwK ¯iƒc| d‡j mgvRweÁv‡bi M‡elYv I ZË¡ wbg©v‡Yi GKwU cÖavb †¶Î n‡”Q Aciva| Aek¨ ¯§iY ivLv cÖ‡qvRb Aciva GKwU AvBbx aviYv| wewfbœ mg‡q Ges wewfbœ †`‡k AvB‡bi aviYv wfbœ nIqvq Aciv‡ai †Kvb me©Rbxb msÁv †bB| GKKv‡j hv Aciva Ab¨Kv‡j Zv Kvw•¶Z KvR, GK‡`‡k hv ixwZ Ab¨‡`‡k Zv Aciva| Bs‡iR‡`i „wó‡Z hv wgDwUwb ev wmcvnx we‡ ªvn, Avgv‡`i Abyf‡e Zv ¯vaxbZvi hy×| mgvRweÁvbxiv ZvB GB RwUj cÖcÂwU‡K Abyave‡bi †Póv K‡ib weP~¨wZi e„nËi cwim‡i|

AcivaweÁvb Áv‡bi GKwU ¯Zš¿ kvLv wnmv‡e cÖwZwôZ| mgvRweÁvb, A_©bxwZ, BwZnvm,g‡bvweÁvb, b„weÁvb, AvBb kv ¿ Ges GgbwK RxeweÁv‡bi wPšÍv Ges ZË¡‡K e¨envi K‡i AcivaweÁvb| Ab¨w`‡K AcivaZË¡ mgvRweÁv‡bi Ask ev kvLv wnmv‡e `xN©Kvj we‡ewPZ n‡q Avm‡Q|AcivaweÁvb †_‡K mgvRweÁv‡bi `„wó‡KvY‡K Avjv`v Kivi Rb¨ mgvRweÁvbxiv GLb µgk: weP~¨wZi Dci †ewk ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc Ki‡Qb|

msÁv

cvV-6

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mgvRweÁvb cwiwPwZ c„ôv-179

weP~¨wZ †hgb mgv‡Ri †kª‡qv‡eva f½Kvix AvPiY †Zgwb Aciva ej‡Z eySvq Ggb me AvPiY hv mgv‡Ri AvBb f½‡K wb‡ ©k K‡i| mgvRweÁvbx wiPvW© †kdvi Ges ievU© j¨vg Gi g‡Z, ÒAciva n‡”Q Acivag~jK AvB‡bi j•Nb hvi Rb¨ †Kvb miKvix KZ…©c‡¶i Øviv AvbyôvwbKfv‡e kvw Í cÖ`vb Kiv nq| GwU iv‡óªi †kª‡qv‡eva †_‡K †Kvb bv †Kvb weP~¨wZ‡K eywS‡q _v‡K|Ó "Crime is a violation of criminal law for which formal penalties are applied by some governmental authority. It represents some type of deviation from social norms administered by the state". [Richard T. Schaefer and Robert P. Lamm. 1995.]

Aciva DcvË †Kvb mgv‡R Aciv‡ai msL¨v I Zvi n«vm-e„w× Rvbv LyeB Riyix| G‡¶‡Î miKvix DcvË G‡Kev‡iB wbf©i‡hvM¨ bq| †Kbbv miKvix Dcv‡Ë cywj‡ki Kv‡Q †iKW©K…Z Aciva Rvbv hvq| wKšÍz e„‡Ub ev gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi gZ DbœZ †`‡kI A‡bK Aciva miKvix Z‡_¨i †P‡q wZb †_‡K cuvP¸Y †ewk N‡U| G ai‡bi DcvË AwbqwgZ I wewfbœ mgx¶v †_‡K cvIqv hvq e‡j Gi wfwˇZ Aciva cÖeYZvi n«vm-e„w× m¤ú‡K© †Kvb wm×v‡šÍ Avmv hvq bv| d‡j Aciv‡ai DcvË h‡_ó ÎywUhy³|

QK bs-1 t evsjv‡`‡k Aciva, 1997

(cywj‡ki wbKU †iwRw÷ªK…Z Aciva)

Aciv‡ai aib

msL¨v

1. WvKvwZ 933 2. jyÉb, Robbery 1765 3. ivnvRvwb 5425 4. Pywi 8511 5. Lyb 2719 6. `v½v 4967 7. Ab¨vb¨ 77841

mgMÖ 102161

Aciv‡ai m~PK (wfwË 1974=100) 119

Drm t evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb c‡KU eyK, 1998|

Aciv‡ai aib mgvRweÁvbxiv Aciva wKfv‡e msNwUZ nq Ges G‡K mgvR †Kvb „wó‡Z †`‡L Zvi wfwˇZ Aciv‡ai †kªYx wefvRb K‡i _v‡Kb| G‡¶‡Î Aciv‡ai †kªYxwefvRb mvgwMÖKfv‡e AvB‡bi Øviv wefvwRZ †kªYxi Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z nq bv| d‡j mgvRweÁvbx‡`i Aciv‡ai †kªYxKiY wb‡q wfbœgZ i‡q‡Q|

Gm Gm GBP Gj

BDwbU-9 c„ôv-180

Aciva AvB‡bi jsNb e‡j ’vb-Kvj †f‡` Aciv‡ai ZviZg¨ N‡U| 1967 mv‡j gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i wm×v‡šÍi Av‡M A‡bK iv‡R¨ mv`v-Kv‡jv we‡q `Ûbxq wQj| Avgv‡`i †`‡k wKQy wKQy KvR hv Aciva wnmv‡e aiv nq Zv e„‡U‡b Aciva bq| GB welqwU g‡b †i‡L mgvRweÁvbxiv Aciv‡ai we‡kl wKQy iƒ‡ci Dci †Rvi w`‡q _v‡Kb|

f`ª‡ekx Aciva White-Collar Crime ga¨weË †kªYxi g‡a¨ GB ai‡bi Aciva N‡U e‡j G‡K f ª‡ekx Aciva e‡j| mvaviYZ: mvgvwRK Ae ’v‡bi Kvi‡Y G ai‡bi Aciva NU‡Z cv‡i| e¨vsK Kg©Pvix‡`i Znwej Zmiyd f ª‡ekx Aciv‡ai GKwU D`vniY|

wK‡kvi Aciva Juvenile Delinquency AcÖvß eq¯‹ ev wkï I wK‡kvi‡`i Øviv msNwUZ AvBb f½Kvix KvR nj wK‡kvi Aciva| wK‡kvi Aciva‡K mgvRweÁv‡b Delinquency ev åóvPvi e‡j wPwýZ Kiv nq| †Kbbv wK‡kvi Acivax‡`i jNy `Û cÖ`vb Kiv nq| mvaviYZ: Zv‡`i we‡kl Av`vj‡Z AvUK ivLvi e¨e ’v MÖnY Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Lyb-RL‡gi gZ fqven Aciva wK‡kvi‡`i Øviv msNwUZ nevi d‡j wK‡kvi Aciv‡ai ¸iyZ¡ mv¤úªwZK Kv‡j †e‡o‡Q| †e‡o‡Q G m¤úwK©Z D‡ØM| †`‡k wK‡kvi Aciv‡ai msL¨v †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| ïay Pywi bq, WvKvwZ, ivnvRvwb, gv`Kvmw³, mš¿vm, GgbwK Ly‡bi g‡Zv gvivZ¥K ai‡bi Aciv‡ai m‡½ Rwo‡q co‡Q wK‡kviiv| B`vwbs wkï Acni‡YiI Awf‡hvM cvIqv †M‡Q KwZcq wK‡kv‡ii weiy‡×| Av‡M †KejgvÎ Pywi, c‡KU-gviv, cUKv †Qvovi Kv‡R wkï-wK‡kvi‡`i †`Lv †hZ| GLb Ggb †Kvb Aciva †bB hvi m‡½ wK‡kviiv RwoZ _vK‡Q bv| G msL¨v DˇivËi evo‡Q| kn‡ii mv‡_ MÖv‡gM‡ÄI| wcZv-gvZvi Ae‡njv, `vwi ª¨, Kzwk¶v Gi g~j KviY e‡j we‡klÁ‡`i AwfgZ| DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z Gi Rb¨ eÜbnxb mvgvwRK e¨e¯’v‡K `vqx Kiv nq| evsjv‡`‡k Mixe ga¨weË N‡i G msL¨v evo‡Q| nVvr abx nIqv wKQy msL¨K cwiev‡iI wK‡kvi Acivaxi nvi e„w× cv‡”Q| G ai‡bi cwiev‡i wK‡kvi Acivaxi nvi e„w×i g~j KviY gv-evevi D”Q…´LjZv Ges mšÍv‡bi cÖwZ myôz bRi`vwi bv Kiv| cvðvZ¨ wk¶vI Ab¨Zg KviY| XvKv gnvbMix‡Z A‡bK AwfRvZ cwiev‡iB G ai‡bi wK‡kvi Acivax i‡q‡Q| gv-evevi †`Lv‡kvbvi Afv‡e A‡bK wK‡kvi gv`Kvm³ n‡q co‡Q| †bkvi UvKv †hvMv‡Z bv †c‡i Aciv‡ai Avkªq wb‡”Q| wQbZvB-ivnvRvwbmn wewfbœ ai‡bi Aciva Ki‡Q| †kl ch©šÍ aiv co‡Q cywjk A_ev AvZ¥xq¯^R‡bi nv‡Z| P¶z j¾vi f‡q A‡bK AwffveK eva¨ n‡q Zuvi mšÍvb‡K we‡`‡k cvwV‡q w`‡”Qb| †KD †KD wK‡kvi ms‡kvabx †K‡› ª cvwV‡q w`‡”Qb| Avevi _vbv cywj‡ki kiYvcbœ n‡”Qb A‡b‡K| wKšÍz G‡ZI wK‡kvi Acivaxi msL¨v Kg‡Q bv| eis evo‡Q| Gi g~j KviY m‡PZbZvi Afve| GK cwimsL¨v‡b Rvbv †M‡Q †h, †`‡k 1978 mvj †_‡K MZ eQi ch©šÍ wewfbœ Av`vj‡Z cÖvq 6 nvRvi wK‡kv‡ii weiy‡× gvgjv n‡q‡Q| Gme gvgjvi AwaKvsk ev`x wewfbœ e¨w³| Gme gvgjvi †ekxi fvM `v‡qi Kiv nq ivRavbx XvKvq| U½xi ms‡kvabx cÖwZôv‡b 1990 mvj †_‡K 1999 mvj ch©šÍ y' nvRv‡ii †ewk wK‡kvi‡K †mvc © Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gme wK‡kv‡ii AwaKvskB ivRavbxi evwm›`v| G‡`i g‡a¨ Ly‡bi gvgjv i‡q‡Q 40 R‡bi weiy‡×| †`ok'iI †ewk A¯¿ I

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mgvRweÁvb cwiwPwZ c„ôv-181

we‡ùviK ªe¨ gvgjv Ges cÖvq 70wU WvKvwZ gvgjv| eZ©gv‡b GB cÖwZôv‡b cÖvq 2k' wK‡kvi Acivax i‡q‡Q|

m~Î : ‰`wbK RbKÉ, 30 AvM÷, 2000

msNe× Aciva Organized Crime hLb †Kvb `j msMwVZfv‡e ev msNe×fv‡e Aciva K‡i ZLb †mB Aciva‡K ejv nq msNe× Aciva| †PvivPvjvb, gv`K ª‡e¨i e¨emv, cwZZve„wËi †¶‡Î `jMZ cÖ‡Póv j¶¨ Kiv hvq|

mwnsm Aciva mwnsm Aciva mgvR‡K wecbœ K‡i †Zv‡j|mgvRweÁvbxiv G ai‡bi Aciv‡ai we‡køl‡Yi Dci ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i _v‡Kb|

gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi Gd.we.AvB Federal Bureau of Investigation cÖwZ ermi AvU ai‡bi Aciv‡ai Dci cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K| Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K Lyb, al©Y, WvKvwZ Ges AvNvZ| G¸‡jv n‡”Q e¨w³i weiy‡× mwnsm Aciva| Ab¨ PviwU Aciva n‡”Q m¤úwËi weiy‡×Ñ evwo‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i Pywi, Mvwo Pywi Ges AwMœms‡hvM|

wkKvinxb Aciva Victimless Crimes GB ai‡bi Aciva nj Ggb wKQy Aciva hv‡Z mivmwi †Kvb e¨w³ m¤¢eZ: Acivax wfbœ Ab¨ †KD ¶wZMÖ Í nq bv| GB ai‡bi Aciv‡ai g‡a¨ c‡o Ryqv, cwZZve„wË, †bkv Kiv BZ¨vw`| ˆbwZK Aa:cZ‡bi Rb¨ GB ai‡bi Aciva cÖeYZv cvðv‡Z¨ e¨vcK Ges Avgv‡`i †`‡kI †ek j¶Yxq|

†ckvMZ Aciva Professional Crime mgv‡R wKQy wKQy gvbyl Aciva‡K †ckv wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡i Aciva msMV‡b we‡kl `¶Zv AR©b K‡i| G‡`i g‡a¨ A‡b‡K wm‡auj Pywi, wQbZvB, c‡KUgviv cÖf…wZ Aciv‡a wm×n Í|

mvivsk

†Kvb †`‡ki AvBb j•NbKvix KvR‡K Aciva ejv nq| d‡j ’vb, Kvj Ges cv·f‡` †Kvb KvR Aciva wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e Zv e`‡j †h‡Z cv‡i| Aciva we‡køl‡Y Av‡iKwU mgm¨v n‡”Q wbf©i‡hvM¨ Dcv‡Ëi Afve| AcivaweÁvb Áv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvi mvnvh¨ MÖnY K‡i| mgvRweÁv‡b Aciva‡K †h we Í„Z cwim‡i we‡kølY Kivi †Póv Kiv nq Zv n‡”Q weP~¨wZ| Aciva †Kb N‡U Zv †evSvi Rb¨ weP~¨wZi

Gm Gm GBP Gj

BDwbU-9 c„ôv-182

ZË¡¸‡jvi mvnvh¨ MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| †`k-Kvj †f‡` Aciv‡ai ZviZg¨ nq e‡j Aciv‡ai †kªYxKiY Kiv mnR bq| A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib Gi cÖ‡qvRbI †bB| mgvRweÁv‡b Aciv‡ai K‡qKwU we‡kl ai‡bi Dci ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nqÑ f`ª‡ekx Aciva, msNe× Aciva, mwnsm Aciva Ges wkKvinxb Aciva|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b 1. wb‡Pi †Kvb ai‡bi AvPiY‡K Aciva e‡j? K. ‡kª‡qv‡eva f½Kvix AvPiY L. mgv‡Ri AvBb f½Kvix AvPiY M. DfqB N. †KvbwUB bq 2. f ª‡ekx Aciva †Kvb †kªYxi gvby‡li g‡a¨ N‡U _v‡K? K. D”PweË L. ga¨weË M. wb¤œ-ga¨weË N. wb¤œweË 3. ˆbwZK Aa:cZ‡bi Rb¨ `vqx †Kvb ai‡bi Aciva? K. †ckvMZ Aciva L. msNe× Aciva M. wkKvinxb Aciva N. mwnsm Aciva 4. †PvivPvjvb, gv`K ª‡e¨i e¨emv †Kvb ai‡bi Aciv‡ai g‡a¨ c‡o? K. msNe× Aciva L. mwnsm Aciva M. wkKvinxb Aciva N. Dc‡ii me¸‡jv msw¶ß cÖkœ 1. Aciva wK ? 2. Avgv‡`i †`‡k wK wK‡kvi Aciva evo‡Q? evo‡j †Kb? 3. Aciva I weP~¨wZi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡ ©k Kiyb| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. Aciv‡ai msÁv w`b| Aciv‡ai me©Rbxb msÁv †`Iqv m¤¢e bq †Kb? 2. evsjv‡`‡k Aciv‡ai DcvË cvV Kiyb| Avcbvi AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K Aciv‡ai

miKvix DcvË KZUzKz h_v_© Zv g~j¨vqb Kiyb| 3. Aciv‡ai †kªYxKiY Av‡jvPbv Kiyb| Avgv‡`i †`‡k †Kvb ai‡bi Aciva me‡P‡q

¸iyZ¡cyY©?

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mgvRweÁvb cwiwPwZ c„ôv-183

Aciva cÖwZ‡iva Prevention of Crime

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvVwU c‡o Avcwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb:

● Aciva cÖwZ‡iv‡a AvBb, cywjk, Av`vjZ I KvivMv‡ii f‚wgKv ● Aciva cÖwZ‡iv‡a mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Dcv`v‡bi f‚wgKv

f‚wgKv cÖ‡Z¨K mgv‡R Aciva `gb I cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ e¨e ’v MÖnY Kiv nq| Aciva Ges kvw Í cÖ`v‡bi †h cÖvwZôvwbK iƒc Ges cÖwµqv mgv‡R †`Lv hvq Zv †ek RwUj| AvaywbK mgv‡R PviwU welq Gi m‡½ hy³Ñ AvBb, cywjk, Av`vjZ I KvivMvi ev ms‡kvabvMvi| †Kvb mgv‡R kvw Íi `k©b wK, Zvi mvaviY bxwZgvjv wK Ges kvw Íi cÖ‡qvM wKfv‡e n‡e Zv wea„Z K‡i AvBb| AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvM K‡i cywjk, AvB‡bi Av‡jv‡K wePvi m¤úv`b K‡i Av`vjZ| kvw Íi cÖavb aib n‡”Q Kviv`Û-e¨w³‡K mgvR †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i ivLv nq KvivMv‡ii AšÍiv‡j|

AvBb cÖvK…wZK AvB‡bi aviYvq g‡b Kiv nq Aciv‡ai cÖwZ‡kva A_ev ¶wZc~iY wnmv‡e kvw Í cÖ`vb Kiv DwPZ| G ai‡bi kvw Íi j¶¨ n‡”Q Ô‡Pv‡Li e`‡j †PvL'| AvaywbK AcivaweÁv‡b kvw Í n‡”Q wbeviYg~jK; kvw Íi f‡q gvbyl †hb Aciva †_‡K weiZ _v‡K| Aciv‡ai Zzjbvq kvw Í †`Iqv nq A‡bK Kg| Aek¨ GLbI Dbœqbkxj †`‡k A‡bK AvBb cÖ‡YZv Ges AvBbÁiv g‡b K‡ib K‡Vvi kvw Í wbeviYg~jK| M‡elYv †_‡K G y'wU g‡Zi c‡¶ ev wec‡¶ †Kvb my¯úó cÖgvY cvIqv hvq bv| A‡bK we‡klÁ `vwe K‡i‡Qb K‡Vvi kvw Í Aciva cÖeYZv e„w× K‡i| †Kbbv Acivaxi c‡¶ Avi KLbI ¯vfvweK Rxe‡b wd‡i Avmv m¤¢e nq bv| Aciva‡K Zvi †ckv wnmv‡e †e‡Q wb‡Z bq| G „wó‡KvY †_‡K kvw Íi PvB‡Z Acivaxi cybe©vmb Aciva cÖwZ‡iv‡a A‡bK Kvh©Ki|

cywjk

Aciva wbevi‡Y cywj‡ki f‚wgKv LyeB ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| cywjk Aciva m¤úv`‡b evav †`q, m¤¢ve¨ Acivax‡K †MÖdZvi K‡i Ges Aciv‡ai cÖgvY †c‡j Zv‡K wePv‡ii Rb¨ Av`vj‡Z †cÖiY K‡i| cywjk mwµq, `¶ Ges ybx©wZgy³ n‡j Ges Zv‡`i msL¨v I DcKiY ch©vß _vK‡j †Kvb mgv‡R Aciva e„w× bv cvevi m¤¢vebv †ewk _v‡K|

cvV-7

Gm Gm GBP Gj

BDwbU-9 c„ôv-184

AwaKvsk Dbœqbkxj †`‡k cywj‡ki †eZb Kg, Zv‡`i h_vh_ cÖwk¶‡Yi Afve i‡q‡Q Ges Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY †bB| d‡j Zviv Aciva cÖwZ‡iv‡a Kvw•¶Z f‚wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| Gi g~j KviY n‡”Q miKv‡ii c‡¶ cywj‡ki Rb¨ eivÏ Lye †ewk evov‡bv m¤¢e nq bv| Gme mxgve×Zv m‡Z¡I cywj‡ki c‡¶ AviI Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv cvjb Kiv m¤¢e| G‡¶‡Î A‡_©i PvB‡Z Afve n‡”Q Kvh©Ki M‡elYvi Ges M‡elYv wfwËK bxwZgvjvi| g‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb Aciva wbevi‡Yi †Kvb mvaviY m~Î ev ZË¡ †bB| cÖ‡Z¨K mgv‡Ri ev Íe Ae ’vi Av‡jv‡K Kvh©Ki bxwZgvjv ˆZwi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| Z‡e GKwU wel‡qi Dci B`vwbs Lye †ewk ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡”QÑ Zv n‡”Q cywjk Ges RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ NwbôZi m¤úK© ’vcb Ges KwgDwbwU cywj‡ki e¨e ’v|

Av`vjZ

AvaywbK mgv‡R Aciv‡ai wePvi Ges kvw Íi e¨e ’v Kiv nq Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g| wePv‡ii GKwU cÖavb iƒc n‡”Q miKvix AwfksmK Prosecutor ev DwKj Ges Awfhy³ e¨w³i DwK‡ji g‡a¨ mIqvj Reve Ges mv¶x cÖgv‡Yi wfwˇZ wbi‡c¶ wePviK A_ev wePviK Ges Rywi‡`i wm×všÍ MÖnY| GB wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi g‡a¨ _v‡K Awfhy³ e¨w³ Acivax wKbv Ges Acivax n‡j Zvi kvw Íi gvÎv wba©viY|c„w_exi me †`‡kB wePvi e¨e ’vi cÖavb mgm¨v n‡”Q `xN©m~wÎZv Ges e¨qeûjZv| Gi GKwU cÖavb mgvavb n‡”Q ye©j gvgjv ev †QvULvU NUbvq gvgjv bv MÖnY Kiv Ges Av`vj‡Zi evB‡i gvgjv wb®úwË| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª 50 †_‡K 80 kZvsk Awf‡hvM LvwiR Kiv nq A_ev Aciv‡ai Rb¨ ¯í `Û cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Gi d‡j Av`vj‡Zi Dci †evSv K‡g hvq Ges ¸iyZ¡cyY© Aciv‡ai h_vh_ wePvi nq|

KvivMvi Aciv‡ai me‡P‡q gvivZ¥K kvw Í n‡”Q g„Zz¨`Û| Z‡e g„Zz¨`Û cÖ`v‡bi weiy‡× RbgZ M‡o IVvq GB Pig `Û e¨env‡ii cÖeYZv K‡g Avm‡Q| eZ©gv‡b 44wUi †ewk †`‡k g„Zz¨`Û iwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK †`‡k g„Zz¨`Ûv‡`k n«vm cv‡”Q| d‡j Aciva cÖwZ‡iv‡ai cÖavb Dcvq n‡”Q Acivax‡`i KvivMv‡i e›`x ivLv| a‡i †bIqv nq kvw ͇fv‡Mi ci Acivaxiv ¯vfvweK Rxe‡b wd‡i hv‡e Ges Zviv Avevi Aciv‡ai mv‡_ hy³ n‡e bv| wKšÍz A‡bK Acivax †hgb ¯vfvweK Rxe‡b wd‡i hvq, †Zgwb A‡b‡KB Avevi MÖnY K‡i Zv‡`i cyiv‡bv †ckv| A‡bK we‡klÁ g‡b K‡ib KvivMvi Aciva‡K evwo‡q †`q| KvivMv‡ii cwi‡ek Aciva cÖeYZv‡K kw³kvjx K‡i| Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki KvivMv‡ii AcÖZzjZv I my‡hvM-myweavi Afve Lye †ewk| GB AgvbweK cwi‡e‡k Aciva †e‡o hvIqv A¯vfvweK bq|

DbœZ †`‡k Acivax‡`i mg Í mgq KvivMv‡i bv †i‡L wKfv‡e cybe©vwmZ Kiv hvq, Zv wb‡q bvbv cix¶v-wbix¶v Pj‡Q| KvivMv‡ii ms¯‹v‡ii KvRI Kiv n‡”Q ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡”Q Kvive›`x‡`i gvbweK AwaKv‡ii Dci|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mgvRweÁvb cwiwPwZ c„ôv-185

†UvwKI‡Z GLb ga¨ivwÎ| bMi‡K‡›`ªi iv Ív¸‡jv c_Pvix‡Z cwic~Y©, c_¸‡jv RbvKxY©, iv Ívq mvB‡Kj¸‡jv‡K ZvjvQvov Ae ’vb ivLv, GgbwK AvU eQ‡ii Kg eqmx wkïiv GKv GKv myo½ c‡_ mvB‡Kj Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q| gvwK©b hy³ivóª †_‡K Avmv †Kvb ch©U‡Ki Rb¨ GwU GKwU mvs¯‹…wZK we¯§q| we¯§qwU †e‡o hvq hLb c‡ii w`b msev`c‡Î †Kvb Aciv‡ai Lei cvIqv hvq bv| .... c„w_exi †h †Kvb bMixi Zzjbvq †UvwKI‡Z Lyb, al©Y, WvKvwZ Ges Pywii nvi A‡bK Kg| Rvcv‡bi Zzjbvq gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª Ly‡bi nvi AvU¸Y, al©‡Yi nvi 30 ¸Y Ges WvKvwZi nvi 200 ¸Y †ewk| wKšÍz Rvcv‡b Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e gv_vwcQy cywj‡ki msL¨v Kg .... Rvcv‡b Aciva GZ Kg †Kb? Gi DËi m¤¢eZ wbwnZ i‡q‡Q cywj‡ki cÖwZ RbM‡Yi wbi¼zk wek¦v‡mi g‡a¨| evB‡ii ch©‡e¶Kiv g‡b K‡ib cywj‡ki cÖwZ gvby‡li Av ’vi GKwU KviY n‡”Q we¯§qKifv‡e kvw Íi 99.83 kZvsk nvi| Av‡iv g‡b Kiv nq cywj‡ki cÖwZ RbM‡Yi Av ’v ms¯‹…wZRvZ hvi DrcwË 1868 mv‡j AvaywbKxKiY cÖwµqv ïiy nevi 400 eQi Av‡M| .... eQ‡ii GKevi ev `y'evi cywjk cÖwZevwo ev e¨emv cÖwZôv‡b nvwRi n‡q evwo A_ev cvovi Ae ’vi †LuvR wb‡q _v‡K .... Rvcvbx RbMY G‡K Dc`ªe g‡b K‡ibv, ei g‡b K‡i cywjk Zv‡`i g½‡ji e¨vcv‡i e¨w³MZ Drmvn †`Lv‡”Q| .... Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vbI Rvcv‡bi Aciv‡ai Kg nv‡ii Rb¨ Ae`vb iv‡L| Rvcvbx‡`i mvs¯‹…wZK g~j¨‡eva AvBbvbyM AvPiY Ges cywj‡ki mv‡_ mn‡hvwMZvi weKvk NUv‡Z mvnv‡h¨ K‡i| .... m¤úª`vq Ab¨vq KvR‡K me mgq wb›`v K‡i Ges mvgvwRKfv‡e weP~¨Z KvR‡K ¶gv Kiv nq bv| d‡j mvgvwRKxKiY cÖwµqvi cÖ_g ch©vq †_‡K wkï‡`i KZ©„Z¡‡K †g‡b wb‡Z DrmvwnZ Kiv nq Ges AvZœ-k„sLjvi Dci Lye †ewk ¸iZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq|¯‹z‡j Aíeqmx‡`i bvMwiKZvi mv‡_ hy³ `vwqZ¡kxj AvPi‡bi bxwZgvjv‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z †kLv‡bv nq|

Drm : wiPvW© wU. †kdvi I ievU© wc. j¨vg

Aciva cÖwZ‡iv‡a mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Dcv`v‡bi f‚wgKv Aciva cÖwZ‡iv‡a mgvR I ms¯‹…wZ wbišÍi mwµq| mvgvwRK wbqš¿‡Yi †h evnb¸‡jvi K_v Av‡M D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jvB g~jZ: G KvR K‡i _v‡K| cwievi, †Ljvi mv_x, mgeqmx †Mvôx, ag©, MYgva¨g cÖf…wZ wewfbœfv‡e Aciva cÖwZ‡iv‡a mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j Aciva cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb mgwb¦Z D‡`¨vM|

Gm Gm GBP Gj

BDwbU-9 c„ôv-186

mvivsk

cÖ‡Z¨K mgv‡R Aciva N‡U Ges cÖwZwU mgv‡R Aciva `gb I cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ i‡q‡Q kvw Íi e¨e ’v| Aciv‡ai kvw Í cÖ`vb Kiv nq cÖvwZôvwbK e¨e ’v Ges cÖwµqvi wfZi w`‡q| AvaywbK mgv‡R PviwU welq Gi mv‡_ hy³Ñ AvBb, cywjk, Av`vjZ I KvivMvi| †Kvb Aciv‡ai Rb¨ wK kvw Í n‡e Zv wb‡`©k K‡i AvBb| cÖvK…wZK AvB‡bi `k©‡b g‡b Kiv nZ Aciv‡ai Rb¨ mgZzj¨ kvw Íweavb Kiv DwPZ| wKšÍz eZ©gv‡b AvBb e¨envi Kiv nq Aciva cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨| G j¶¨ AR©b Kivi Rb¨ cywj‡ki f‚wgKv ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| wKšÍz Dbœqbkxj †`‡k cywj‡ki `¶Zv Kg Ges Zv evov‡bvi Rb¨ Zv‡`i my‡hvM-myweav, cÖwk¶Y I DcKi‡Yi mieivn e„w× cÖ‡qvRb| mv¤úªwZKKv‡j RbMY Ges cywj‡ki g‡a¨ mym¤úK© M‡o †Zvjv Ges Kgy¨wbwU cywj‡ki Dci ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡”Q| ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡”Q Acivax‡`i cybe©vmb Ges Kviv-ms¯‹v‡ii Dci| Aciva cÖwZ‡iv‡a mvgvwRK wbqš¿‡Yi evnb¸‡jvI ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| Gi Zvrch© n‡”Q Aciva cÖwZ‡iv‡a mgwb¦Z D‡`¨vM cÖ‡qvRb|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mgvRweÁvb cwiwPwZ c„ôv-187

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b 1. AvaywbK mgv‡R KqwU welq Aciv‡ai mv‡_ hy³? K. 3wU L. 5wU M. 4wU N. 2wU 2. AvaywbK AcivaweÁv‡b kvw Í wb‡Pi †KvbwUi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨? K. wbeviYg~jK L. cÖwZ‡kvag~jK M. wbeviY I cÖwZ‡kvag~jK N. cÖwZ`vbg~jK 3. Aciva cÖwZ‡iv‡a cywj‡ki Kvw•¶Z f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z bv cvivi g~j KviY †KvbwU? K. Kvh©Ki M‡elYvi Afve L. M‡elYv wfwËK bxwZgvjvi Afve M. cywj‡ki Rb¨ eivÏ Lye †ewk bq N. ybx©wZhy³Zv 4. AvaywbK mgv‡R Aciv‡ai wePvi Ges kvw Íi e¨e ’v Kiv nq wK‡mi gva¨‡g? K. cywj‡ki gva¨‡g L. Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g M. KvivMv‡ii gva¨‡g N. Ab¨vb¨ 5. c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡kB wePvi e¨e ’vi cÖavb mgm¨v †KvbwU? K. `xN©m~wÎZv L. e¨qeûjZv M. Aciv‡ai kvw Í wba©vi‡Y mgm¨v N. `xN©m~wÎZv Ges e¨qeûjZv 6. Aciva cÖwZ‡iv‡a mvgvwRK wbqš¿‡Yi †Kvb evnb¸‡jv RwoZ? K. cwievi L. †Ljvi mv_x I mgeqmx †Mvôx M. ag© I MYgva¨g N. Dc‡ii me¸‡jv 7. †Kvb †`‡ki Av`vj‡Z 50 †_‡K 80 kZvsk Awf‡hvM LvwiR Kiv nq? K. Rvcvb L. gvwK©b hy³ivóª M. KvbvWv N. evsjv‡`k 8. Aciv‡ai me‡P‡q gvivÍK kvw Í g„Zz¨`Û KqwU †`‡k iwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q? K. 34wU L. 44wU M. 54wU N. 64wU

msw¶ß cÖkœ 1. Aciva cÖwZ‡iv‡a Av`vj‡Zi f‚wgKv wK ? 2. K‡Vvi kvw Í cÖ`vb wK Aciva cÖeYZv e„w× K‡i ?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. AvaywbK mgv‡R Aciva I kvw Í cÖ`v‡bi cÖvwZôvwbK iƒc¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiyb| 2. Aciva cÖwZ‡iv‡a mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Dcv`v‡bi f‚wgKv wK?