1

xariton axvledianis saxelobis

aWaris muzeumi

muzeumis macne

II

baTumi 2009

2

mTavari redaqtori

goderZi totoCava

saredaqcio sabWo

Temur tunaZe

mTavari redaqtoris moadgile

oTar gogoliSvili redaqtori

rusiko kobrava mdivani

lali WanturiZe kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa

zaal Sengelia fotografi

recenzentebi:

profesori nugzar mgelaZe

profesori kaxaber surgulaZe

profesori oTar gogoliSvili

Jurnali gamodis aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis

ganaTlebis kulturisa da sportis saministros dafinansebiT

© ISSN 1987-6807

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bunebis ganyofileba

lamara gulordava

bunebis ganyofilebis gamge

aWaris muzeumis geologiuri koleqciebi

aWaris muzeumSi bunebis ganyofilebas erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili

uWiravs. daarsebis pirveli wlebidanve aq grovdeboda sayuradRebo

eqsponatebi, romelTa Soris gamoirCeoda geologiuri koleqciebi.

aWara mdidaria sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT. cnobilia liTonebis

(spilenZi, tyvia, TuTia), qimiuri nedleulis (gogirdis kolCedani,

aluniti), samSeneblo masalebis (gabro, mikrotufobreqCia, andezit-daciti,

gabro-dioriti, porfiriti, saagure Tixa), feradi da sanakeTobo qvebis

(iaspisi, aqati, gaqvavebuli xe da sxv.) mravalricxovani sabado da

gamovlineba.

aWaris sasargeblo wiaRiseulis koleqciebidan mniSvnelovania

madneuli wiaRiseuli.

spilenZis maragiT gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva merisis sabados ubani _

obolo-kanli-kaia. aq sabado ZarRvuli tipisaa, ZarRvebis sigrZe 100-dan

1300 metramde aRwevs, saSualo simZlavre ki 0,5-0,8 metria. XIX saukunis 90-

ian wlebSi spilenZis madnis gadamuSaveba xdeboda baTumTan axlos _ erges

metalurgiul qarxanaSi.

muzeumis koleqciaSi daculia spilenZis ZiriTadi minerali _

spilenZis almadani anu qalkopiriti. igi yviTel-TiTbrisferia, Zlieri

metaluri elvarebiT. misi kristalebi _ iSviaTi, tetraedruli da

piramiduli habitusisaa, xolo agregatebi _ mkvrivi masebi da

Canawinwklebi (sur. 1). qalkopiriti minarevebis saxiT Seicavs oqros,

vercxls, Taliums, germaniums.

minerali ggaleniti anu tyviis kriala nacrisferia, mkvrivi, metaluri

elvarebiT. qmnis kubebis formis lamaz kristalebs. xolo agregatebi _

masiuri, marcvlovani, firfitisebri (sur. 2).

TuTiis Semcveli mTavari minerali ssfaleriti molurjo-nacrisferia,

almasuri elvarebiT. Kkristalebi tetraedruli, agregatebi – mkvrivi,

marcvlovani. aris Canawinwklebis saxiTac.Asfaleritis sabadoebi gvxvdeba

iq, sadac galenitia. igi moipoveba aWara-TrialeTis naoWa sistemaSi

(merisis, veliburis, verxnalis, goderZis-wylis, wyalbokelas da sxv.).

piriti anu gogirdis kolCedani (sur. 3) sufTa saxiT iSviaTad

gvxvdeba. igi gogirdisa da rkinis naerTia. Minarevebis saxiT Seicavs

oqros, spilenZs, vercxls da sxva elementebs. Gamoiyeneba spilenZis da

gogirdmJavas warmoebaSi, gadamuSavebis narCenebi ki ixmareba, rogorc

rkinis madani. piritis kristalebi lamazia, agregatebi konkreciebis,

marcvlebis da mtevniseburia. feri oqros an Calis msgavsad yviTelia,

elvareba metaluri. sayuradReboa aWaris gogird-kolCedanuri madneulis

formacia goma-wablanas madneul zonaSi. gogirdis kolCedanis analogiuri

gamovlinebebi dafiqsirebulia mdinareebis _ sxalTis, Ciruxiswylis da

maWaxelas wylis xeobebSi.

muzeumSi daculia kkvarciti piritis CanawinwklebiT, kvarciti

sulfidebis CanawinwklebiT, eqsploziuri breqCia sulfiduri

gamadnebiT (sur. 4).

4

uZvelesi droidan iyo cnobili aaluniti anu „Sabis qva“ (sur. 5).

aluniti miwisebri an qvisebri agregatia. feri TeTr-moyviTalo. igi

kompleqsuri nedleulia. misgan miiReba 40 dasaxelebis sxvadasxva

produqti. maTgan mniSvnelovania cementi.

aWaraSi aalunitebisa da alunitizebuli qanebis mniSvnelovani

gamosavlebi dafiqsirebulia mdinareebis didRelisa da sxalTis xeobebSi,

soflebis: wablanis, xixaZirisa da Rorjomis sazafxulo sadgomebis _

laSes, Romas, kosla-Tavisa da sasadilos midamoebSi.

aWaraSi dReisaTvis moZiebulia da saxelmwifo balanszea

mosapirkeTebeli masalebis Semdegi sabadoebi: dagvis mikrotufobreqCiebis,

danisparaulis andezit-dacitebis da xalasTavis gabro-dioritis.

muzeumSi Segrovilia sxvadasxva saxis samSeneblo masalis nimuSebi:

muqi feris fisisebri bazalti Suaxevidan, danisparaulis momwvano feris

doleriti, nacrisferi dioriti sxalTidan, Ria ruxi feris sieniti

merisidan, momwvano feris Janivris gabro, danisparaulis Ria nacrisferi

daciti, lamazi tufi Sindisfer-nacrisferi zolebiT laSedan, Tagvisferi

mikrotufobreqCia dagvadan, moTeTro kirqva xinodan (sur. 6, 7, 8)

mravalferovania aWaraSi mopovebuli Tixis koleqcia. aq

warmodgenilia oCxamuris keramzituli Tixa, cecxlauris cecxlgamZle

Tixa, jixanjuris saagure Tixa, agreTve bentonituri Tixis nimuSebi.

gansakuTrebiT aRniSvnis Rirsia brilis (Suaxevi) saagure Tixa, romelic

Zalze wvrilmarcvlovania da mniSvnelovani nedleulia agur-kramitis,

metlaxis da sxva saxis keramikuli warmoebisaTvis.

aWaraSi gamovlenilia feradi, saiuveliro da sanakeTobo qvebi.

arsianis qedis dasavleT kalTebze aRmoCenilia mravali

maRaldekoratiuli iaspisis, opalis, qalcedonis da gaqvavebuli

(opalizebuli) xis gamovlinebebi. feradi qvebi (aqati, iaspisi) aRmoCenilia

Suaxevis da qedis raionis teritoriaze.

qalcedoni kvarcis farulkristaluri saxesxvaobaa. igi farTod

gavrcelebuli mineralia. gvxvdeba arsianis qedze ZarRvebisa da Jeodebis

saxiT. zRvis sanapiroze SeiZleba talRebidan damrgvalebuli ameTvistos,

aqatis, sardionis Segroveba.

muzeumis koleqciebSi mravladaa iisferi ameTvisto (sur. 9), wiTeli

iaspisi (sur. 10), zoliani aqati (sur. 11), obsidiani (sur. 12), mtredisferi

qalcedoni, Ria mwvane feris plazma, wiTeli feris sardioni,).

aWaraSi bevrgan gvaqvs mineraluri saRebavebis sabado. oqras sabadoebi

Cveulebriv rkinis madnebTanaa dakavSirebuli. muzeumis koleqciebSi gvaqvs

yviTeli feris oCxamuris oqra, rkinis madnis Semcveli maradidis surinji.

garda wiaRiseulisa muzeumis eqspoziciaSi gamofenilia da fondSic

daculia aWarisa da misi mosazRvre teritoriebis amgebi qanebis nimuSebi.

Segrovilia mineralebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxidan. Zalze

sainteresoa ulamazesi kristalebis (mTis broli, citrini, aurimpigmenti,

flogofiti da sxv. koleqcia (sur. 13).

muzeumSi paleontologiuri masala marTalia mcire raodenobiTaa,

magram mainc saiteresoa. eqspoziciaSi gamofenilia da fondSic daculia

aWarisa da misi mosazRvre teritoriebis amgebi zRviuri Tu kontinenturi

qanebis nimuSebi, romlebic Seicaven namarx organizmebs (sur. 14). mag.,

qobuleTSi, muxaestatesa da cecxlauris midamoebSi, meoTxeulis qveS

ganlagebulia muqi nacrisferi sqelSreebrivi Tixebi da qviSiani Tixebi,

romlebic mravlad Seicaven kimeriuli drois moluskuri faunis da

floris naSTebs. xuloSi, sof. iremaZeebTan aRmoCenilia numulitebi,

5

romlebic Cveulebriv zeda eocenSi gvxvdeba. numulitebi zRvis

cxovelebia. isini dakavSirebuli arian Txeli zRvis naleqebTan da Tbil

zolSi gvxvdebian. numulitebis brtyeli naWuWi Sedgeba ramdenime

xveulisagan, romelnic tixrebiT kamerebad arian dayofili, tixrebs

ormagi aRnagoba aqvT. isini 2-2 firfitisagan Sedgeba. am or firfitas

Soris gaivlis wvrili milakebis sistema.

namarxi organizmebi ZiriTadad Segrovilia zedapirulad an gzis

gayvanis dros gaSiSvlebuli naleqebidan. amdenad es masala ver iZleva

miwis qerqis SreebSi sicocxlis ganviTarebis srul suraTs, magram

samuzeumo TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia ganmarxebuli

niJarebi, romlebic kargad arian daculi da sruliad ar ganirCevian

Tanamedrove cxovelTa niJarebisagan. aseTebia: turitela, pomatia, natika

da sxv.

erT-erTi namarxi organizmia zzRvis zRarbi. igi mezozouris

dasawyisidan dRemde ekalkanianTa umniSvnelovanes klass Seadgens. zRvis

zRarbis sxeuli TiTqmis burTiseburia, aqvs maRali, met-naklebad konusuri

xoki. fuZe mxolod qveda mxridanaa odnav Sebrtyelebuli. xoks aqvs

xuTedi simetria, igi dafaruli iyo mravalricxovani firfitebiT da

eklebiT.

turitelas niJara konusuria, Sedgeba mravalricxovani gamozneqili

xveulebisgan, romelTac gare zedapirze spiraluri wiboebi aqvT. am

gvaris mravali saxe Tbil da zomier zRvebSi cxovroben.

pomatia paleogenidan dRemde cxovrobs. niJara ovalur-konusuria,

xveulebi gamozneqili da koxta spiraluri wiboebiT mokazmuli.

melanopsisi zeda carcidan moyolebuli dRemde cxovrobs zRvebSi.

niJara wagrZelebulia, ovalur-konusuri, xvia Cveulebriv moklea, aqvs

zemodan Zalian dawvrilebuli da qvemoT met-naklebad ganviTarebuli

farTo Rari.

natikas gvari triasidan dRemde cxovrobs. niJara ovaluria, gluvi.

xveulebi niJaris zrdasTan erTad Zlier farTovdebian.

gvari kkardiumi paleogenidan dRemde cxovrobs. misi niJara

momrgvalebulia, Txemi maRalia, dafarulia radialuri wiboebiT. am

gvaris warmomadgenlebi gvxvdebian, rogorc normuli marilianobis

zRvebSi, ise anormuli marilianobis auzebSi.

Savi da kaspiis zRvebis pliocenur (zeda neogeni) lagunur naleqebSi

zRvis moluskebi mxolod kardiumiT iyvnen warmodgenili. mis metma veravin

gauZlo sagrZnob gamarilianebas. samagierod, am gvarma mravalferovan

formaTa did ricxvs misca dasabami.

namarxi mcenareebidan aRsaniSnavia bunebis iSviaTi movlena goderZis

gaqvavebuli tye. igi mdebareobs goderZis uReltexilis SemogarenSi, zRvis

donidan 1600-2100 m. simaRleze, adigenisa da xulos raionSi. 15 milioni

wlis winaT aq xarobda tye, romelic Semdeg vulkanuri laviT daifara,

droTa ganmavlobaSi qanebSi moyolili xis nawilebi gakaJda, opalad

gardaiqmna. mcenareuli naSTebi gamosaxulia xeebis gaqvavebuli da

naxevrad gaqvavebuli ReroebiT da foTlebis anabeWdebiT, romlebic

moqceulia nacrisfer vulkanur tufSi. alag-alag saukeTesodaa

Semonaxuli foTlovani Tu wiwvovani mcenareebis _ muxis, Telis, wiflis,

fiWvis, naZvis, soWis, vazis, palmis, bzis, leRvis foTlebis anabeWdebi da

gaqvavebuli Reroebi (sur. 15).

goderZis namarxi tye unikaluri araorganuli bunebis Zeglia. mas kaJis

tyesac uwodeben. bunebis es uiSviaTesi saocreba jer-jerobiT mxolod Sua

6

aziasa da saqarTvelos miwazea mikvleuli. daculia saxelmwifos mier,

Setanilia ,,wiTel wignSi’’.

muzeumSi daculia Calisferi, yavisferi, wiTeli da Savi feris,

cximuri elvarebis gaqvavebuli (opalizebuli) xis nimuSebi

danisparaulidan da goderZis uReltexilis midamoebidan. maTgan

gamorCeulia md. aWariswylis saTaveebSi mopovebuli opalizebuli xis

nimuSi, romelic Tavisi sididiT (50 sm. diametri), siZveliT da silamaziT

msoflios nebismier muzeums daamSvenebda (sur. 17).

adgilobrivi geologiuri nimuSebis garda, fondSi daculia evropisa

da aziis sxvadasxva qveynebis qanebis, mineralebis da kristalebis nimuSebi.

mag., 1924 wels muzeumSi iyo matieviCis koleqcis 200-mde minerali, romelTa

saxelwodebebi germanul enaze iyo miTiTebuli. muzeumis gamgem n. gomanma

saxelwodebaTa Targmnis mizniT mineralebis sia inJiner zevalds

gaugzavna. koleqciaSi warmodgenilia sxvadasxva feris granitebi, gneisebi,

porfiritebi, qarsebi, Tixebi (sur. 16).

1976 wels aWaras ruseTidan stumrobda profesori v. kolegovi,

romelmac muzeumis muSakebTan erTad Caatara eqspedicia da Seagrova

mravali nimuSi, amasTan muzeums gadasca sakuTari koleqcia, romelic

mdidaria kvarcis ulamazesi saxeobebiT.

dRes muzeumSi mimdinareobs 100 wlis manZilze Segrovili mineralebis

kristalebis, qanebis, namarxi organizmebis xelaxali pasportizacia. am

mizniT tardeba eqsponatebis Sedareba sainventaro wignebTan da maTi

daxarisxeba.

literatura

1. gegeWkori arn., dedabuneba (Semodgoma, zamTari), Tbilisi, 2004

2. daviTaSvili l., paleontologia, Tbilisi, 1938

3. zuxbaia v., ganZi qarTuli miwisa, Tbilisi, 1984

4. lekveiSvili s., iSviaT saganTa saganZuri, Tbilisi, 2008

5. xomeriki g., qimiuri mrewvelobis nedleulis sabadoebi. _ gaz.

„aWara“, 10 agvisto, 2004

6. xomeriki g., samSeneblo masalebis sabadoebi. _ gaz. „aWara“, 2004, 31

agvisto.

7. Zvelaia m., kvirkvelia b., aWaris geologiuri istoria, Tbilisi,

1987

7

8

9

sur. 13. saqarTvelos kristalebi

sur. 14. namarxi organizmebi

10

11

eTnologia

nugzar mgelaZe, goderZi totoCava

veSapis kulti samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi da veSapoidebis Seswavlis istoriisaTvis

(nawili II)1

naSromis wina nawilSi Cven veSapis

kultTan dakavSirebul zoomorful RvTa-

ebebze gvqonda saubari2. mimovixileT e. w.

xviTqni: gveli, xvliki, bayayi, agreTve Tevzis

kulti, Tumca am mimarTebiTac jer-jerobiT

kvlav bevria gasakeTebeli. Cveni Sromis am

monakveTSi vilaparakebT veSapis kultTan

dakavSirebul kidev or cxovelze _ zoomor-

ful kultze: xarsa da ZaRlze (/mgelze).

yvelasaTvis cnobilia Tu rogor farTo-

daa gavrcelebuli xaris kulti saqarTve-

loSi, Tumca iSviaTad moiZebneba qveyana,

sadac xars ar scemdnen Tayvans. Sesabamisad

es kulti safuZvlianadaa aRwerili samecniero literaturaSi da masze

dawvrilebiT ar SevCerdebiT. SevecdebiT gavarkvioT xaris mimarTeba

veSapTan da wyalTan, radgan xari dakavSirebuli iyo nayofierebis

kultTan, xolo nayofiereba aucileblad wyalTan. xars gansakuTrebuli

kavSiri unda hqonoda veSapTan.

ramdenime magaliTiT SeiZleba gavixsenoT xaris kavSiri

gamanayofierebel wyalTan. egvipteSi sakulto xars hapi (berZnuli aapisi)

ewodeboda. mis sapativcemulod aRmarTuli iyo taZari menfaraSi, sadac

marTlac inaxavdnen cocxal Sav xars. egviptelebs swamdaT, rom xarSi

gansaxierebuli iyo saxnavi miwebis gamanayofierebeli nilosi (�������, 1979:76). aq naTlad Cans xarisa da wylis kavSiri. ufro metic, xari

nilosis cxovelur xatad gvevlineba. v. diakonovis wignSi warmodgenilia

xaris brinjaos qandakebis reproduqcia, sadac xars rqebze mze aqvs

Sedgmuli. aRniSnul sakiTze msjelobisas ar SeiZleba ar gagvaxsendes

svanuri sagalobeli mzis RvTaeba borbal-dolaSisadmi _ „mze SemoaqvT

xarebs rqebiT, mze Senia borbal-dolaS“, Tumca xaris kulti xSirad

gaigivebulia mTvaresTanac (mTvarisa da xaris kavSiri aWaris

arqeologiuri, eTnografiuli da folkloruli masalis mixedviT ix.

javaxiSvili, 1960:171; ���������, 1972; makalaTia, 1940:967; Sdr. surgulaZe,

1986:20, 112, 126; CCavleiSvili, 1987:21-22; mmgelaZe, 1984:104-110; mmgelaZe, 2007:215-

219). amis magaliTebia mtkvar-araqsis kulturis zoomorfuli zedsadgrebi,

romelTac rqebi aqvs. rogorc fiqroben, rqisebr sadgarSi xaris _ mTvaris

kulti unda davinaxoT (kkikviZe, 1976:171-172). ufro sainteresoa xaris saxe

Sumerul miTosSi, sadac „ciuri xari“ kosmogoniuri arsebaa _ „ca didi

1 am naSromis garkveuli monakveTi g. totoCavas mier 1981 wels Sesrulda. xelnaweri

inaxeba xariton axvledianis muzeumis xelnawerTa fondSi. 2 ix. mgelaZe, totoCava, 2008:23-35.

12

xaria“ (aam-ggal), xolo dedamiwa „WeSmariti furi“ (aab-zzi), mamisagan mtknari

wylis (aa-ddug) momlodine. es igive apsuseuli spermaa (kkiknaZe, 1979:65). cis

xarisagan gadmosvrili mtknari wyali (aapsu) mamri, misi sperma iyo, xolo

mlaSe TTiamaTi. TTiamaTi agreTve didi gvelis saxelad iTvleboda, romelic

Semdgom marduqma gakveTa da Seqmna samyaro. apsus kerZo gansaxiereba

kalapotSi miRvrili mtknari wylis (a-dug) falosuri bunebaa, rasac

TvalsaCinod gamoxatavs misi garegani forma, xolo Sinaganad igi atarebs

gamanayofierebel spermas (a „wyali“), romliTac gamudmebiT rwyavs

dedamiwas. zRva _ sxvaTaSoris TamTum mdedrobiTi sqesis saxelia,

saidanac modis miTosuri arsebis sakuTari saxeli TTia3. amiT zRva Tavisi

RrublebiT da Sida qvabisebri wiaRiT, ar SeiZleba ar yofiliyo

sayovelTao mdedruli bunebis gansaxiereba (kkiknaZe, 1979:63-64). Zveli

aRmosavleTis miTologiidan fragmentebi ase vrclad imitomac

warmovadgineT, rom masSi SesaniSnavad Cans xaris buneba, misi pirdapiri

kavSiri wyalTan, aseve naTladaa Camoyalibebuli erTian kosmogoniur

sivrceSi calkeuli kultis funqciuri kavSirurTierTobebi, adamianis

sasicocxlo moTxovnilebebidan gamomdinare (nayofiereba _ Sesabamisad

Cndeba sakulto simboloebi: wyali, Tevzi-veSapi, xari, falosi, ...) kultebis

funqciuri urTierTgamomdinareoba, rac zogadad Sumeris anu imdroindeli

kacobriobis miTologiuri msoflmxedvelobis sakralur xasiaTze

metyvelebs. Zveli aRmosavleTis, gansakuTrebiT Sumerebis miTologiaSi

yvela arseba sam ganzomilebaSi iyo warmodgenili _ qveskneleTSi

(qveskneli) anu qTonurSi, SuaskneleTSi (Suaskneli) da zeskneleTSi

(zeskneli). „ciuri xari“ zesknelis umaRlesi arsebis gamoxatulebad

miiCneoda, xolo xari solaruli an astraluri niSniT _ rqebiT

Suasknelad aRiqmeboda, anu misi meSveobiT myardeboda kavSiri zecasa da

qvesknels Soris, xari ki romelic mdinaresac ganasaxierebda, imavdroulad

falosis, spermis, wylis funqciasac iTavsebda. xari, romelic mdinaris

gansaxiereba anu falosia, aseve, wylis matarebeli qvesknelis

warmomadgenelia da TiamaTis wiaRSia, Tumca ki anayofierebs mas.

amdenad, Tu xars mivawerT, rom igi maincdamainc romelime astraluri

RvTaebis gansaxierebaa, yvela SemTxvevaSi swori ar iqneba. gavyveT Cveni

naSromis mTavar mizans _ xarisa da wylis kavSirs da aqedan gamomdinare

ki mis kavSirs veSapTan.

qarTveli xalxis rwmena-warmodgenebSi cnobili iyo wylis xari,

romelic umetesad tbaSi cxovrobda. igi gamodioda napirze da

anayofierebda saZovrebze ayvanil furebs. samcxe-javaxeTSi, aWarasa da

sxva kuTxeebSi gavrcelebuli rwmena rom tbis mamakacuri

gamanayofierebeli Zala gamoixata wylis (tbis) xaris, mamali cxenis, xar-

kameCis saxiT (mmakalaTia, 1972:61) mTlianad swori ar unda iyos. wylis

(tbis) falosuri bunebis Taobaze mosazreba SemdegSic araerTxel

gamoiTqva. avtorTa erTi nawili fiqrobda, rom Zvel droSi primitiulad

moazrovne adamiani kargad erkveoda samyaros Sesaxeb mis mierve Seqmnil

miTostruqturaSi. isini adamianisa da bunebis arsebobisaTvis wylis

stiqias zebunebriv mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. wylis nayofierebis funqcia im

saerTo rwmenidan gamomdinareobda, romlis mixedviT wyali yoveli

sulieris da usulos pirvelsawyisi, bunebisa da mTeli samyaros mSobeli

deda iyo. z. Tandilavas Tanaxmad, swored es rwmena ganapirobebda

miTologiur Sexedulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom yovelive, rac xmeleTze

3 SesaZloa swored am ukanasknel formaSi iyos SenarCunebuli zRvis arabuli saxeli.

13

arsebobda, maT Soris adamianic, wyalSi binadrobda. wyali xmeleTze

sicocxlisa da siuxvis maregulirebeli iyo. mas SeeZlo xeli Seewyo

adamianTa, cxovelTa ganayofiereba-gamravlebisaTvis. am SemTxvevaSi wyali

yovelTvis falosuri bunebis mqone miTologiur Zalad, RvTaebriv arsebad

gvevlineboda.Mmkvlevari akonkretebs Tavis Sexedulebas da askvnis, rom

wylis falosuri buneba da misi funqcia arqauli plastebis saxiT uxvad

vlindeba folkloruli Semoqmedebis sxvadasxva JanrSi, xalxuri poeziisa

da prozis nimuSebSi. tbaSi mobinadre xarTan dakavSirebul legendebSi

xari, romelic saqonels ajansaRebda, sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara wylis

mamakacuri bunebis ganmasaxierebeli miTologiuri arseba (TTandilava,

1984:41). sruliad araa aucilebeli, radgan tbidan amosuli cxoveli mamria,

tbac mamri iyos. rigi avtoris mier SeniSnulia, rom tba qaluri bunebis

matarebeli iyo. ase iyo SumerulSic, miuxedavad imisa, rom tbis qaluri

buneba miCqmaluli iyo. marTlac, tbis qaluri sawyisi eWvs ar unda

iwvevdes. swored misgan, rogorc saSodan, amodis xari (verZi) da

anayofierebs Suasknelis furs, raTa meti Zala SesZinos mas. ganviTarebis

adreul safexurebze adamianTa sazogadoebebs samyaros mimarT gaaCnda

kosmogoniuri xedva, SeeZloT qaosisa da wonasworobis _

urTierTgamomdinareobis miTologiuri intepretacia.

adamiani evoluciis periodSi upirispirdeboda wylis stiqias da

masTan dakavSirebul qTonur RvTaebebsac. movusminoT legendas, romelic

xixanis xeobaSi aris Cawerili4. legenda sofel vernebis xalxur

etimologiebTanacaa dakavSirebuli. es is sofelia, saidanac xariton

axvledianis muzeumSi daculi veSapoidia Camotanili, romlis Taobazec

wina naSromSi gvqonda saubari (mmgelaZe, ttotoCava, 2008). legendis ZiriTadi

Sinaarsi aseTia: „soflis TavSi didi tba yofila. uwin mag tbaSi yofila

didi buRa xari. SeamCnies mezoblebma, rom mzis amosvlisas xari gamodioda

tbidan. erTi kaci yofila, romelsac buRa xari yolia kai, da ufiqria am

xars davaWednio, xoda mezoblebis Cumad rkinis rqebi gaukeTa, rom iman ar

mougos Cems xarso. romelicxa dros, rom dilas gamodioda, maSin eiyvana

misi xari. im xarma rom gamovida wylidan, deiWednen xarebma, rom daeWidnen,

rkinis rqebi rom qonda, mougo. rkinis rqa mucelSi moxvda da Sevida

wyalSi. wyalSi rom Sevida, am kacma xari saxlSi wameiyvana. rqebze sisxli

qonda. mezoblebma rom gaiges, galanZRes es kaci. meore dRes gadmovida es

tba da gaaverana sofeli codvisagan. amitom daerqva vernebi“ (mTxrobeli:

sabiT Tekos Ze cecxlaZe, 67 wlis, sofeli Txilvana, Cawerilia e. mJavias

mier. _ xariton axvledianis muzeumis xelnawerTa fondebi). legenda

nakluli unda iyos, magram miuxedavad amisa masSi mainc sayuradRebo

informaciaa daculi (Sdr. aWaris sxva kuTxeebSi dafiqsirebul analo-

giuri tipis Tqmulebebs _ ix. SSamilaZe, 1964:133). aWaraSi SemorCenilia

saintereso Cveuleba _ saxalxo sanaxaobis dros xarebis Widaoba (bbuRiebis

Wedoba _ ix. SSamilaZe, 1973:43-50). legendaSic Cans am Cveulebis analogi,

magram aq CvenTvis ufro saintereso isaa, rom ori _ „wylisa da miwis xari“

upirispirdeba erTmaneTs. miwis xars rkinis rqebi aqvs da amarcxebs

qvesknelis xars. SeiZleba azrobrivad es faqti rkinis revoluciasa Tu

4 savele-eTnografiuli da folkloruli eqspediciebis dros sofel vernebis Sesaxeb

arsebuli legenda umniSvnelo, magram mainc sxvadasxva variaciiT araerTi mecnieris mier

iyo Cawerili (vl. mgelaZe, z. Tandilava, n. mgelaZe,...). Canawerebi da savele dRiurebi niko

berZeniSvilis institutisa da mkvlevarTa saojaxo arqivebSi inaxeba. Sejerebuli da

mdidari masalebis safuZvelze legendas specialuri gamokvlevac mieZRvna (ix. TTandilava,

1978:58-67).

14

rkinis industriis dasawyisis Sesaxeb miniSnebas Seicavdes. legenda

dasaSvebia im epoqaSi iyos Seqmnili, roca axali rwmena-warmodgenebi

daupirispirda Zvels _ qTonuri RvTaebebis kults, magram sruli

gamarjveba jer kidev ar hqonda mopovebuli, rasac mezoblebis mier xaris

patroni mamakacis galanZRvac (mxolod galanZRva da ara sasikvdilo

ganaCeni) unda gvidasturebdes. Zveli kultis Zalisadmi rwmena mTlianad

ar gamqrala. tbam gaaverana sofeli. gaveranebaSi unda vigulisxmoT isic,

rom „gabrazebuli“ wylis xari nayofierebas aRar aniWebs sofels da igi

unayofobiTac verandeba.

Cven vfiqrobT zemoTqmuli sakmarisi unda iyos imisTvis, rom xarisa

da wylis kultis sakraluri kavSiri davinaxoT da vTqvaT: „wylis xari“

erT-erTi qTonur RvTaebTagania da wyalTa gamrigis _ veSapis taZrionis

wevria. amis sailustraciod legendis erTi epizodic sakmarisia: xari

tbidan mzis amosvlisas _ Ramisa da dRis gasayarze, daisze amodis.

qTonuroba ki swored miwisqveSeTs, qvesknels gulisxmobs. es ferTa

simbolikaSic kargadaa asaxuli: Savi _ qveskneli; wiTeli _ Suaskneli5,

TeTri _ zeskneli (sknelTa sakraluri bunebis Sesaxeb dawvr. ix.

surgulaZe, 1986). rogorc vxedavT, xaris wyalTan kavSiri utyuari

realobaa. niSandoblivia, rom gveleSapis miTologiuri saxec uSualod

wyalTan iyo dakavSirebuli, Sesabamisad, folklorul siuJetebsa da

megaliTur ZeglebSic xarisa da gveleSapis sakraluri kavSiric

gamokveTilia. am mxriv sakmarisia gavixsenoT qarTuli zRapris siuJetebi,

sadac wylis mcvelad gveleSapi gvevlineba, romelic mzeTunaxavi mefis

asulis an darCeuli lamazmanebis sanacvlod mosaxleobas wylis micemaze

Tanxmdeba. gveleSaps mamaci Wabuki amarcxebs da qalwulebs aTavisuflebs,

samefos wyals ubrunebs. mzeTunaxavi, an lamazi asulebidan erT-erTi,

Wabukis coli xdeba anu wyali nayofierebis magiur Zalas ganasaxierebs. aq

Wabukis monawileobac SemTxveviTi ar aris. Wabuki xaris anTropomorfuli

saxea, romelic saqarTveloSi cnobili iyo rogorc siyvarulisa da

gamravlebis RvTaeba (Sdr. Tqmulebas „Tavfaravneli Wabukis“ Sesaxeb).

Tavfaravneli Wabukic tbaSi saxlobs. Tavfaravneli Wabukis Sesaxeb

arsebuli gadmocemis variaciasTan unda gvqondes saqme aWaruli zRapris im

epizodSi, sadac vaJi dedas daeZebs. koSkze gveleSapia Semoxveuli. vaJi

amarcxebs gveleSaps da dedas anTavisuflebs (qqarTuli...., 1973:49).

`ukvdavebis maZiebeli Wabukis“ zRapruli siuJetis mixedviT, Wabuki moxvda

ucxo qveyanaSi, sadac mxolod qalebi cxovrobdnen. am qveyanaSi iyo

gamanayofierebeli ZaliT aRWurvili tba. roca aqauri qali Cvidmet wels

miaRwevda, midioda tbasTan, Cajdeboda masSi, daorsuldeboda da miecemoda

qaliSvili. maTSi vaJi ar ibadeboda, mamrobiT sqess es sazogadoeba ar

icnobda, mamris rols aq wyali asrulebda (mmravalTavi, 1964:93-94; Sdr.

Tandilava, 1984:44), Tumca es bolo Tvalsazrisi dazustebas saWiroebs.

rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, tba qaluri sawyisis unda yofiliyo, xolo

gamanayofierebeli mamri tbis binadari xari, romlis anTropomorful

saxesac Wabuki warmoadgenda. xSirad tbis xarsa Tu Wabuks gveleSapi

enacvleba. erTi aWaruli zRapris Tanaxmad, wyalSi uzarmazari gveleSapi

saxlobs. vaJi SeebrZoleba gveleSaps, moklavs mas da wyals moipovebs. am

wyals samkurnalo Tvisebebi gaaCnda. monadiris coli Sesvams wyals da

morCeba (qqarTuli..., 1973:49). mTlianad am TanmimdevrobaSi RvTaebaTa cvlis

5 Suaskneli _ Savisa da TeTris gzasayari. am dros dgeba wiTel-moyviTalo feris mzis

amosvlisa (daisi, ciskari) Tu Casvlis Jami. miwisqveSeTis demonur samyaros zesknelis

RvTaebaTa panTeonisagan swored Suaskneli mijnavs.

15

qronologiur etapebTan Tu ara (gveleSapi _ xari _ Wabuki), sinqronul

gardasaxvasTan ucilobelad unda gvqondes saqme. z. Tandilava wylis

kultis kvlevis procesSi mivida daskvnamde, rom am tipis miTologemebSi

Cven wylisadmi msxverplTServis Cveuleba unda amovicnoT. avtoris azriT,

wylisadmi msxverplSewirvis Cveuleba legenda-TqmulebebSi sakmaod

farTodaa warmodgenili, romlebic calkeul hidronimebs _ mdinareebs,

wylebsa da tbebs ukavSirdebian da xSirad gavrcelebis arealis

TvalsazrisiT lokaluri xasiaTis arian, magram isini genetikurad saerTo

sarwmunoebriv saZirkvels ukavSirdebian. mkvlevars mohyavs aWaraSi, qedis

raionis sofel gegeliZeebSi damowmebuli Tqmuleba wminda xarze, romlis

Tanaxmadac adre am sofelSi Turme wyali ar yofila. iq, sadac amJamad

soflis wyaroa, romelic gegeliZeebis wyarod iwodeba, soflis xars

ubuRravia da amgvarad gamoudevnia wyali. gaxarebul xalxs es xari wminda

xarad miuCnevia, imave wyaros wylisaTvis SeuwiravT _ dauklavT, xorci

xalxisaTvis daurigebiaT da sisxli wyalSi CausxamT. amis Semdeg yoveli

wlis ivlisis TveSi tradiciulad daklavdnen xolme xars, xorcs xalxs

urigebdnen, xolo sisxls asxamdnen imave wyaroSi. es xari iseTive lamazi

da buRa xari unda yofiliyo, rogoric yofila wylis gamomdeni

Tavdapirveli xari (TTandilava, 1984:36-37).

Zvel kolxeTSi mefe aietis karze oqros sawmiss gveleSapi icavda. am

miTologiur scenarSi gansakuTrebul rols buRa (Sdr. xar mxvnelsa da

xar mwarmoebels) xaric TamaSobs, rac, bunebrivia, SemTxveviTi movlena ar

unda iyos (Zvel kolxeTsa da samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi xaris

kultis zogierT aspeqtis Sesaxeb ix. mmgelaZe, 2007). SemTxveviTi arc

kolxur TeTrze xaris gamosaxuleba unda yofiliyo. xSirad xdeba ise, rom

wylis mflobeli gveleSapi buRas ebrZvis. buRa gveleSaps amarcxebs

(rrexviaSvili, 1964:208-210). xom ar aris aq imis miniSneba, rom gveleSapi

ufro Zveli RvTaeba Tu sakulto arseba iyo vidre xari?

axla SevudgeT veSapTan dakavSirebuli kidev erTi cxovelis mgel-

ZaRlis arsis garkvevas. mglisa da ZaRlis miTosuri saxe msoflios

xalxTa religiebSi, ritualebSi farTodaa warmodgenili da isini

ZiriTadad or _ darajisa da monadiris funqcias atareben. qarTul

folklorSi am ori miTologiuri arsebis urTierTkavSirs v. bardaveliZe

gansakuTrebiT usvamda xazs (���� ����, 1957:47-53). Cven gakvriT SevexebiT egviptur anibussa da berZnul kerbers,

romlebic, aseve, dakavSirebulni arian qTonur samyarosTan.

anibusi ((gelovani, 1983:59)) egvipturi RvTaeba iyo. misi zoomorfuli

saxe gaigivebulia tura-ZaRlTan. igi unaTlesi varskvlavis siriusis

geniaa, varskvlavze zis didi ZaRli (qofaki) _ aalfa. rogorc vxedavT misi

astraluri saxe, aseve didi ZaRlis TanavarskvlavTanaa identificirebuli

da aqedan astronomiulad nilosis adidebasTanac. nilosis momyvan RmerT

xoptis mis oreulad racxdnen. misi amosvla cnobili iyo, rogorc ZaRlis

periodi. mas berZnebi astrikions _ ZaRlis varskvlavs uwodebdnen. anibusi,

rogorc mcveli da guSagi, mkvdari sauflo RmerTis _ osiris Svilad, mis

ganuyrel Tanamgzavrad iTvleboda. igi gamorCeuli iyo ZaRlis TaviTa da

adamianis taniT, xelT epyra gveldaxveuli kverTxi, sibrZnis simbolo.

anibusi ganagebda balzamirebas da micvalebulebi qvesknelSi mihyavda.

mogvianebiT mas turis TaviT gamoxatavdnen (Caganava, tuRuSi, xecoiZe, 2007)

tura da mgeli). mefurad Semosil anubiss xelSi kverTxi da egvipturi

jari _ aanqsi uWiravs. mas Tayvans scemdnen qalaq kinopolisSi (ZaRlebis

qalaqi). igi RmerTebs axlavs, rogorc ZaRli adamians da misi funqciaa

16

udarajos qvesknels. kkerberi (dawvr. ix. ���, 1955:152; Sdr. ���� �, 1992:384) homerosTan moxseniebulia rogorc kkion-aidao _ hadesis ZaRli, qvesknelis

sazareli samTaviani, zogi variantiT ormocdaaTTaviani, asTaviani

urCxuli, qofaki, liTonis (asTaviani urCxuli) da eqidnes (qalgvela)

naSieri, gveleSapisTaviani (kiserze gvelebi aqvs Semoxveuli), kudic

gvelisa aqvs, zogi versiiT misi kudi sruldeba gveleSapis TaviT.

moxseniebulia TeoganaSi kiragolisTan da sxva avtorebTan. qarTul, ufro

zustad, svanur folklorSi gvxvdeba `saiqios Savi ZaRli“. igi, iseve,

rogorc kerberi piridan duJsa da cecxls afrqvevs da Rames anaTebs, raTa

Zirs Casuli mzeWabuki dainaxos da daglijos6. sainteresoa sokrates fici

_ `vficav ZaRls“, raTa RmerTebi ar exsenebina. yovelive aqedan

gamomdinare Cven saqme gvaqvs RvTaebriv ZaRlebTan. isini garkveul

msgavsebas amJRavneben qarTuli eposis yurSasTan, magram amaze cota qvemoT

visaubrebT.

mglisa da ZaRlis paraleluri saxeebi da maTi kulti gavrcelebulia

TiTqmis mTel msoflioSi. isini kidev ufro mWidro kavSirs amJRavneben

veSapis kultTan.

saqarTveloSi mgel-ZaRlis kulti uZvelesia. igi tipologiuri

TvalTaxedviT uZveles totemur warmodgenebs ukavSirdeba. ganviTarebis

adreul safexurebze, qarTvelur tomebs Soris mgel-ZaRli ufro farTod

gavrcelebuli totemi unda yofiliyo, vidre xari. n. maris azriT, Zveli

kolxeTis saxelSi _ egrisSi imaleba Ziri *gger-, romelic msgavsebas

amJRavnebs mgelTan da gvelTan. Cven ar SegviZlia vTqvaT Tu ramdenad

marTebelia es etimologia, radgan sxva ufro damajerebeli azric

arsebobs (eegrisi-eegurisi-gguria), Tumca es asec rom iyos, igi mainc ar

gamoricxavs mgel-ZaRlis kavSirs, erTis mxriv, egrisTan, xolo, meores

mxriv, guriasTan. aseve, mis mWidro kavSirs gvelTan. am tipis

etimologiebiT araerTi mecnieri iyo dainteresebuli. magaliTad, i.

meSCaninovi cdilobda ori megruli analogiuri Zirebis msgavseba (gguer-

gvil da gguer-mmgeli) daesabuTebina. mglis an ZaRlis, ufro xSirad ki ZaRlis, rogorc ormagi tyupis

cali RvTaebis xati cnobilia remisa da romulis saxiTac. isini mglis

ZuZunawovni arian. maTi anTropomorfuli saxe unda iyos wyvili mgel-

ZaRlebi _ germanikuli odin-votani. cnobilia agreTve ZaRlebis wyvili _

mwevarni xevsurul miTosSi. kolxur miTologiaSi ki tyupi ZaRli

alSkintori, romlis gamosaxuleba rgoliT SeerTebuli, gadaWdili

wyvili ZaRlia.

v. ivanovi Tavis werilSi, romelic mglis kults exeba aRniSnavs, rom

alaSkandari afxazur sabrZolo xomalds ewodeboda, rac warmoadgenda

Zveli germanuli zoomorfuli keningebis paralels. igi gveubneba:

«������������ ���� � ���� �����-���� ���� ������». am navs moixseniebs

vaxuSti „saqarTvelos geografiaSi”, magram v. ivanovs es cnoba aRebuli

aqvs c. bJanias wignidan «�� ������� �������� � ������� �����» (bJania, 1973:224). Cven pirdapir vaxuStis Canawerebs mivmarTeT. vaxuSti bagrationis naSromSi

alaSkandari saerTod ar aris naxsenebi, magram moxseniebulia ooleWkandari

_ „xolo kacni mgvaneni megrelTa da umetes cqvitni da tanovanni, werwetni,

6 SeadareT herekles meTormete gmirobas, romelic iyo misi bolo da umZimesi, gadaulaxavi

barierebis mqone gmiroba. miwisqveSeTis mcveli ZaRli hereklem daamarcxa da hadesidan

gamoiyvana (ix. ���� �, 1992:384). aq aSkaraa berZnuli moTologiuri personaJis _ hereklesa

da qarTuli (svanuri) mzeWabukis tipologiuri Tanxvedriloba.

17

mparvani, avazakni, zRuaTa Sina mavalni oleWkandisebiTa (bbatoniSvili,

1983:785). sulxan saba orbelianTan ooleWkandari an oolaWkandari

ganmartebulia rogorc momcro katarRa. Tu ratom hqvia katarRas

oleWkandari saba amis Sesaxeb arafers gveubneba. sityvis erTi nawili

*WWkad- WedvasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli. T. beraZis wignSi wavawydiT

aseT ganmartebas: „es termini gamoCenili mecnieris niko maris azriT,

megruli olejkanduadan modis, rac gadaWedils niSnavs. rogorc Cans Cvens

winaprebs axali tipis navisaTvis saxelis darqmevis dros, yuradReba

miuqceviaT im teqnikuri siaxlisaTvis (gverdebze ficrebis miWedeba),

romelic olaWkandars nuSa tipis navisagan gansxvavebiT gaaCnda“ (bberaZe,

1941:65). ase rom «������������ ���� � ���� �����-���� aleskandari» vaxuStisTan am formiT ar aris naxsenebi, magram SeiZleba aleSkandari,

megruli oleWkandaris afxazuri varianti iyos.

mglisa da ZaRlis kultebis gavrcelebaze migviTiTebs qarTuli

onomastikac. aseTia: mmgelika, ZZaRlika, mmgelaZe, ggelaZe... svanur miTosSi

mgeli wmida jgragis mxlebelia da ebrZvis dalebs, xolo v. bardaveliZis

mowmobiT svanur ritualur Wokebze wamocmuli iyo mglis tyavi. igi

xSirad figurirebs baladebsa da xalxur leqsebSi, amiranianis eposSi.

ZaRlebi gamosaxulia agreTve TrialeTis vercxlis Tasze sicocxlis

xesTan da aseve ZaRlis Tu mglis tyavmosxmuli adamianebis ritualuri

msvlelobis fonze. yvelaze ufro didi nivTieri sabuTi ki yobanuri da

kolxuri culebia, romlebzec xSiradaa gamoxatuli ZaRli. Sida qarTlSi

Tliis samaronvebis gaTxrebis dros aRmoCnda brinjaos culebi, sadac

ZaRlebi gamosaxulni arian kompoziciaSi TevzTan da gvelTan erTad. am

mxriv sainteresoa samTavros nekropolis brinjaos qamari, romelzec

gamoxatuli arian, aseve, ZaRlebi TevzebTan kompoziciaSi. sayuradReboa

erTi kompoziciac (uruSaZe, 1980:72). ori mxridan stilizebul „zigzagebs“

(zigzagi wylis simboloa) Soris warmodgenilia Tevzi. mis winaa ZaRli,

romelsac kudi samkuTxediT umTavrdeba da aSkarad yvela kudis qveS

solaruli niSania gamosaxuli. Cven ar SevudgebiT am kompoziciis

semantikis gaSifrvas. aq sainteresoa ZaRli TevzTan erTad da kidev ufro

is, rom mas gvelis kudi aqvs. ZaRli gvelTan erTad kompoziciaSi

dadasturebulia CvenTvis saintereso regionSi _ xixanis xeobaSi, sofel

kaloTaSi, sadac sami gravirebuli culi aRmoCnda (kkaxiZe, ddaviTaZe,

mamulaZe, 1981:89). sxalTis xeobis sofel fuSrukaulsa da vernebSic

aRmoCenilia brinjaos culebi, romlebzec, aseve, ZaRlis stilizebuli

figurebia gamosaxuli. iqve koncentrirebulia wreebi, datanilia jvari,

mze, gveli, da zigzagebi, wylisa da urTierTgadamkveTi badiseburi xazebi,

miwis simboloebi. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi stanica zemovskis veSapze ZaRlis

saxiT gamosaxulia drakoni, daRebuli xaxiT. amave dros Cans, rom igi

zRvis urCxulia. samive maTganze gamosaxulia ZaRli, or maTganze ki

ZaRlisa da gvelis kompozicia, sadac maTi Tavebi erTmaneTs ebjineba,

sxeulis SigniT ki Caxatuli aqvT koncentrirebuli wreebi, magram aq kudi

ukve samkuTxediT aRar mTavrdeba7. niSandoblivia, rom am tipis

kompoziciebSi CarTulia kidev erTi miTologiuri arseba _ iremi,

romelsac sakralur garemoSi (Sdr. `irmis naxtoms“) mravalfunqciuri

adgili ukavia. samTavros nekropolis erT-erT samarxSi aRmoCenili

sartylis gamosaxulebebis Semsrulebeli samiwaTmoqmedo interesebis

asaxvidan gamomdinare mimarTavs or uZveles simbolos _ kompoziciis

7 kavkasiaSi ZaRlis kultis Sesaxeb ix. ������, 1922.

18

marcxena mxares mebrZoli irmebis maxloblad TevzTan da mgel-ZaRlTan

SesatyvisobaSi mxvnelis monawileobas. isini sartylis gamosaxulebebze

yovelTvis monawileoben iseT scenebSi, romlebic ukavSirdebian sameurneo

samuSaoebis dawyebas (������, 1980:71). qarTul tradiciul rwmena-warmodgenebSi ZaRls mniSvnelovani adgili

ukavia. misi sakraluri saxe qarTuli folkloris Janrebidan yvelaze ukeT

zRaprebsa da miTologiur gadmocemebSia asaxuli, Tumca aranaklebi

masalebia SemorCenili eTnografiul, cocxal yofaSic. dRemdea

Semonaxuli Sexeduleba ZaRlis ymuilTan dakavSirebiT, rac xalxuri

gagebiT ojaxis romelime wevris sikvdilis momaswavebelia. aq mkafiod Cans

ZaRlis sxvadasxva funqciasTan erTad misi demonuri funqciac. ymuili,

rogorc sikvdilis momaswavebeli, xazs usvams ZaRlis kavSirs

miwisqveSeTis samyarosTan _ qTonur RvTaebebTan.

Tevzis da ZaRlis, gvelis da ZaRlis Sexvedrebi xSiria, magram

yvelaze ufro did interess iwvevs mainc cxoveli, romelic gvel-ZaRlia.

am SemTxvevaSi gvel-ZaRlis mimarT Cveni yuradReba ganpirobebulia imiT,

rom ZaRli gvelTan erTad kompoziciaSi dadasturda CvenTvis saintereso

regionSi _ xixanis xeobaSi, sofel kaloTaSi, sadac, rogorc aRiniSna, sami

gravirebuli culi aRmoCnda.

indoevropul enebSi aris sityva vvidra, romelic rusulSi wavs niSnavs.

Zvel indurSi uudra wylis cxoveli, xolo berZnulad hhidra wylis gvelia

(������, 1904). kelturad vvidra wylis ZaRls aRniSnavs, romelic Sinagani

formiT emTxveva qarTul m-caw-zaxli (� ��� , 1980:59). rogorc zemoT

moyvanili magaliTebi gviCveneben vvidra Ziris sityva wylis gveli an wylis

ZaRlia. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa berZnuli miTosis hidra

(wylis gveli) _ cxraTaviani gveleSapi, lernes Waobis saSineleba, eqidnesa

da tiTonis naSobi (kkuni, 1965:372). eqidnesa da tiTonis naSobia agreTve

kerberi _ samTaviani ZaRli, romelic kavSirSia qvesknelTan. igi, rogorc

aRiniSna, hadesis karibWes darajobs. Semdgom kerberi, ise, rogorc hhidra,

hereklem mokla. garda imisa, rom sami Tavi hqonda kerbers kiserze gvelebi

exvivnen da Cven ukve xazi gavusviT im faqts, rom misi kudi uzarmazari

pirdaRebuli drakonis TaviT bolovdeboda (kkuni, 1965:58). amas

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan igi gvidasturebs ZaRlis

gvelTan da gveleSapTan, rogorc miwisqveSeTis binadrebTan, funqciur

kavSirurTierTobas. niSandoblivia isic, rom kerbers, Cveni kolxuri

ZaRliviT kudi gvelisa qonda. berZnuli kerberis msgavsad xom ar iyo

kolxuri kerberic miwisqveSa samyaros daraji. sainteresoa agreTve, rom

hidrasa da kerberis mSoblebi eqidna qalgvela, xolo mama tiToni

uzarmazari urCxuli iyo, romelsac 100 Tavi hqonda. igi zevsTan mebrZoli

iyo. adre mcire aziaSi cxovrobda, Semdgom ki roca siciliasa da italias

miadga, igi SeboWes da etnas wiaRSi Caagdes. xaxidan xan RmerTebis xma

amosdioda, xan xaris bRavili, xan ZaRlis yefa, xanac gveliviT sisinebda

(kkuni, 1965:363). tiTonSi Tavmoyrili iyo veSapTan, ufro sworad, ukve

gveleSapTan dakavSirebuli TiTqmis yvela cxoveli: xari, ZaRli, gveli.

qarTulSi arsebobs iseTi semantikuri gadasvlebi, rogoricaa

gveli�Wia�Wiayela�xvliki�gveleSapi. dasadgenia gveli da gveleSapi,

rogorc qTonuri RvTaebebi _ miwisqveSeTis simboloebi (ix. qarTuli

sityva qqvewarmavali), uZveles xanebSi, sagazafxulo-saSemodgomo sameurneo

ciklis farglebSi imavdroulad ganekuTvneboda Tu ara mokvdav da

aRdgenad RvTaebaTa ricxvs, Tumca erTi ram _ gvelis sakulto da

saritualo daniSnuleba faqtia. qarTveli xalxis tradiciul

19

sazogadoebebSi misi saxeli tabuirebulia. igi uuxsenebeli da uusaxelo’a.

tabuirebuli gvelis saxelis nacvlad sxadasxva substrati gamoiyeneba

qarTuli enis megrul gantotebaSi da sxva enobriv ganStoebebsa Tu

dialeqtebSi: samegreloSi uuCa-RRarTaSi anu Sav-Coxosani, TTudo

gilersargalu _ miwaze mxoxavi (Sdr. ������, 1914), svaneTSi _ mmezir

salocavis mniSvnelobiT, raWasa da leCxumSi uunasi _ wyeuli, dasavleT

saqarTvelos rig mxareSi, maT Soris aWaraSi uuxsenebeli da uusaxelo.

sainteresoa gvelis afxazuri saxelwodebac: a-mmaaT/aa-hhaaza _ mcocavi,

mxoxavi, (saqarTveloSi gvelisa da sxva kultebis Sesaxeb dawvr. ix.

abakelia, 1997:5-6). miTologiuri tradiciis Tanaxmad da xalxuri rwmeniT

gveli brZenia. gvels SeuZlia adamiani yovelgvari sulieris enis mixvedris

unariT daasaCuqros. aWaruli zRaprebis mixedviTac gvels xelewifeboda

misi keTilismyofelisaTvis, yvela sulierisa da usulosaTvis enis wveriT

enis codna gadaeca (ix. rrCeuli..., 1949:140). zemo aWaraSi Cawerili

eTnografiuli masalebiT is piri, romelic cocxali gvelisaTvis enis

amoZrobas SeZlebda magiur Tvisebebs iZenda, Tumca amis misaRwevad ena

mudmivad _ jados saxiT unda etarebina (zzoiZe, 2005:228). amaSic gamoixateba

gvelis dovlaTianobisa da nayofierebis funqcia. sxva masalebiT, icodnen

ara mxolod gvelis perangis, aramed enis Senaxvac. enas xSirad jibiTac

atarebdnen an saqonlis sadgomis SesasvlelSi Camokidebdnen. igi gvelis

perangis msgavsad amuletad _ gaTvalvis sawinaaRmdegodac gamoiyeneboda.

mimarTavdnen gvelis enisa da xerxemlis Zvlis akvnis qveS Semodebis an

akvanze Sebmis Cveulebasac _ `bavSvs avi Tvali ar miekareba, igi enamaxvili

gamovao“ (ix. ffartenaZe, 1992:108). gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi ama Tu im tipis

gveli fuZis mfarvelad, fuZis angelozad miiCneoda da misi kar-midamoSi

mokvla ikrZaleboda, ufro zustad, Tayvaniscemis sagani iyo ara

yovelgvari gveli, aramed kar-midamoSi SeniSnuli Savi gveli. es iyo

`ojaxis gveli“, romelic kar-midamos mfarvelobda da ojaxis

keTildReobas gansazRvravda. misi wyenineba an mokvla ubedurebis

momaswavebeli iyo (ix. xxaxutaiSvili, 1995:98). fuZis mfarvel gvels kar-

midamoSi an saxlis saZirkvelTan xSirad jamiT rZesac udgamdnen _

esiamovnebao. 1977 wels eTnografebis mier sofel kaloTas (sxalTis _

xixaZiris xeoba) erT-erTi mkvidris ojaxSi dadasturda wiflis xisgan

gamoqandakebuli odnav daklaknili gvelis gamosaxuleba. qvewarmavalis

Tavi qvemoTaa daxrili mcire zomis fialisaken. gvelis es qandakeba

mflobelTa ganmartebiT avi Tvalisa da avi sulebis sawinaaRmdegod iyo

gamokveTili (vvarSalomiZe, 1979:75). araa gamoricxuli es fiala

gamoxatavdes rZis jams, romliTac Sav gvels keTilganwyobis mizniT da

mfarvelobis mosapoveblad ojaxi umaspinZldeboda.

Sav-Coxosani gveli xSirad ixsenieba qarTul locvebSic, sadac

pirdapiraa aqcenti gakeTebuli gvelis qTonurobaze _ miwisqveSeTisaTvis

damaxasiaTebel Sav ferTan konteqstSi.

gvelTan dakavSirebiT saqarTveloSi mravalferovani folkloruli da

eTnografiuli masalebia gamovlenili. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aWaris

mTianeTi gamoirCeva, sadac gveli sxvadasxva tipis sakralur garemoSi

mravali funqciis matarebel arsebad warmogvidgeba. masTan dakavSirebuli

iyo rigi bunebrivi movlena Tu adamianisaTvis aucilebeli mxardaWeris

funqcia. igi iyo adamianis modgmis winapari da ojaxis mfarveli, amindis

20

mmarTveli, wylis mflobeli, nayofierebisa da maradiulobis simbolo,

grZneuli, micvalebuli suli da sxva8.

qarTvelebSi Zvelad arsebobda warmodgenebi boroti da keTili

arsebebis gvelis perangiT Semosvis Sesaxeb. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom

SeiZleba es mianiSnebdes keTili da boroti angelozebis arsebobaze

(rrexviaSvili, 1964:210). aq kargi iqneba Tu gavixsenebT TqmulebaTa

variaciebs amiranis Sesaxeb _ boroti sulebis winaaRmeg mebrZol

sulkalmaxs welze gvelis perangi aqvs Semortymuli. aWaraSi

gavrcelebuli rwmena-warmodgenebiT gvelis tyavi samkurnalo Tvisebebis

Semcvelia da adamianisaTvis warmatebis momtani. mas xSirad inaxavdnen

kidec (gvelis kultis zogierTi am da sxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb aWarasa da

saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi ix. xxaxutaiSvili, mmgelaZe, 2005:158-160).

samkurnalo daniSnulebiT gvelis calkeuli nawilis gamoyeneba farTod

iyo gavrcelebuli. samkurnalo mizniT ojaxSi Senaxul gvelis tyavs

aWaris mTianeTis ojaxebSi dResac SexvdebiT. mimarTavdnen gvelis perangiT

daxrColebas, romelic tradiciuli SexedulebiT cxros anu ciebas

(malarias) da uJmurs kurnavda. gvelis damarxvis adgilze ramdenjerme

gagoreba welis tkivilebs arCenda. ukve dadgenilia gvelis nakbeniT

mkurnalobis xalxuri saSualebebic. irkveva, rom yvelaze efeqturi

saSualeba iyo nakbeni adgilis Sinauri Txilis foTlis naxarSSi

daSuSeba. samkurnalod gamoiyeneboda agreTve balaxi, romelsac llakarta

ewodeba. mkurnaloba sami dRis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda (fartenaZe, 1992).

saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi, kerZod aWaraSi _ boboyvaTis

qviSazvinulebis nasaxlarebze aRmoCenili Tixis filebi gvelis

gamosaxulebebiT saritualo sagnebi Cans (TTavamaiSvili, 1987:30-41). d.

xaxutaiSvilis dakvirvebiT amgvari Semkulobis filebi aq warmoebuli

sameurneo saqmianobis (magnetitis mopoveba, meTevzeoba,...) warmatebis

garanti unda yofiliyo, ise, rogorc es SeiZleba iTqvas sabervelebis

saqSen milebze daZerwil gvelis gamosaxulebebis Sesaxebac. qobuleTSi,

ispaanis torfqveSa namosaxlarebze arqeologebis mier ukve karga xania

8 gvalvebis dros amindis RvTaebisaTvis wvimis gamoTxovis mizniT icodnen gvelis mokvla.

moklul gvels Tu xis totze an sarze Camokidebdnen usaTuod gawvimdeboda, Zveli

stiliT aprilis pirvel oTxSabaTs tyeSi SeSis moWrasa da saxlSi mitanas eridebodnen _

gvalvebi dadgebao. didi xuTSabaTis momdevno wiTel paraskevs sruldeboda gvelis

kultTan dakavSirebuli gzobis (Sdr. bzobas) dResaswauli anu ggvelebis dReoba,

yuradRebas iqcevs bzobis dResaswaulTan Sinaarsobrivad axlos mdgomi gargnobis dRis

ciklis ritualebi _ gvelisa da kacis (wwylis kaci) urTierTobebTan dakavSirebuli

rwmena-warmodgenebi, romelic gzobisagan gansxvavebiT Zveli stiliT aprilis pirvel

orSabaTs emTxveva. arc am dRes SeiZleboda tyidan SeSis motana, radgan xis mWrels

saxlSi gveli mohyveboda, romelic kar-midamos aRar moscildeboda. gargnobis dRes

ezodan oTaxSi wylis Setanasac eridebodnen, radgan xalxuri SexedulebiT saxlSi

loqoria (lokokina) daisadgurebda. am Temisadmi miZRvnil erT-erT gamokvlevaSi ggargnoba

garganTan _ joxTanaa dakavSirebuli. joxi ki gvelTan asocirdeba. sulxan saba

orbeliani ggara’s ganmartavs rogorc `grZlad or kapi joxi” (oorbeliani, 1949:68). Crdilo

kavkasiurSi _ vainaxurSi, konkretulad ki CeCnur-inguSurSi ggar aRniSnavs moris nafots

(������-���������…, 1962:99), xolo sakuTriv CeCnurSi ggar(aa) niSnavs gvars, Taobas (Sdr.

mgelaZe, 2002:108-120; 2005:80-81), amasTanave ganayofi moris nafots (������-������…, 1961). gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs aWaraSi dadasturebuli miTologiuri da Sromis

procesSi Sesrulebuli leqs-simRerebi: `gveli xrilsa mZvinvarebda”, `SarSandelsa

nayanevsa”, sadac saubaria gvelisa da ojaxis nabolara gogonas urTierTobebze.

gamoTqmulia varaudi, rom qalis gvelze miTxoveba da qalis daRupva yanebis, mosavlis

baraqianobisaTvis gaRepul msxverpls warmoadgenda (dawvr. ix. nnoRaideli, 1935:50; CCxeiZe,

1961:90; xxaxutaiSvili, 1995:96; ffartenaZe, 1992:106-112; TTavdgiriZe, 2004:112-123; zzoiZe, 2005:228).

21

aRmoCenilia gvelis sqematuri gamosaxuleba. gveli erT-erT miniaturul,

abazanis formis tigelzea datanili. gvianbrinjaosa da adreuli rkinis

xanaSi gvelis gamosaxulebas, rogorc aRiniSna, rkinissadnobi qurebis

sabervelTa saqSen Tixis milebze aZerwavdnen, ise, rogorc Tixis

sadgrebze, Tixis WurWlebze, brinjaos fibulebze, brinjaos pincetebze,

brinjaos balTebze, brinjaos sartylebze, saritualo sakidebze, brinjaos

kolxur culebze. am ukanasknelTan gvelis gamosaxuleba gvxvdeba

mSvildisrian monadiresTan, TevzebTan, fantastikur cxovelebTan da mzis

gamosaxulebebTan erTad (Sesabamisi grafikuli gamosaxulebebi da

ilustracia ix. xxaxutaiSvili, 195:97).

samecniero literaturaSi varaudoben, rom bunebis didi dedis,

Semdegdroindeli cxovelTa mfarveli RvTaebis, zoomorfuli inkarnaciebi:

gveli, ZaRli, iremi, taxi, frinveli, Tevzi arsebaTa erT kategorias

ganekuTvnebodnen. am miTologiur saxeebSi Cven erTi da imave qalRvTaebis

sxvadasxva gaazrebasTan unda gvqondes saqme. qarTuli folkloruli

masalebis analiziT dadgenilia, rom gveli, ise, rogorc iremi, frinveli

da Tevzi flobda iseT Tvisebebs, romelTac adamianisaTvis xan

keTildReoba, xan ki ubedureba mohqonda. es miTologiuri saxeebi

avlendnen kavSirs sxvadasxva saxis RvTaebebTan _ zoomorful, adgilis,

wylisa da zecis RvTaebebTan. aRniSnul Tematikaze momuSave mecnierebi

miiCneven, rom gvelis, rogorc mavne arsebis gaazreba SedarebiT gviandelia

(ix. xxidaSeli, 1982:6, 61, 63). ufro metic, eTnografiuli masalebis analizis

safuZvelze askvnian, rom gvelisaTvis ojaxis mfarvelis, dovlaTianobisa

da nayofierebis funqciis dakisreba, misi sxeulis calkeuli nawilis

samkurnalo daniSnulebiT gamoyeneba da maTTvis magiuri unar-Tvisebebis

miwera unda momdinareobdes totemuri rwmena-warmodgenebidan, rac ufro

arqauli Cans, vidre misi borotebisa da boroti Zalebis simboluri

gansaxiereba. avtorTa erTi nawilis daskvniT, gvelTan dakavSirebuli

sinTezirebuli Sexedulebebidan adamianis keTildReobis, avi sulebisagan

damcvelis, adamianisaTvis sicocxlis mimniWeblis, nayofierebis funqcia

misi sawyisi, Tavdapirveli funqcia unda yofiliyo (ffartenaZe, 1992:109). Tu

am mosazrebas gaviziarebT, maSin unda gairkves gvelis kultis

qronologiuri urTierTmimarTebebic, erTis mxriv, veSapoidebis kompleqsis

sakralur arsebebTan, xolo, meores mxriv, qTonur RvTaebebTan, demonur

samyarosTan da miwisqveSeTis Savi feris simboloebTan9. sakuTriv

zoomorful kultTa xandazmuloba rom aSkaraa es cxadia. m. xidaSeli

miiCnevs, rom kavkasiuri cxoveluri stili warmoadgens did teritoriaze

gavrcelebul, Camoyalibebul erT mxatvrul mimdinareobas, romelic

stilisturi erTianobiT gamoirCeva. igi daaxloebiT Zv. w. IX saukunis

bolosa da Zv. w. VII saukunis bolomde ganagrZobda arsebobas. avtoris

SexedulebiT amierkavkasiaSi mosaxle tomebis istoriaSi moxda udidesi

socialuri Zvrebi da Sesabamisad garTulda sazogadoebis religiuri

cxovrebac, razec metyvelebs amierkavkasiaSi aRmoCenili msxvili sakulto

centrebi, romlebic gamoirCeodnen didi da mdidari sataZro meurneobiT,

RvTaebisadmi Sewiruli mravalricxovani nivTebiT (xxidaSeli, 1982:50). erTi

ram cxadia, dasaxelebuli sakulto simboloebis kavSiri nayofierebasTan

9 aqve gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes adamianTa modgmis winaprebis _ adamisa da evas Sesaxeb

bibliuri gadmocema, romelTa samoTxis gareTa cxovreba swored gvelis cbierebis

safuZvelze ganisazRvra. Tu miviCnevT, rom es bibliuri Tqmuleba sxvebTan SedarebiT

aranakleb Zvelia, maSin unda dakonkretdes gvelis keTili da boroti funqciebis

Tanmimdevrobaze arsebuli Sexedulebis calkeuli detali.

22

aSkaraa. nayofierebis RvTaebebi ki religiur panTeonSi uZveles RvTaebaTa

rigs ganekuTvnebodnen, radgan isini iyvnen sameurneo keTildReobis

mfarvelebi, rac adamianis cxovrebis uzrunvelyofis prioritetul

safuZvels warmoadgenda. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, maT Soris

aWaraSi dafiqsirebuli zRaprebi amaze uSualod miuTiTebs. arsebobs

gvelis gadaylapvis mravali versia. aWaruli zRaparis _ `Cobanis“ mixedviT

irkveva, rom qals mucelSi gveleSapi yavs, xolo `Sahzades“ Tanaxmad

qalis mucelSi gvelia (nnoRaideli, 1935:95, 106, 116). fSavSi mSobiarobis

garTulebis SemTxvevaSi qmari adioda calke mdgari, sagangebod

mSobiarobisaTvis agebuli Senobis saxuravze da uwminduri da boroti

Zalebis gandevnis mizniT Tofs isvrida. amiT qmari cols mSobiarobas

umsubuqebda. Semdgom masTan midioda piri, romelmac SeZlo bayayis

gvelisagan ganTavisufleba. es piri aZlevda mSobiares wyals da Tan

warmoTqvamda: `me gavacalkeve gveli da bayayi, dedav Svilisgan

gancalkevdiT“. amas samjer imeorebda. zogjer mSobiares aZlevdnen wyals,

romelSic Tevzis kudi iyo garecxili (��������!, 1938:112). kidev ufro mniSvnelovania gvelis iseT universalur simbolosTan

kavSiri, rogoric wyali iyo. rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, amas gvidasturebs

wvimis gamoTxovis mizniT gvelis mokvlis Cveuleba, gvalvis

sawinaaRmdegod Zv. stiliT aprilis pirvel oTxSabaTs SeSis saxlSi

mitanis tabuireba, gzobis dResaswauli anu gvelebis dReoba, gargnoba da

sxva. aWaraSi Cawerili, warRvnis Tematikis eTnografiuli da folkluri

masala Seicavs gadmocemaTa sxvadasxva variants, romelTa Soris erT-erTi

uSualod gvelis kultTanaa dakavSirebuli. Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, `duniis

daqcevis dros xalxi gemiT midioda Tavis gadasarCenad. Tagvs gemis

kedeli gamouxria, gemic wyliT avsebula da CaZirva dauwyia. xalxs

ucilobeli daRupva moeloda. am dros gveli gamodgmula xvrelSi, riTac

gemSi wylis dagubeba Sewyvetila, samagierod gvels mouTxovia, rom mas

adamianze kbenis ufleba qonoda. Tavdapirvelad daTanxmebulan, Semdeg ki

amaze uari uTqvamT da gveli mouklavT, dauwviaT da misi ferfli

gadauyriaT. qars ferfli adamianze Seuyria. TiTqos aqedan gaCenilan

adamianis parazitebi _ tili da baRlinjo” (ffartenaZe, 1992:109). wyalTan

gvelis pirdapir kavSirze miuTiTebs veSapoidebis ciklTan dakavSirebuli

gadmocemebi da grafikuli monacemebi. SemTxveviTi araa aWaraSi, xixaZiris

xeobaSi veSapoidebis ciklis megaliTuri Zeglis aRmoCena, aseve kolxur

culebze sakuTriv gveli da wylis simboloebi _ zigzagebi rom

dasturdeba. gvelisa da wylis mfarveli, Tu wylis RvTaebis Tematikaze

aWaris xeobebSi Cawerili mravalferovani eTnografiuli da folkloruli

masala am realobis pirdapiri dadasturebaa.

qarTul folklorSi, kerZod, kolxur rwmena-warmodgenebebSi, aseve,

arsebobs wylisa da ZaRlis kavSiris kidev ramdenime dadastureba. mmesefebi

_ nadirT patronebi, romlebTanac amindis cvalebadobac iyo

dakavSirebuli, zRvidan amodiodnen da Tan ori ZaRli amohyvebodaT xolme

(Sdr. TTandilava, 1976; 1978:3-43; 1981). esec sakmarisi iqneboda ZaRlis kultis

wyalTan dasakavSireblad, magram gvinda kidev erTi ZaRlis _ qarTuli

folkloris gamorCeuli gmiris _ yurSas funqciur iersaxesac SevexoT.

qarTul samonadireo eposSi _ amiranianis sxvadasxva leqsSi xSirad Cndeba

ZaRli yurSa, romlis saxeli xalxuri etimologiiT yyurSavia. Zalze

sainteresoa yurSas garegnobis metaforuli aRwera: „yurSas yur-tuCi

oqrosi asxia“. oqro RvTaebriobis, mzesTan wilnayarobis simboloa. amirans

xom oqros kbili qonda. yurSas Tvalebi „mTvaris odenaa“, amiranis Tvalebi

23

ki `sacris odena“, yurSas warbebi _ gvelebia. roca mzeTunaxavzea

gamoTqmuli msgavsi Sedareba, is marTlac poeturi Sedarebaa, yurSas

SemTxvevaSi maTi gveloba safiqrebelic kia. gavixsenoT kerbers yelze sami

gveli exvia. yurSas naxtomi qveynis odenia, xolo misi yefa quxilia. es

yvelaferi RvTaebrivi regaliebia da mas or sknelTan _ zesknelTan da

qvesknelTan akavSirebs. mis RvTaebriobas el. virsalaZec adasturebs:

„Cvenamde moRweuli yurSas simRera warmoadgens sagalobels, himns, qebas,

mimarTuls zebunebrivi arsebisadmi, romlisganac, rogorc Cans,

damokidebuli iyo adreuli warmodgenebiT, monadiris bed-iRbali

(vvirsalaZe, 1964:66). irkveva, rom yurSas RvTaebriv ierarqiaSi ufro maRali

adgili eWira. am mxriv sainteresoa galeqsili Tqmuleba yurSao. es leqsi

moxseniebulia daviT guramiSvilTan da daviT maCabelTan (ssvaniZe, 1957:148).

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqmuleba gvian unda iyos galeqsili da gadakeTebis

kvalic aCnia, masSi mainc Cans arqauli plasti. Cven mxolod erT strofs

moviyvanT Cveni msjelobis gasamyareblad:

`eg arc frinveli, arc oTxfexia

TiTqos erTic da meorec aris

eg RvTisagan dawyevlilia

da mcveli jojoxeTis karisa“ (ssvaniZe, 1957:115).

aq garkveviT Cans misi kavSiri qTonur samyarosTan. `qarTul xalxur

simRerebSi“ gaerTianebulia kidev erTi CvenTvis sayuradRebo leqsi:

`ZaRlisa Tavi hqonia

frinvelis frTebi mxarzeda“ (ssvaniZe, 1957:119).

aq ukve yurSas zesknelTan wilnayarobac dasturdeba. ZaRlis (/mgelis)

funqciebSi xSirad gamokveTilia kavSiri astralur RvTaebebTanac. igi

xSirad am tipis RvTaebebis damxmared warmoCndeba (���� ����, 1957:37-53). gamoricxuli araa, rom adre nayofierebis erT-erT RvTaebas _ wyalTa

gamriges msxverpls swiravdnen sakraluri culiT. ZaRli ki _ daraji

SaveTisa, culis pirzea gamosaxuli. TiTqosda aseTi rituali culis

dartymis Semdeg SaveTis karebSi Sesvlis uflebas iZleodes.

ZaRlis kulti saqarTveloSi, ra Tqma unda, nadirT patronTan iyo

dakavSirebuli, Semdgom ki monadireobis RvTaebasTan, magram Cveni faqtebi

da msjeloba adasturebs, rom ZaRli wylis kultTanac iyo kavSirSi da,

amdenad, veSapis kultTan. am sakiTxebs samomavlod ufro dawvrilebiTi

kvleva sWirdeba.

amrigad, veSapoidi _ bayayi, sofel vernebSi, brinjaos culi ZaRlis

gamosaxulebiT gvelTan kompoziciaSi sofel kaloTaSi _ am ori

semantikurad dakavSirebuli Zeglis erT arealSi aRmoCena miuTiTebs, rom

aWaraSi, kerZod, xixanis xeobaSi, ise, rogorc momijnave xeobebsa da,

saerTod, saqarTvelos tradiciul regionebSi, farTod unda yofiliyo

gavrcelebuli veSapis kulti Sesabamisi sakraluri atributebiTa da

miTologiuri personaJebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, detalur

kvlevas imsaxurebs veSapebze gamosaxuli frinvelebis, kerZod, yaryatis,

yanCis da maTTan dakavSirebuli sxva frinvelebis (arwivi, faskunji,...)

Sinaarsobrivi da funqciuri aspeqtebi, ramac SesaZloa istoriul

ganviTarebasTan SesabamisobaSi calkeuli fragmentis rekonstruqciis

safuZvelze erTiani moTologiuri suraTis aRdgenaSi dagvexmaros. Semdgom

gamokvlevebSi SevecdebiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelsa da farTo

auditorias mivawodoT met-naklebad sruli informacia am miTosur

frinvelebze da gadavceT Cveneuli xedva maT miTo-ritualur funqciebze.

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baTumi, 2004

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Tbilisi, 1976

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kuni n.. Zveli saberZneTis legendebi da miTebi, Tbilisi, 1965

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javaxeTis SeswavlisaTvis, Tbilisi, 1972

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`samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos zepirsityviereba“, VII, Tbilisi,

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baTumi, 2007

mgelaZe n., qarTuli gvari: socialuri funqcia, terminis warmomavloba da

gavrcelebis eTnolingvisturi areali. _ `qarTveluri

memkvidreoba“, VI, quTaisi, 2002

mgelaZe n., aWaruli nogro da gvari, baTumi, 2004

25

mgelaZe n. totoCava g., veSapis kulti samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi da

veSapoidebis Seswavlis istoriisaTvis. – xariton axvledianis

saxelobis aWaris `muzeumis macne“, I, baTumi, 2008

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Tbilisi, 1935

rexviaSvili n., salocavi `mzieri” (giune). _ saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

muzeumis `moambe”, XXIV-B, Tbilisi, 1964

rCeuli qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi (el. virsalaZis redaqciiT), Tbilisi,

1949

svaniZe g., qarTuli xalxuri simRerebi da maTTan dakavSirebuli

Tqmulebebi, Tbilisi, 1957 surgulaZe i., qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis simbolika, Tbilisi, 1986

sulxan saba orbeliani, sityvis kona, Tbilisi, 1949

fartenaZe g., gvelis kulti maWaxlis xeobaSi. _ Jurn. `Woroxi”, #1, baTumi,

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qarTuli (aWaruli) zRaprebi (Seadgines, SeniSvnebi, saZiebeli da leqsikoni

daurTes aziz axvledianma, eTer zoiZem, zurab Tandilavam,

aleqsandre msxalaZem, nanuli noRaidelma da neli

cqitiSvilma), baTumi, 1973

SamilaZe v., mesaqonleoba dasavleT saqarTveloSi (aWaris eTnografiuli

masalebis mixedviT), Tbilisi, 1964

SamilaZe v., koridas adreuli formebis istoriisaTvis saqarTveloSi

eTnografiuli monacemebis Suqze. _ `samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis kulturisa da yofis sakiTxebi“, I,

Tbilisi, 1973

Caganava g. tuRuSi l. xecoiZe e., mglis kultis paralelebi indoevropul,

Turqul da qarTvelur civilizaciebSi. _ `samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTvelos zepirsityviereba“, XII, baTumi, 2007

CavleiSvili i., arqeologiuri gaTxrebi fiWvnaris uZveles namosaxlarebze

1983 wels. _ `samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi“, XVI,

Tbilisi, 1987

CxeiZe j., Sromis poeziis ZiriTadi saxeebi aWaris zepirsityvierebaSi,

baTumi, 1961

javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, wigni I, Tbilisi, 1960

xaxutaiSvili d., qobuleTis qveyana, I, baTumi, 1995

xaxutaiSvili n. mgelaZe n., aWaris materialuri kulturis ZeglebSi

asaxuli uZvelesi religiuri warmodgenebi. _ `saistorio macne“,

XIV, baTumi, 2005

xidaSeli m., centraluri amierkavkasiis grafikuli xelovneba adreuli

rkinis xanaSi (brinjaos gravirebuli sartylebi), Tbilisi, 1982

������������ �. ���������� ����������� ���������� � �������� �������� �� �� ����� ������� � !�����, "�����, 1957

����� ��� ��. ������� ����� ,����!���, 1979 #����� $. %��� ������� #��&��, %�� ��, 1992 ������ ���. ������ ����� � ����� ��� � �� '�� ���, � ������� ����� *��� � ��

��� ���. - «'�� �� � ���������������», "�����, 1980 '�� +. *. /������ � ���� ������� #��&��, %�� ��, 1955 %�<������ �., =��� � ��� � �� ������ !������ � ������� ��� '�� ���. - «=�!�� �

���������� >�������� $��� ��� ����������� ��� �<�����», �. XXVI %� ������ �. �. �� ������� ��������� ��� !�����. - «������ �� ?���������», I, %.-/.,

1938

26

%�������� �������� ����, %., 1977 %����� *. *. �����@���� ��� � � ��������� '�� ���. - «�������� #��������������

* ������ ������� ������������ �������», �. II, A., 1922 ���������� *. +. ' ��!���� � �������� �����@���� � � �� ���������� ����!� �

����!����. - «'�� ��� �� C����������� �� ����� », "�����, 1972 D������� +. ' �����������E ����� ���� ���������-������� �� ��������������

������������ ������������� � !�����. _ „macne”, istoriis... seria, I, 1980

F����� %. ?����������� �� ������� $��� ��� ��� �, %�� ��, 1904 G�����-��� �� ������� (!�� ���� &�� *. #. %�&���), %�� ��, 1961 G�����-������ �-��� �� ������� (�����������: *. #. %�&���, �. *. >�����, =. �.

H���������), %�� ��, 1962

27

saSa lekveiSvili

qarTveli da ucxoeli mecnier-mkvlevarebi aWaruli Cacmulobis Sesaxeb

erT-erT uZvelessa da mniSvnelovan monapovars kacobriobis kulturis

istoriaSi samoselis damzadeba-gamoyeneba warmoadgens. xalxis mier

saukuneTa manZilze gamomuSavebuli Cacmulobis saxeebi atareben im

empiriul codnas, romelic iZleva SesaZleblobas gaarkvio istoriul

movlenaTa ganvlili safexurebi.

qarTuli Cacmulobis istoriis uZvirfases wyaros vaxuSti

batoniSvilis „aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosi“ warmoadgens. masSi

aRwerilia mematianis Tanadrouli da wina periodis qarTuli tansacmeli.

samwuxarod, masSi araferia naTqvami aWaruli tansacmlis Sesaxeb.

akademikos iv. javaxiSvilis naSromSi „masalebi qarTveli eris

materialuri kulturis istoriisaTvis“, ganxilulia uZvelesi droidan XIX

s-mde arsebuli qarTuli tansacmlis warmoSobis da ganviTarebis procesi.

mocemulia tansacmlis didi mravalferovneba kuTxeebis mixedviT. aqve

aRwerilia aWareli qalis, mamakacisa da bavSvis Cacmulobis elementebi da

forkad wodebuli kabis erTi foto.

i. ciciSvilis naSromSi mocemulia aWaruli tansacmlis CamonaTvali:

„aWareli qalis Cacmuloba: iCluRi, fesi, TefeluRi, CaTaka, qemeri,

sartyeli, perangi, zubuni, windebi, flostebi. aWareli mamakacis kostumi

Seicavs: Coxas, Sarvals, paiWebs, zubuns, yabalaxs, Tolabulusis sartyels,

savaznes, qisas, maTaras, samasres, perangs, lofaCins, dambaCas, sapirwamles,

yamas“.

aWaruli Cacmulobis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani monografia ekuTvnis

istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidats i. samsonias.

aWaruli Cacmulobis Sesaxeb cnobebi gvxvdeba XVII-XIX ss. im mecnier-

mkvlevarTa naSromebSi, romlebmac imogzaures aWaraSi. maTgan

sayuradReboa: J. Sardenis, J. muries, d. baqraZis, g. yazbegis, T. saxokias, z.

WiWinaZis, al. frenkelis, p. kovalevskis, v. lisovskis da sxvaTa Sromebi.

marTalia, isini gakvriT exebian aWarelTa Cacmulobas, magram maTi gacnoba

saWirocaa da sainteresoc.

J. Sardeni saqarTveloSi Camovida XVIII s. 80-ian wlebSi. gzad gonioSi

gamoiara, sadac misi yuradReba miiqcia Tovlze mosiarule mamakacebis

fexsacmelma, ufro sworad Txilamurebma: „Cems yolauzebs fexebze ecvaT

erTgvari Tovlze sasiarulod mowyobili qalamnebi, romlebic me mxolod

am qveyanaSi vnaxe. am fexsacmels Ziri grZeli da Txilamuris magvari aqvs,

Tumca ise ganieri araa. agreTve bade ufro Txelia da ficari mTlad

mrgvali, es fexsacmeli ifaravs TovlSi Caflobisagan, radgan TiTis

dadebaze meti ar Cadis TovlSi. isini mardad darbodnen Tovlze, mxolod

mqrqal da gaurkvevel kvalsa tovebdnen, radgan am fexsacmels arc Tavi

uCans da arc bolo“.

J. murie aWarul Cacmulobaze naSromSi _ baTumi da Woroxis auzi,

wers: „...Tavze axuravs yavisferi yabalaxi, zogjer wiTeli sarCuliT, tanze

acvia moyvanili yavisferi an nacrisferi maudis qulaja, romlis qveS Ria

feris axaluxi moCans. axaluxi patara wiTeli TasmebiT ikvreba. imave

qsovilis Sarvali wvivebTan da koWebTan farTovdeba, wels qveviT ikeceba

da ramdenime arSinis wvrili Tokisagan dawnuli RvediT ikvreba, romelsac

28

qugad wodebuli Ria feris qamari faravs. fexze Salis windebs da tyavis

wuRa-Custebs icvams“.

v. lisovski yuradRebas amaxvilebs adgilobrivad kustaruli wesiT

damuSavebul Zafebsa da misgan uxeSi qsovilis miRebaze da wers, rom

vinaidan mxareSi ar aris fabrika-qarxnebi adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi

TviTon amzadebdnen sayofacxovrebo da sxva saWiro nivTebs: „...uxeSi,

kustaruli saSualebiT saxlSi an umniSvnelo saxelosnoebSi, romelSic

mepatronis garda 2-3 ostati muSaobs...“. igi mokled aRwers qsovilis

damzadebas: „Salis qsovili miiReba cxvrisa da Txisagan. cxvrebs yvelas

kreWen, Txebs ki iseTebs, romlebic ar iwvelian... Salisagan amzadeben

noxebs-fardagebs, tomrebs. SedarebiT warmatebiT sargeblobs saxlSi

damzadebuli gamZle da uxeSi Sali _ Savi, ruxi da yavisferi, romliTac

adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi ikeraven zeda tansacmels. Salis qsovili aris

viwro ganis“.

saqonlisagan miRebuli tyavisagan amzadeben fexsacmels, agreTve

samgzavro tomrebs. Txis tyavisagan gudas“.

v. lisovskis azriT aWaris mxareSi ZiriTadad tansacmlis ori

saxeobis modelia gavrcelebuli: 1. is macxovreblebi, romlebic

ganekuTvnebian qarTvelebs (qristianebs) icvamen aWarulad da 2.

mosaxleobis is nawili, romelic ar laparakobs qarTulad – maTSi

batonobs Turquli moda. v. lisovskis SexedulebiT aWaruli tansacmeli,

romelic TiTqmis mTel mxareSi batonobs, didad ar gansxvavdeba

gurulisagan. igi iqve aRwers Turquli warmoSobis samossac: „Turquli

warmoSobis mamakacis samoss Seadgens: farTo Sarvali, qveviT odnav

Seviwrovebuli, farTo qurTukiT da JiletiT rusuli CiTis an

adgilobrivi qsovilisagan. fexsacmeli e. w. „manusi“ ar gansxvavdeba

aWarulisagan. Tavsaburavia wiTeli feris fesi, Semoxveuli CalmiT,

romelic TeTri feris qsovilia.

aWareli qalebic icvamen Turqulad. maTi tansacmeli arafriT

gansxvavdeba SavSeTsa da artanujSi mcxovreb qalTa Cacmulobisagan. isini

icvamen grZeli CiTis xalaTebs, ZiriTadad wiTel-yviTeli feris, gverdebze

farToa, wels qvemoT gadaWrili, gverdebze CaWrilebi, saidanac Cans CiTis

farTo Sarvali, romelic TiTqmis koWebamdea da Semoxveulia fexebze“.

sabolood, v. lisovskim aWarul tansacmels aseTi Sefaseba misca:

„aWaruli tansacmeli, miuxedavad uxeSi qsovilisa, gamoirCeva sifaqiziT,

radgan lamazi da feradi naqargebiTaa dafaruli, amave dros

moxerxebulia“.

p. kovalevskis naSromSi aRwerilia aWareli mamakacis Cacmulobis

calkeuli elementebi. Sig moTavsebuli foto-suraTebiT SesaZlebelia

qalaqeli da sofleli mamakacis Cacmulobis gamijvna.

XIX saukunidan aWaris maRalmTian soflebSic ukve Cndeba Semotanili

saqoneli, maT Soris qsovilebi, gansakuTrebiT CiTi da Sali. aRniSnulma

qsovilebma TandaTan adgilobrivad damzadebuli uxeSi Salisa da biazis

qsovilebis adgili daikava. amis Sesaxeb d. baqraZe werda: „baTumi

umniSvnelo vaWrobas eweva... inglisidan da Sveicariidan SemoaqvT bambis

nawarmi, alepodan da damaskodan – abreSumis qsovilebi, yirimidan da

saqarTvelodan – matyli“.

g. yazbegi SeniSnavs: „adgilobriv maRaziebSi _ duqnebSi, ZiriTadad

vaWroben somxebi, berZnebi. somxebi yidian saojaxo nivTebs, xolo berZnebi

sxvadasxva qsovilebs, Semotanils sazRvargareTidan. gansakuTrebuli

moTxovnaa inglisur qsovilebze, romliTac maragdeba yvelaze daSorebuli

29

soflebic ki. es aris iafi CiTebi da Salis qsovilebi adgilobrivi

mcxovreblebis gemovnebis. rusuli nawarmi aq ar iyideba“

z. WiWinaZe wignSi „musulmani qarTveloba da maTi soflebi

saqarTveloSi“, miiCnevs, rom aWareli qalis tansacmeli ufro osmaluria,

vidre qarTuli. misi azriT, musulmanobis miRebamde iseve ecvaT, rogorc

saqarTvelos sxva kuTxis qalebs, magram Semdeg qarTuli kabebi mouspiaT

da wiTel-yviTeli kabebi CaucvamT osmaluris msgavsad da Cadric

SemouRiaT. samwuxarod z. WiWinaZem aWareli qalebis CacmulobaSi ver

SeamCnia qarTuli elementebis arseboba.

ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos mxatvar v. iluSinis namuSevrebi, romlebic

Sesrulebulia aWaraSi mowyobili savele eTnografiuli eqspediciebis

dros. mxatvrul tiloebze. isini daculia x. axvledianis saxelobis aWaris

muzeumSi, sadac kargad Cans aWareli qalisa da mamakacis Cacmuloba.

vrcel daxasiaTebas iZleva T. saxokia wignSi „mogzaurobani“ igi

sxvadasxva adgilas aRwers aWarul Cacmulobas: „...mokle kvarTua ecvaT

adgilobrivad moqsovili Salisa, tanze SemoWerili, amave Salis Zigva,

sajdomTan danaoWebuli da fexebTan ki mWidrod Semokruli. Tavze wiTeli

osmaluri fesebi exuraT“. „yvelas erTgvarad acviaT tanTa: Salis mokle

Caqura, doSluRi, naoWebiani, totebviwro Zigva, Salisave Wreli windebi da

qalamnebi, welze brtyeli qamari aqvT Semortymuli, sruliaT sada... Tavze

yabalaxi aqvs Semoblanduli, zogs fesica axuravs“.

ufro dawvrilebiT T. saxokia aWareli qalisa da mamakacis tansacmlis

aRweras kidev ubrundeba: „aqauri Salis Coxa wels qvemoT odnavRa scdeba

da Catanebulia aqaur Salisave ZigvaSi. Coxas qvemoT zubuni acviaT, zubuni

CiTisaa da sazamTrod dabambulia, xolo sazafxulod igive zubuni

usaxelo da daumbambavia da saxelad elegi hqvia. Zigva sajdomTan Zalze

danaoWebulia, siaruls da Zirs daxras srulebiT ar uSlis. boloSi

viwrovdeba, wvivebs mWidrod adgia da fexebze paWanagiT aris mimagrebuli.

fexze adgilobrivi moqsovili Zalze sqeli da Wreli windebi acviaT da

windebze Cafulas (qalamans) atareben. Tavze ueWvelad yabalaxi unda

hqondes Semoblanduli koxtad. Tav-momwoneni zafxulobiT sirma

Semovlebul Coxas, zubuns da Zigvas Savi satinisas atareben. Cveneburi

Coxa-axaluxi aqaur begebsRa acviaT... “

aWareli qalis tanisamosi Taviseburia. zevidan acviaT qaTibis msgavsi

sirCa-CiTisa, dabambuli anu ubambo sezonis mixedviT. sirCas qvemoT

atareben kabas, kabis qveS perangsa da mis amxanags, alisfer CiTisagan

Sekerils. perangis amxanagi metad ganieria, mxolod koWebTan viwrovdeba,

TavSi TeTri arSia aqvs gadakerebuli xonjrisaTvis... Tavze Semokruli aqvs

CiTiviT iazma, imis zemoT Tavis garSemo leCaqi, romlis erTi yuri welzea

gadaSvebuli, win saxeze Semokruli aqvs sinaTlis sanaxavad Txeli

mandili-feCa. yvela amis garSemo gadafarebuli aqvs TeTri Cadri Tavis

dasamalavad... fexebze Custebi acviaT aRmarTebze siarulis dros, xolo

vakeSi dadian nalianiT (xisgan gakeTebuli maRalquslebiani sacmelia,

zevidan samogve aqvs gadakruli fexis Sesayofad da dasamagreblad)“.

a. frenkels miaCnia, rom „qobuleTelebma Semoinaxes winaparTa

tansacmeli... Tavze yabalaxi axuravT... Coxa mWidrod adgaT tanze, mis qveS

Jileti (kavtani, elegi) wiTeli feris naWrisagan. Sarvali ekvris fexebs,

xolo zemoT Zalian farToa da mucelsa da welze aqvs uamravi naoWi,

qurTuki da Sarvali ikvreba Salis uxeSi naWrisagan. welze Semoxveuli

aqvs qamari (silaelogi) Ria feris dakecili naWeri. aqvT CanTa (karSum-

lugi) da tyavis maTara wylisaTvis.

30

qobuleTeli qalis CacmulobaSi Sedis: „perangi muxlamde, Sarvali,

romelic Zalian hgavs mamakacis Sarvals da romelic ikvreba xvanjriT.

zemodan kaba da winsafari, romlebic moqargulia mravalferovani ZafebiTa

da TismebiT. Tavze wiTeli fesiT, romelic dafarulia farTo CadriT,

aqaurad CarCabiT... isini ZiriTadad Txeli, gamWvirvale cisferi an yviTeli

feris qsovilisganaa damzadebuli“. iqve imasac aRniSnavs, rom „...Turqi

qarTvelebi Cacmulebi arian nacionalur kostumebSi, mxolod Tavze

dasaxuravad iyeneben fesebs, qsovilis naWriT Semoxveuls – aseTia Calma.

mola atarebs TeTri feris Calmas, naswavli, ZiriTadad Seix-el-uslamis

skolidan Camosulebi ki mwvanes“.

aWaruli samosi Tavisi garegnuli ieriT, damzadebisa da

moxmarebis wesebis TvalsazrisiT gamorCeul adgils iWers qarTuli

Cacmulobis istoriaSi.

literatura

1. baqraZe d., arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi, baT., 1987,

gv.25.

2. kovalevski p., kavkasia, t. I, sankt-peterburgi, 1914, gv.219

3. murie J., baTumi da Woroxis auzi, baTumi, 1962, gv. 34

4. saxokia T., mogzaurobani, Tbilisi, 1950, gv. 113,191,192. 5. yazbegi g., sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1976, gv.11.

6. Sardeni J., mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1935, gv. 52.

7. ciciSvili iv., masalebi qarTuli Cacmulobis istoriisaTvis, Tbilisi,

1954, gv.6

8. WiWinaZe z., musulmani qarTveloba da maTi soflebi saqarTveloSi, tf.,

1913, gv. 86.

9. javaxiSvili iv., masalebi qarTveli eris materialuri kulturis

istoriisaTvis, t. III, IV, Tbilisi, 1962, gv. 4

10. /����� �� �. J., G���� �� ���. ������-����������� �� ���� . "�., 1887. �. 103,123 11. F��� ��K *. >��� G��� -�� � ������, "�., 1879. �. 19-20.

31

32

33

istoriis ganyofileba

goderZi totoCava

aWaris ganTavisufleba qarTul periodul presaSi („droebisa“ da „iveriis“ masalebis mixedviT)10

1978 weli didi zeimia qarTveli xalxis istoriaSi. asi wlis win

ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-78 wlebis omis Sedegad aWara daubrunda deda

samSoblos, saqarTvelos.samasi sisxliani weli gamoiara Zveli taos am

patara nawilma, rom SeubRalavad moetana ZmebTan qarTuli ena.

samaswlovani tragedia XVI saukuneSi daiwyo. bizantiis dacemis Semdeg,

kidev ufro gaZlierebuli osmaleTi amierkavkasiis dasapyroblad moiwevda.

kerZod, 80-90-ian wlebSi osmalebma SesZles daepyroT samcxe-saaTabago,

saqarTvelos erTi mesamedi. aWarac dapyrobil teritoriebSi moeqca.

osmalebma saaTabagoSi „sastiki brZola gamoucxades qarTul socialur-

politikur wyobilebasa da kulturas, igi osmaluriT Secvales da

erovnuli gadagvarebis gziT waiyvanes“ (ssin, 1974:9). dampyroblebs

asimilaciis pirvel pirobad muslimanuri religiis danergva miaCndaT.

isini arafers eridebodnen amis misaRwevad. tanjva-wamebis xerxebis

CamoTvla Sors wagviyvanda da maT arc hqoniaT gadamwyveti mniSvneloba

islamis danergvaSi. islamis danergva ufro ekonomikurma faqtorma

gadawyvita. terorma da sisxlianma reJimma ver daaSina da gastexa

qarTveli xalxi, isini ar sTmobdnen qristianul religias. z. WiWinaZes

aWaraSi adgilobrivi mcxovreblebisagan Cauweria gadmocemebi da

legendebi, Tu rogor xdeboda dRvanisa Tu qobuleTis gamuslimaneba.

yvelgan sisxlsa da cremlebis zRva idga. Turqebi aCanagebdnen da spobdnen

yvelafers. sulxan-saba orbeliani Tavis „mogzauroba evropaSi“ werda:

„sadac TaTars miuRwevia, iq RvTis naTeli aRar damdgara, isars

gauoxrebia. netavi naxoT da vinc naxavT Cems simarTles maSin SeityobT“.

Turqebma saqarTvelos am nawilsa da konstantinopolis aRebiT gadaRobes

saxmeleTo da sazRvao gza aziasa da evropas Soris. „am did savaWro-

satransporto gzaze mdebare saxelmwifos cxovreba Cakvda, sastikma da

velurma „osmalom“ gaaverana da gaapartaxa dapyrobil xalxTa kultura“

(maisuraZe, 1943:3). qarTvelebis erTi nawili dapyrobil mxareebSi ver

urigdeboda osmalTa Zaladobas, saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi

saxldebodnen da cdilobden Tan waretanaT da gadaerCinaT saeklesio-

saritualo nivTebi. sainteresoa, rom swored am gziT moxvda aWara-mesxeTis

sazRvarze mdgari zarzmis monastris xati SemoqmedSi. „mas Jamsa Sina, odes

patiosani da didi saaTabago saqristiano usjuloTagan da uRmrToTa

agarianTa mier ganiryuena, iwyo moklebad hsjulman Cvenman da aRorZinebad

hsjulman mahmadisaman, maSin Jamsa saaTabagos urwmunoTa da bilwTa

TaTarTagan ganirymna zarzmis saydari, monasteri moiSala da mooxrda da

aiSala zarzmis xati Seni Zlieri mTa gorsa ganbrwyinebeli. aq gurias

Camoasvenes viTarca eqsoria qmnili“ (baqraZe, 1987:12).

10 naSromi Sesrulebulia 1978 wels, gamoyenebulia k. marqsis saxelobis saqarTvelos

respublikuri biblioTekis mxareTmcodneobis kabinetis gazeT „droebis“ fotoaslebi da

agreTve „iveriis“ nomrebi. SenarCunebulia Tavdapirveli stili da Sinaarsi.

34

marTlac, Znelad gadasatani iyo is barbarosuli xerxebi, romlebsac

Turqebi iyenebdnen islamis dasanergad. aWaraSi erT-erTi soflis mkvidrT

ubrZanes adidebuli mdinaris, romelic qvebs moagorebda, gadacurva, vinc

mdinares gadacuravs mas qristianad davtovebTo. stiqiasTan brZolaSi

daiRupa TiTqmis mTeli sofeli. ilia maisuraZes mohyavs p. zedginiZis

monaTxrobi gadmocema: „roca aTaTrebdnen qarTvelebs, gadaxurebul Tass

adebdnen Tavze. Tuki qarTvelobas uaryofda maSin moacilebdnen Tu ara

unda gaeZlo, an momkvdariyo“ (maisuraZe, 1943:13). ra Tqma unda, aseTi ram

fizikuri ganadgurebiT emuqreboda mosaxleobas da iZulebuli Seiqmnen

oficialurad mieRoT mahmadianoba, magram, rogorc zemoT mogaxseneT es

mainc ar iyo gadamwyveti. aq didi roli iTamaSa osmalurma

miwismflobelobis wesma. miwismflobeli mxolod mxedari SeiZleboda

yofiliyo. mxedari ki mxolod muslimania. feodalTa umravlesoba miwis

SenarCunebis mizniT, iZulebuli xdeboda daetovebina mama-papaTa rjuli.

glexobac iZulebuli iyo maT mihyoloda, radganac isini am miwiT

irCendnen Tavs, Tumca isini ufro didxans uwevdnen winaaRmdegobas.

„mCagvrelTa xeli tradiciul qarTul ojaxs, mis odindel siwmindes,

moralsac swvda. man SebRala da wmindaTa wmindad miCneuli qarTveli

qalis mandili, man fexqveS gaTela qmrisa da Svilis, colisa da dedis

bunebrivi da sazogadoebrivi uflebebi. moTareSeni Seuracxyofdnen qmars

da rZals, masobrivad itacebdnen maT da tyveTa bazarze usulgulod

hyidnen“. ojaxis, colisa da dedis Seuracxyofa kidev erT-erTi im

mizanTagani iyo, ramac mahmadianuri religiis damkvidreba gamoiwvia aWarasa

da mesxeTSi. muslimobas jer mxolod formalurad aRiarebdnen, saxlSi

Cumad mainc qristianul wes-Cveulebebs asrulebdnen, Tumca qristianuli

samyarosgan (samSoblosagan) izolirebis gamo, momdevno Taobebma TandaTan

daiviwya mama-papuri rjuli, magram Cven xalxs hqonda kidev erTi didi

religia _ qarTuli ena, romelic sisxlTan erTad moZraobda qarTveli

kacis ZarRvebSi da sisxlTan erTad aRwevda mis sulsa da gulSi.

sisxlianma reJimma, gauTavebelma TareSma, odesRac ekonomiurad

dawinaurebeli mxare gaaverana da daamSo. qeda da Suaxevi venaxis mxare

gaxldaT osmalTa gamoCenamde, Semdeg yurZeni gaiCexa da ai, ager axla,

ramdenime aTeuli wlis win daiwyes misi xelaxlad gaSeneba. daqveiTda

kultura, asec unda momxdariyo, ra SeiZleboda uZvelesi kulturis

matarebel xalxs eswavla osmalTagan, Tu ara, mxolod Zvelis daviwyeba.

aWara samasi wlis ganmavlobaSi srulad izolirebuli iyo

saqarTvelosgan. mxolod aWara-guriis sazRvrispira mosaxleobas hqondaT

kontaqti.

dedasaqarTvelo am dros did gasaWirSi iyo. mcirericxovani qarTveli

xalxi or frontze ibrZoda, or gveleSaps ebrZoda _ aRmosavleTiT irans,

dasavleTiT ki osmaleTs. osmaleTTan brZola kidev ufro gaWirda, radgan

maT dapyrobili qarTuli teritoriebi, saqarTveloze Tvdasxmis

placdarmad aqcies. XVI–XVIII saukuneebi saqarTvelos istoriaSi uimedo,

magram gmiruli brZolebis saukuneebia. calkeul gamarjvebebs ar SeeZloT

Sveba moetanaT saqarTvelosTvis. mizanTrop Sah-abass ver moulbo guli

qarTulma sisxlma, mis ZarRvebSi, rom Cqefda. orasi aTasi kaci ahyara

kaxeTidan da iranis udabnoebSi gadaasaxla. saqarTvelo sisxlisgan

icleboda aRsasruli axlovdeboda, erT-erTi gza xsnisa CrdiloeTiT

sCanda mxolod. manamdisac iyo cdebi ruseTTan kontaqtisa, magram aqedan,

kontaqtis garda araferi gamovida. saqarTvelos praqtikuli daxmareba

sWirdeboda: jari da fuli. Semdeg dasavleT evropasTan Seecadnen

35

kavSiris gabma. sulxan-sabam sul moiara „francia“ da romi _ kvlav

uSedegod. Semdeg erekle meorem scada kaTolike misionerebis saSualebiT

evropisgan daxmarebis miReba. man maTi saSualebiT werili gaugzavna

veneciis senatsa da avstriis imperators. misioneri adre gardaicvala da

werils adresatamde ar miuRwevia. 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi erekle

ruseTisken gadaixara. man daamyara kontaqti ruseTis imperatorTan. igi

iTxovda ruseTis ori polki mudmivad yofiliyo saqarTveloSi. ruseTma

ganixila erekles winadadeba, maT Camoayalibes xelSekrulebis saboloo

teqsti. 1783 wlis 24 ivliss georgievskis cixe simagreSi traqtats xeli

moaweres qarTl-kaxeTis mxridan Tavadebma i. muxranbatonma da g. WavWavaZem.

ruseTis mxridan generalma pavle potiomkinma. xelSekrulebis teqsti

Sedgeboda _ preambulis, 13 ZiriTadi da 4 separatiuli muxlisagan. mas

darTuli hqonda teqsti ficisa. romelic erekle mefes unda mieRo ruseTis

imperatoris erTgulebis niSnad. 1784 wlis 24 ianvars xelSekruleba

TbilisSi ratificirebuli iqna.

„1783 wlis aqtiT qarTveli patriotebi Seecadnen ruseTis imperiisagan

mieRoT qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis dacvisa da SenarCunebis iuridiuli

garantia, uzrunveleyoT qveynis uSiSroeba gareSe mtrebis Semosevisagan.

ruseTis imperiam ki aRniSnuli aqtiT didi gamarjveba moipova

amierkavkasiaSi. man uomrod gadalaxa kavkasionis mTagrexili da mis

samxreTiT uaRresad xelsayreli placdarmi miiRo“ (ssin, 1974:693). ruseTma

mxolod ori batalioni gamogzavna saqarTveloSi, romelTac araviTari

cvlileba ar SeeZlo SeetanaT saqarTvelos mdgomareobaSi. roca 1785 wels

avarTa xani omari daesxa Tavs. kaxeTis batalionma araviTari daxmareba ar

gauwia erekle mefes. erekle meti jaris gamogzavnas Txoulobda, magram

generali potiomkini „mTlianad gafuWebul“ gzebs imizezebda. osmalo

mainc SeSfoTebuli iyo rusuli batalionebis gamo da yvelafers

cdilobda, oRondac ar SemoeSvaT rusebi amierkavkasiaSi. 1787 wels

ganjaze erTobliv laSqrobis Semdeg. rusTa jarma miiRo brZaneba

daetovebina saqarTvelo. am monakveTSi ruseTis imperias surda osmaleTTan

omis acileba da maT saqarTvelo bedis anabara miatoves. potiomkini

jarebis gayvanas ase xsnida: „saqarTveloSi rusTa jarebis yofnam

mdgomareoba gaauaresa da misi gayvaniT mdgomareoba gaumjobesdebao“.

rTuli viTareba daudga saqarTvelos 1795 wels, roca iranis Sahi aRa-

maxmad-xani Semoesia. krwanisis velze 5 000 meomriT 75 wlis erekle mefe

Seeba sparsTa 35 000 laSqars. mokavSireebma kvlav daarRvies 1783 wlis

traqtati.

qarTvelebma didi gmiroba gamoiCines. am omSi erekles jaris didi

nawili gawyda, magram sparselebma samjer meti 13 aTasi kaci dakarges. imave

wlis 11 seqtembers Tbilisis karebi gauRes moRalateebma sparselebs da

vin icis Tbilisi meramdenejer gaxvia cecxlis alSi. Tbilisis dacvaSi

moqalaqeebic Rebulobdnen monawileobas. orive mxridan mis misadgomebTan

oci aTasi mokluli da daWrili eyara miwaze. bevri gvami daumarxavi darCa,

ramac kidev erTi mteri Sehmata Tbiliss, epidemia.

am periodSi ruseTSi gamefda pavle I. is agrZelebda urTierTobas

saqarTvelosTan, magram ruseTis jarebis ricxvi saqarTveloSi mainc ar

gazrdila. 1797 wels saqarTvelos kidev erTxel aaoxrebda cvedani Sahi

mis monas „sadey gurjs“ _ mcxeTel andrias, rom ar moekla. saqarTvelo ki

wliTiwlobiT daqveiTebisken midioda. saukunis miwuruls qarTl-kaxeTSi

200 aTas suls iTvlidnen. male erTi didi ubedureba kidev ewvia qarTvel

xalxs. 1798 wlis 11 ianvars gardaicvala gmiri mefe erekle II. mas Semdeg

36

gamefda misi avadmyofi vaJi giorgi, romelsac samiode weli unda emefa

kidev. am droisaTvis ruseTis laSqaris ricxvi gaizarda saqarTveloSi.

gaerTianebulma qarTul-rusulma laSqarma daamarcxa xani omari da

saqarTveloSi mSvidobam daisadgura. 1800 wlis 28 dekembers gardaicvala

giorgi mefe. ruseTis imperatorma myisve isargebla amiT da 1801 wlis 18

ianvars peterburgSi gamoqveynda manifesti, romlis ZaliTac qarTl-kaxeTi

ruseTis guberniad gamocxadda. male imperatori pavlec gardaicvala da am

manifestis gamoqveyneba ver moxerxda. „mefis ruseTis mTavroba da

istoriografia Tavs ar zogavdnen. rom ramenairad SeeniRbaT

dampyrobluri politika da moeZebnaT „garegnulad sapatio mizezi“ isedac

vrceli imperiis gafarToebisaTvis“ (ssin, 1974:806).

1801 wlis 19 aprils general knorings daevala „gaerkvia“ SesZleboda

Tu ara qarTl-kaxeTis samefo damoukideblad arsebobs. „amis

gamoqveynebisas knorings unda gaeTvaliswinebina, rom qveyanas

inarCunebdnen, ara ruseTis imperiis interesebisaTvis, aramed qarTveli

xalxis mSvidobianobisa da uSiSroebisaTvis“ (ssin, 1974:816). engelsis

sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT es Semdegs niSnavda: „yovelgvar dapyrobas

teritoriisa, yovelgvar Zaladobas, yovelgvar Cagvras carizmi

axorcielebda mxolod ganaTlebis, liberalizmis, xalxTa

ganTavisuflebis niRbiT“. 1801 wlis 12 seqtembers imperatorma aleqsandrem

gamoaqveyna manifesti, romlis safuZvelze qarTl-kaxeTi ruseTis

gubernatorad gamocxadda. aleqsandre pirvelis manifests saqarTvelo

protestiT Sexvda, rasac represiebiT upasuxes. es imaze migvaniSnebs, rom

samefos gauqmebas pirveli dRidanve Seudga qarTveli xalxi

ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas, romelic sul ufro da ufro viTardeboda.

„qarTvelebi sagareo da saSinao amboxebaTa qariSxalSi gaxveuli xalxia“

werda 1803 wels ruseTis mTavarsardali cicanovi.

miuxedavad amisa mainc, mSvidoba damkvidrda saqarTveloSi. XIX

saukunis 40-50-ian wlebisaTvis mTeli saqarTvelo miierTa ruseTma. daiwyo

ekonomiuri da kulturuli aRmavloba. gamoCnda mTeli rigi niWieri

mwerlebisa da poetebisa. qarTvelebi saswavlad miemgzavrebodnen

peterburgsa da moskovSi. ganviTarda vaWroba, gaSenda qalaqebi. 1828-29

wleebSi ruseT-TurqeTis kidev erTi omi daiwyo. am omSi qarTul

moxaliseTa laSqrobac iRebda monawileobas, rameTu jari axalcixis

mesxeTis dasaxsnelad mieSureboda. male qarTvelma xalxma pirveli didi

gamarjveba izeima _ mesxeTi da foTi daubrunda dedasamSoblos. aman kidev

ufro gamoacocxla qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSegneba da swored am

periodSi iwyeba fiqri da zrunva „osmalos saqarTvelos“ sxva nawilebis

dasaxsnelad. 1856 wels yirimis omis dros Seiqmna imedi „osmalos

saqarTvelos dasaxsnelad, magram am omma es Sedegi ver moitana.

XIX saukunis dasawyisSi didi gamococxleba igrZnoba sakuTriv

„osmaleTis saqarTveloSic“ selim ximSiaSvilis axalcixis faSis

meTaurobiT iwyeba erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis axali talRa

samxreT saqarTveloSi. selimi ruseTTan cdilobda kavSiris damyarebas.

igi anviTarebda da hqmnida kidec xelsayrel viTarebas ruseTis jarebis

Sesasvlelad aWaraSi, magram biurokratma moxeleebma ver gamoiCines

gambedaoba selimi TviTon Seudaga SeiaraRebul brZolas, rac ajanyebulTa

marcxiT dasrulda xixanis cixesTan. selimi daatyveves da 1815 wels

stambuls Tavi mohkveTes. arc mis STamomavlebs SurcxveniaT Tavi _ qor-

xusein ximSiaSvili, isev selimi, didi selimis SviliSvili, romelic, aseve

daiRupa TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi. am droisTvis, roca 1844 wlis

37

ajanyeba daiwyo qedaSi. mesxeTi ukve saqarTvelosTan iyo SemoerTebuli da

aWarlebi sul mTlad marto iyvnen darCenili mtrebis xelSi, magram arc

Tu ise marto.

qarTveli inteligencia _ mwerlebi, poetebi, Jurnalistebi Tu

istorikosebi, yvelani „osmaleTis saqarTveloze“ fiqrobdnen da, rogorc

mere gamoCnda, qarTvel xalxsac axsovda tyveobaSi dakarguli Zma.

rogorc ukve iTqva, ruseTTan SeerTebam gamoiwvia garkveuli

kulturuli aRmavloba da 1799 wels wamoyenebuli idea ioane bagrationisa

_ qarTuli gazeTis daarsebaze, mxolod 1819 w. 8 marts ganxorcielda.

„saqarTvelos gazeTi“ ase erqva pirvel qarTul gazeTs. mere sxva

gazeTebic gamoCndnen: „Tbilisis uwyebani“, romelic saqarTveloSi pirveli

rusuli gazeTis „tbiliskoe vedomostis“ qarTul variants warmoadgenda.

„Tbilisis uwyebanis“ damatebis saxiT s. dodaSvilma gamosca 5 nomeri

Jurnalisa „saliteraturo nawilni tfilisis uwyebaTani“. qarTul

kalendars gamoscemda p. ioseliani. 50 wlebSi g. erisTavma daarsa

„ciskari“, magram samwuxarod Jurnals ar hqonda garkveuli mimarTuleba,

radgan mas politikuri werilebis gamoqveyneba ekrZaleboda.

1857 wels iv. kereseliZis meTaurobiT ganaxlda „ciskaris“ gamocema da

swored am Jurnalis meore redaqtors miscems pirvel intervius

aWarelTagan Serif xinSiaSvili _ mosalodneli ruseT-TurqeTis omis

Sesaxeb: „RmerTma hqnas, rom male daiwyos omi, me mzad var, rom maSinve Cemi

qveyana qarTvel Svilebs SevuerTo da rogorc yofila saqarTvelo, dReis

Semdegac ise gaxdes“.

„ciskarma“ miuxedavad konservatizmisa da liberalizmisa didi roli

Seasrula rusuli da evropuli ganmanaTlebeli ideebis gavrcelebaSi da

es gasakviric araa, radgan JurnalSi TanamSromlobdnen: g. TumaniSvili, l.

ardaziani, d. baqraZe, raf. erisTavi, d. WonqaZe, an. furcelaZe, al.

WavWavaZe, i. WavWavaZe, a. wereTeli, sxvani da sxvani. 1863 wels ilias

meTaurobiT gamodis Jurnali „saqarTvelos moambe“ aqac bevri sazogado

moRvawe TanamSromlobda: d. yifiani, g. wereTeli da sxvebi. magram 12

noembris gamocemis Semdeg Jurnalma Sewyvita arseboba usaxsrobis gamo.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Jurnalis gamocema mokle vadaSi Sewyda, man didi

gavlena moaxdina qarTuli demokratiuli presis, literaturisa da

azrovnebis ganviTarebaze. „saqarTvelos moambis“ uaxlesi memkvidre, drois

mixedviT iyo erovnul ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis socialur-

demokratuli mimdinareobis gazeTi „droeba“ (1866-1885 ww). misi pirveli

redaqtori iyo giorgi wereTeli. 1869-1883 wlebSi „droebas“ sergei mesxi

redaqtorobda, xolo Semdeg, sanam mefis mTavroba daxuravda, mas ivane

maCabeli redaqtorobda. 1877 wlidan gamodis ilias redaqtorobiT „axali

Taobani“, „iveria“. es ori gazeTi warmoadgenda erT progresul fronts.

swored am or periodul organosTanaa dakavSirebuli aWaraze kerZod

„osmalos saqarTveloze“ gamoqveynebuli masalebi. Cven qvemoT SevecdebiT

ganvixiloT „droebaSi“ dabeWdili masalebi 1872-1878 wleebSi da agreTve

„iveriaSi“ 1877-78 wleebSi dabeWdili zogierTi werili.

„droebam“ Rrma kvali gaavlo qarTveli xalxis sazogadoebriv

cxovrebaSi da XIX saukunis II naxevris qarTuli azris SesaniSnav matianed

darCa“ (qqse, 1978:3). marTlac, rom „droeba“ qarTuli azris mateanea.

sazogadoebrivi azri aWaris SemoerTebis Sesaxeb pirvelad marTlac

„dorebaSi“ gamoqveynda. qarTveli istorikosebi, romelTac XIX saukunis 60-

70-ian wleebSi, rame dauweriaT aWaraze droebaSi TanamSromlobdnen.

38

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT yirimis omis Semdeg kidev ufro gaZlierda

antiosmaluri ganwyobileba da meti simZfriT ismoda sakiTxebi aWaris

SemoerTebaze. amitomac aWara qarTvel istorikosTa, arqeologTa da

eTnografTa yuradRebis centrSi aRmoCnda. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia dimitri

baqraZe da misi SesaniSnavi wigni «����������� �� !���������� !� #���� � *�@���», rasac win uZRoda Sromebi: 1874 weli _ „guriis, Curuq-susa da aWaris

mokle mimoxilva, winaswari angariSi“. yuradReba miaqcieT Sroma dawerilia

1874 wels. „droeba“, #7, 13 ivlisi, 1873 weli: „am mokle xanSi uf. dimitri

baqraZe aWaraSi igzavneba iqauri Zveli eklesiebis da, sazogadoT, im

sagnebis gasasinjaT, romelnic Zveli droidan iq darCenila. imedi gvaqvs

rom arqeologiur mogzaurobas cotaodeni cxoveli mniSvnelobac eqneba.

aWaraSi cxovrobs qarTveli xalxi, qarTuli eniT molaparake da Cvenma

sazogadoebam gagoniTac Zlivs icis aWara raa da aWarlebi vin arian. maTi

mdgomareobis, azrisa da Cveulebebis gamosaxva Cveni sazogadoebisaTvis

gasacnoblad metis metad sasargeblo da sasiamovno saqme iqneba, da Cven

vimedovnebT, rom arqeologiuri samarxebis Zebna uf. baqraZes am mxares

rodi daaviwyebs“. werilSi sCans, rom qarTvelma sazogadoebam „osmaleTis

saqarTveloze“ bevri ram ar icis garda „arqeologiur samaxsovroebisa“ e.

i. icis, rom es mxare odesRac saqarTvelo iyo da iq qarTuli kulturis

Zeglebia, magram droebas ufro iq mosaxle qarTveli xalxi ainteresebs,

misi dRvandeloba da momavali bedi. es win gadadgmuli nabijia. am mxriv

kidev ufro sainteresoa d. miqelaZis statia is dabeWdilia rubrikaSi

„feltoni“ saTauriT: „suraTi osmalo saqarTvelos cxovrebidam“ (N�2, 1873

w. 15 ianvari). werili parizidanaa. igi pirdapir sayveduriT iwyeba:

„darwmunebuli var, bevri sapatio da darbaiseli adamiani mionaxeba CvenSi,

romelsac arc ki gaucnia, rom ramdenime asi aTasi qarTveli kaci, misi

Zmebi osmaleTis xelSia dResac, Cvens sazogadoebaSi iSviaTad SexvdebiT

imisTana pirs, romelsac SeeZlos giTxraT: romelma ubedurma istoriulma

SemTxvevam moggvlija gulzed eg Cveni naTesavi xalxi? rogori bedisa iyo

is SemdegSi da rogor mdgomareobaSia exla? aqac igive kiTxva _ ra xdeba

dRes iq „osmaleTis saqarTveloSi“. awmyoTi daintereseba ai, is mTavari

sakiTxi, romlis dasmasac cdilobs droeba am statiebSi, zemoT

dasaxelebul feletonSi. d. miqelaZe mogviTxrobs Tu, rogor Sexvda

„osmalos saqarTvelodan“ wamosul kacs parizSi da gadmogvcems mis

monaTxrobs. moxuci Txrobas Semdegi sityvebiT iwyebs: „Tqven, qarTvelebi,

arc ki hkiTxulobT Cvens ambavs: ar iciT, ra gaWirveba gamouvlia da

exlac, rogor Seviwrovebulia Tqveni Zmebi, Tqveni erT-xorci da sisxli.

iqneba pirvelad gesmis Cemgan, rom maTi guli Tqvenis siyvaruliTa da

erTgulebiT sZgers niadag. Tqven SeuZlebelia ar icodeT, rom osmalo

saqarTvelos Tqvenzeda aqvs sasoeba da cisqveSeTSi Tqvens garda aravis

Sescqeris imedaT. didebuli da samarTliani gangeba raT anebebs, rom Cveni

bedi samudamoT daaSoros erTmaneTsa? ra daniSnuleba aqvs Cvens xalxs

kacobriobis winaSe, rom is niadag daTxreSili da monobaSi iqnes? ara es

SeuZlebelia! me rom is imedi ar mamxnevebdes, rom Cven erTdros

SegierTdebiT da Zmurad vicxovrebT – imedi, rom ara mqondes amden xans

Tormetjerac Cavidodi samareSi... saukuneebiT daSorebuli Zmebi isev

CavexveviT erTmaneTs Zmuris siyvaruliT da Cvens cxovrebas erTi

majiscema eqneba! osmalos didi xani aRara aqvs: dRes aris Tu xval, es

sxvadasxva tomisagan Sevsebuli saxelmwifo unda daingres. misi

aRsasrulis Jams male dahkravs zeciuri zari... iqneba me verc moveswro am

bednier dResa, movxucdi... magram gaxsovdeT Tqveni Zmebi Svilo...“ ra

39

sityvebia, jer sayveduri mere amodena siTbo da, rac mTavari movlenaa

saocrad realuri ganWvreta, mokled Txrobis tonze etyoba, rom aseTi

moxuci realurad ar unda arsebuliyo. es qarTveli inteligenciis Civilia

„osmalos saqarTvelos“ mcxovreblis piriT gamoTqmuli, radgan mkiTxvels

aWaris ufro axlos gasacnobad cocxali aWareli sWirdeba. fsiqologiur

eWvs iwvevs, rom es feltoni, SeTxzulia da aseTi Sexvedra ar unad

momxdariyo, rasac moxucis Semdegi naambobi adasturebs. igi mogviTxrobs:

„xanTqaris firmaniT, Cven osmalo qarTvelebs, moniWebuli gvqonda ufleba

sando kacebis aRmorCevisaTvis Cvens Soris. isini valdebuli iyvnen xalxis

saWiroebisaTvis eSuamdgomlaT mTavrobasTan daecvaT misi sargebloba“

aseTma rCeulma, viRac nomar-beim uRalata qarTvelebs. maT gadawyvites mis

nacvlad sxva aerCiaT, ris uflebac mTavrobam ar misca. amis garSemo

mouxda moxucs konfliqti mTavrobasTan da iZulebuli iyo daetovebina

samSoblo, igi ucxoeTSi miemgzavreba. Cems samSobloSi aRar mimesvleboda,

vifiqre: sxvagan mainc vibrZoleb TavisuflebisaTvis, iqneb Cems qveyanas

Rvawlad CameTvalos meTqi... italiaSi, saberZneTSi, safrangeTSi, yvelgan

Tavisuflebis bairaRis qveS videg da mindoda Semewira Cemi sicocxle

WeSmaritebisaTvis, magram Semibrala RmerTma, yovelgniT cocxali gamuedi,

iqneba Cemi qveynis ufro bednier dRes moveswro da amisaTvis ar gamwira

bedma, vin icis!“

da aseTi gmiris vinaoba d. miqelaZem ar gvacnoba „pariJidam“ rogor

movida? rogor gamorCa? ra ubralod, es literaturuli nusxa swored

amitomaa usaxelod gmiri moxuci, mwerlis mogonili, magram mainc realuri

da saxelic cnobilia misi „osmalos saqarTvelo“.

aRsaniSnavia aseTi xasiaTis werilebidan osmalos saqarTvelo sergei

mesxisa, romelic gamoqveynda 1875 w droebis 76-e nomerSi rubrikiT _

saqarTvelo. am rubrikiT xSirad qveyndeboda ekonomikuri Tu politikuri

da kulturuli xasiaTis saWirboroto statiebi. es statia warmoadgens

Tavisebur recenzias, an analizs g. yazbegis wignze, romelic 1874 wels

daiwera aWara-guriaSi mogzaurobis Semdeg. sergei mesxi ise TavgamodebiT

amtkicebs aWarlebis da osmalos saqarTvelos sxva mcxovrebTa

qarTvelobas TiTqosda mas viRac oponenti unda hyoloda. e.i. iyvnen

iseTebic visac ar sjeroda maTi qarTveloba. „erTi sityviT, mTeli omalos

saqarTvelos xalxs jer kidev isev qarTveli xalxis xasiaTi aqvs,

qarTveli xalxis suli udgia. saxe namdvili qarTvelisa aqvT, Cveuleba da

cxovreba saqarTvelosi. xalxi Tumca didi xania gamahmadianebula, magram

axlac sasoebiT daiarebian iqauris qarTuli eklesiis nangrevebSi da

Sesawiravi miaqvT. imaT axsovT, rom Cveni TanamoZmeni arian, rom erT dros

sazogado istoriuli cxovrebiT gvicxovria, rom bedsa da ubedobis qveS

vyofilvarT, erTi mefeebi gvyolia, erTi sarwmunoeba da erTi ena,

sarwmunoeba es yvela imaT axsovT imaT ician!“

„magram Cven?“

ukve meramdened gaismis droebis statiebSi, rom Cven ar viciT, Cven

unda vicodeT. marTlac da Zneli iyo qarTvel xalxs dawvrilebiT

codnoda, Tu ra xdeba „osmalos saqarTveloSi“ isini samasi wlis

ganmavlobaSi moklebuli iyvnen ZmebTan erTobas. swored „osmalos

saqarTvelos“ gacnobaa am statiis mizani da am sakiTxs kidev bevri statia

mieZRvna droebaSi. maT garSemo qvemoT vimsjelebT. s. mesxi agrZelebs: „vis

axsovs CvenSi, rom Cven gverdiT, aqve mTebs gadaRma oras aTasamde

qarTveli cxovrobs, rom Cven erTi qveynis Svilni, Zmebi varT rom imaT

Zal-datanebiT sarwmunoeba SucvliaT da sxva saxelmwifos eqvemdebarebian?

40

an Tu axsovs vinmes, vin cdilobs, rom Cven Soris istoriul viTarebaTa

wyalobiT gawyvetili kavSiri da imaTi mdgomareoba gaecno da agreTve

gaecno Cveni Tavi Cveni moqmedebisaTvis.

s. mesxi cdilobs daainteresos qarTveli mkiTxveli aWarlebiT,

cdilobs kontaqti gaabas Zmebs Soris. statiis bolos igi mkiTxvelebs

mouwodebs: „Cveni gazeTis redaqcia didis madlobiT miiRebs yovel mcire

cnobas, romelic im Cven moZmeebs Seexeba. siamovnebiT dabeWdavs „droebaSi“.

gazeTs jer-jerobiT mxolod am saSualebiT SeuZlia daexmaros am saqmes“.

marTlac aseTma mowodebam Sedegi gamoiRo. werilebi redaqciaSi

modioda. sanam am werilebs ganvixilavdeT minda gagacnoT „droebis“

korespodencia, romelic sergei mesxis xsenebul werilamde daibeWda

droebaSi. es werili magaliTia imisa, rasac s. mesxi moiTxovda

mkiTxvelisagan. werili dabeWdilia 1875 wls me-9 nomerSi. misi avtoria

konstantine gegiaZe ozergeTidan. werili akakis leqsis kupletiT ixsneba:

„rogorc rom spilo araa manam

spilos Tu ar eqneba xorTumi

ise kavkazi, kavkazaT,

Tu ar eqneba baTumi“.

Cven gurulebs, mwareT gvagondeba is ubeduri SemTxveva, rom Cven didi

xania movakldiT erTobas im gurulebTan, romelnic dRes osmaleTis

qveSerdomni arian da Seadgenen aWaris, qobuleTis da lazistanis

mcxovreblebs“.

statiis avtori cdilobs moSalos tomobrivi da sarwmunoebrivi

zRvari „osmalos gurulebs“ da ise gurulebs Soris da kidev erTxel

agrZnobinebs mkiTxvels, rom Cven erTi sisxli da erTi xorci varT. ukve

pirdapir ayenebdnen sakiTxs: „Cven dakarguli Zmebis, osmalo gurulebis

xelaxla dabruneba SegviZlia...“ avtori mzadaa saomrad da werilic

meomruli suliskveTebiTaa gaJRenTili. avtori ganagrZobs: „visurvoT da,

rom odesme mklavis Zalac saWiro darCebodes am wminda natvris sisruleSi

mosayvanad maSinac davamtkicebdiT, rom Cven maTTvis mzaT varT yvela

SeniSvnebisaTvis“.

marTlac gurulebma Tavisi sityva Seasrules gazeTi „droeba“

ityobineba, rom Sorapanis mazraSi yovel as glexze ori _ ruseT-TurqeTis

omSi unda wasuliyo, msurvelebi aTjer meti aRmoCnda. gansakuTrebuli

xalisiT midiodnen laSqarSi gurulebi. es gasakviric ar unda yofiliyo.

istoriul-administraciul erTeulSi, rogoric iyo guriis samTavro,

baTumi da qobuleTic Sedioda. ase, rom vis unda codnoda ukeTesad

„osmalos qarTvelebis“ gasaWiri, Tu ara yvelaze axlo mezobels, RviZl

Zmas. werilebic aWaris ambebze guriidan modioda. aWarlebic xSirad

Cadidiodnen guriaSi, kerZod ozurgeTSi. Cadiodnen ara mxolod

qobuleTlebi, aramed zemo aWaridanac. zafxulobiT maTi saZovrebi

esazRvreboda erTmaneTTs. 1875 wlis „droebis“ 141-e nomerSi dabeWda

feletoni rublikiT „aWarlebis saubari“. aq moTxrobilia sami aWarelis

ambavi, romlebic ozurgeTSi Cavidnen _ erTi xuloeli da ori Rorjomeli.

gvarebic moyvanilia beriZe, iremaZe da korinteloRli (albaT korinTeli)

isini „naCalnikTan“ mividnen saCivrad megrelebma Cveni 4 kameCi wamoasxes

Tavis naxirTan erTado. „naCalniki“ ver daexmara maSin maTi daxmareba

ekisra baTumel xomeriks. man daiara megrelTa jogebi da ori kameCi

apovnina aWarlebs. isini didad madlieri wasulan...

1875 wels „droebaSi“ daibeWda friad sayuradRebo statia rafiel

erisTavisa, „cnobani osmalos saqarTveloze“ (1875 w. #80-81). statiaSi

41

rafiel erisTavi CamoTvlis „osmalos saqarTvelos“ toponimebs da iq

gavrcelebul gvarebs. statia Semdegnairadaa agebuli. qobuleTis

SemogarenSi gavrcelebuli gvarebi, Semdeg xinoSi, dabla agaraSi, SuaSi

baTumSi, livanaSi, ardanevaSi, parxalSi, jancaSi da sxvagan. Semdeg imave

rigiT iZleva toponimebs da iq SemorCenili istoriuli Zeglebis mokle

aRweras. es ukve dokumenturi mtkicebaa, rom aq jer isev qarTvelebi

cxovroben da maTi gamahmadianeba sul ar niSnavs imas, rom isini Turqebi

arian.

1875 wels mniSvnelovani ambebi moxda osmaleTis imperiaSi _

dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg ajanydnen bosnielebi da hercogonelebi. male

maT ajanyebas SeuerTdnen bulgarelebi, serbielebi, Cernogovielebi, ris

Sedegadac man miiRo slavi xalxebis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli omis

xasiaTi. TurqeTis mTavrobam aWarlebs jarSi wasvla da ajanyebulTa

winaaRmdeg galaSqreba mosTxova. ukmayofilo aWarlebi ajanydnen. „droeba“

xSirad exmaureboda aWarlebis ajanyebas da periodulad aqveynebda iqedan

mosul cnobebs. 1875 w. #101, rubrika saqarTvelo: „areuloba osmalos

saqarTveloSi“. avtoria guruli mokvd-morCiaSvili, ozurgeTi 31 agvisto.

„osmaleTis mTavrobam, gasuli agvistos ukanasknel ricxvebSi xonTqris

firmaniT gamoucxada xalxs, romlis ZaliT TxuTmeti dRis ganmavlobaSi

redifebi (Sin gaSvebuli Zveli saldaTebi) unda SeekribaT da saomrad

gaegzavnaT ajanyebuli hercovoginisa da sxva slaviur xalxebis

dasanSvideblad“.

xalxma uari Tqva, mxolod adgilobriv sazRvrebs davicavTo. maSin

osmalo faSas brZaneba gaucia ZaliT gamoeyvanaT, vinc winaaRmdegobas

gaswevs sazRvari gadavwioTo. „Tumca qobuleTis kaimakami, osman-begi

TavdgiriZe Zalian cdilobda, rom es brZaneba mSvidobianad da

Zaldautaneblad aesrulebina. magram wyeniT ar gauvida ra da Semdgom

yirsardlebi (Jandarmebi) gagzavna soflebSi.

„soflebma axlos ar miuSves jari da zogan Tofic gavarda, SetakebaSi

erTi kaci mokles da sami daWres. iZulebuli iyvnen soflebidan jari ukan

daebrunebinaT“.

imave wlis #104 „droeba“ rubrikiT „dRiuri“ aqveynebs cnobas

„osmalos saqarTvelodam (qobuleTidam) areulobis Taobaze, pirveli

cnobis Semdeg, saubeduroT, jer araferi ar mogvsvlia. ozurgeTis garda,

baTumSic gavgzavneT wigni erT iqaur Cveni gazeTis xelmomwerTan da

vsTxovT, rom yvelaferi dawvrilebiT Segvatyobinos, rac moxdeba, amnairad

imedi gvaqvs, rom im mouTmenel interessa da cnobismoyvareobas, romelic

Tu ara aqvs, unda hqondes, am SemTxvevaSi Cvens sazogadoebas male

davakmayofilebT“.

es cnoba imiTaa sayuradRebo, rom gazeT „droebis“ xelismomweri

dapyrobil teritoriaze, osmalos saqarTveloSi, baTumSi hyolia.

„droebas“ qobuleTlebic kiTxulobdnen. 1875 wlis #109 droebaSi

qobuleTis mcxovreb osman Tamaz-oRlis korespodencia, statiaSi

moTxrobilia sulTnis Cinovnikebis biurokratizmsa da momxveWelobaze da,

saerTod, usamarTlobaze. xSirad rubrikiT dRiuri gamoCndeba xolme

korespondencia, qobuleTidan gvweren...

saintereso ambavia moTxrobili „droebaSi“ #138, 1875 wels. guriidan

viRac rosapoSvilis gazeTi Camoutania kiTxva ki ar icodnen, qalebs ki

scodniaT, magram saxlidan ver gamovidneno, mere fareiSvilis bavSvi

gaugzavniaT gela kaikaciSvilTan da imas waukiTxavs gazeTi maTTvis. gela

kaikaciSvils werilic gamouqveynebia #143-Si „werili redaqciasTan“. es

42

werili cnobilia farTo sazogadoebriobisaTvis da mis garCevas aRar

SeudgebiT. rogorc zemoT moxsenebuli masalebidan sCans droebas

mouxerxebia da nawilobrivi kontaqti daumyarebia osmalos

saqarTvelosTan. es gazeTis praqtikuli nabiji iyo ganTavisuflebis

saqmeSi. sazogadoebrivi azri ki ukve TiTqmis mzad iyo. qobuleTelTa

ajanyebam kidev ufro daainteresa sazogadoebrioba. isini mouTmenlad

elian cnobebs qobuleTidan da „droebac“ ar umtyunebda imeds, ajanyebis

ambebi dawvrilebiT qveyndeboda.

am statiebidan Cans, rom osmalebma ver SeZles CaerToT aWareli

glexebi sxva xalxTa winaaRmdeg omSi. nel-nela ajanyebis Tema klebulobs

da ufro aqtualuri xdeba werilebi, romlebic mogviTxroben osmalo

moxeleebis usamarTlobaze (#114, 1875). am xanebSi gamoqveynda agreTve

istoriuli samecniero mimoxilva ingilo janaSvilisa (#115, 116, 118)

saTauriT „osmalo saqarTvelo 1323 wlidan vidre 1579 wlamde“. gazeTi

iuwyeboda agreTve sxvadasxva SemTxvevebs aWarelTa cxovrebidan. mag. #130,

1875 weli. yuradRebis Rirsia #120-Si 1875 wels gamoqveynebuli cnoba.

„aWaris sofelSi msxalas Suri-begi ximSiaSvilis11 sasaxleSi Semdegi

ambavi moxda. Suri begis vaJi murTuza-begi da ramodenime axlo-maxlo

soflebis aRebi iwvnen zemo etaJis erTs oTaxSi maT Soris erTi iyo

TaTris mola, romelic gaTenebisas adga salocavad da gaaRviZa sxvebic im

oTaxSi mZinareni, roca yvelani adgnen, Sexedes, rom begi ar dgeba, axlos

mividnen da gakvirvebiT dainaxes, rom es vaJi sisxlSi scuravda. is mkvdari

iyo. kargad daxedes, naxes, rom tyvia moxvedroda erTs yurSi da meoreSi

gavardniliyo. es ambavi miT ufro gasakviri Seqmnila imaTvis, rom amden

xalxSi aravis tyviis xma ar gaugonia. am saqmes TaobaSi axali gamoZieba ar

daniSnula, wers Cveni korespodenti, magram jer ver gaiges riT“

gamoiZies es ambavi da Tu ara samwuxarod amaze droeba arafers

gveubneba. erTi wlis manZilze (iqneb daainteresos aWaris am periodis

istoriis mkvlevarni zemoT moyvanilma statiam da rame gaarkvion mis

irgvliv), 1875 wels yvelaze meti statia daibeWda „droebaSi“ osmalos

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. 1876 wels ki mxolod sami, #71, 74, 92.

1877 wels daiwyo Serif-beg ximSiaSvilis nanatri omi da... aWara

daubrunda dedasamSoblos. 1877-78 wleebSi ruseT-TurqeTis omze droebaSi

gamoqveynda 44 statia, 77 korespondencia, 667 depeSa Tu mimoxilva.

„droebis“ Rvawli aWaris ganTavisuflebis saqmeSi da saerTod samasi wlis

daSorebul ZmebTan Sesaxvedrad fsiqologiur momzadebaSi Seufasebelia.

aseve didi roli iTamaSa Serifmac, misi roli SemdgomSic _

ganTavisuflebul aWaraze zrunvaSi orjer metia.

ilias axali organo, „saqarTvelos moambis“ Semdeg gaxldaT „iveria“.

igi 1877 wlis 1 ianvars gamovida da maSinve gverdiT amoudga „droebas“,

„droSis“ daxurvis Semdeg „iveria“ agrZelebda dakisrebul movaleobas.

„iveriis“ gamosvlis weli emTxveva ruseT-TurqeTis omis dawyebis wels,

amitomac iveriaSi cota masalaa ganTavsebuli, SemoerTebis Semdeg ki

icocxle, TiTqmis yovel meore nomerSi. Cven ki mxolod omis dawyebamde

gamoqveynebuli statiebiT varT amJamad dakavebuli. gazeTis me-13-e nomridan

iwyeba pirveli statia aWaraze, misi avtoria petre umikaSvili, cnobili

qarTveli mecnieri. „osmalos saqrTvelo _ aWara, SavSeTi, livana,

11 albaT Serif begi Tu igulisxmeba.

43

klarjeTi, taoskari da kola, WaneTi, istoriul-geografiuli mimoxilva“

(ingoroyva, ????:452). #15,18,20,21,23 da 44-e nomrebi eTmoba am statiebs.

uTuod met interess iwvevs saqarTvelos mamis _ didi ilias werili

(„iveria“, #9, 1877 w.). am SesaniSnav werilSi ilia exeba istoriis erTobis

faqtoris mniSvnelobas eris cxovrebaSi da aRniSnavs im ganuyrel kavSirs,

romelic arsebobs deda-saqarTvelos da misgan xelovnurad mokveTils,

mtris mier mitacebul osmalos saqarTvelos Soris“.

ilia wers: „yoveli eri Tvisis istoriiT suldgmulobs, igia saganZe,

saca eri poulobs Tavis sulis Rones, Tvisis sulis bgeras, Tvis zneobiT

da gonebiT aRmatebulobas, Tavis vinaobisTvis Tvisebas... eri, erTis

Rvawlis damdebi, erTs istoriul uRelSi bmuli, erTad mebrZoli, erTsa

da imave Wirsa da lxinSi gamotarebuli-erTsulobiT, erTgulebiT,

Zlieria. Tund droTa brunvas eri ganeyos, daerRvios, magram mainc

rRveulTa Soris idumali SemsWvaloba, idumali mimzidveloba imdenad

sufevs, rom samyofia xolme erTi rame SemTxveva, raTa ifeTqos, iWeqos

daZinebul istoriam da erTsulobam, erTgulebam Tvisi Zlieri frTa

gaSalos. am dReSi varT Cven da osmaleTis saqarTvelo“.

pavle ingoroyvas TqmiT, iliam am werilSi dagvanaxa istoriuli

erTobis faqtoris mniSvneloba eris cxovrebaSi. statiaSi

filosofiuradaa ganxiluli istoriuli erTobis mniSvneloba da Semdeg

profesulad danaxuli momavali erToba saqarTvelosi da osmalo

saqarTvelosi.

„iverias“ aWaris ganTavisuflebis kvalobiT, meti mniSvnelovani

statiis gamoqveyneba aRar mouxda, daiwyo omi da ukve gazeTi aqveynebda

cnobebs ruseT-TurqeTis omis Sesaxeb. am periodSi daibeWda 62 statia

(sapolitiko mimoxilva) 282 depeSa da sxva saxis informacia frontis

Sesaxeb.

qarTvelma xalxma didi msxverpli gaiRo osmaleTTan omis dros 1877-78

wleebSi. samwuxarod saxazino presaSi qarTveli xalxis Rvawli

miCqmaluli iqna. yvelaferi mxolod rusul Zlevamosil armias

miewereboda. maSin, roca Soropanis mazraSi yovel as glexze ori omSi

unda wasuliyo, msurvelebi aTjer meti gamoCnda _ 21274 kaci. magram

„droebasa“ da „iveriaSi“ sCans qarTuli saxalxo laSqris sabrZolo

suliskveTeba, sCans mis furclebze ganTavisuflebisaTvis daRvrili

sisxli. 1879 wlis ianvris nomerSi ilia wers „... am did saqmes ZmaTa

SeerTebisas Cveni sakuTari sisxli zed gadaesxa. miiRo kidec Cvenma

sisxlSi amovlebulma bedma Cveni sisxlis Sesawiravi! ...“ nuTu usisxlod

Cven bedi aras gviTmobs? kiTxulobs ilia. SemdgomSic, mravali wlis

manZilze iyvnen „iveria“ da ilia aWaris bed-iRblis ganmkiTxvelni.

winamdebare naSromSi Cven ufro „droeba“ mimovixileT, radganac igi

sxva gazeTebTan da JurnalebTan SedarebiT met adgils uTmobda osmalos

saqarTvelos. romlebic fsiqologiur zemoqmedebas axdenda

sazogadoebrivi azrze. gazeTi meTodurad cdilobda amas. jer sayveduri,

mere gacnoba, istoriiTa da dRevandelobiT daintereseba, kontaqtebi

osmalos qarTvelebTan da bolos _ ruseT-TurqeTis omi, sadac „droebis“

da misi TanamSromlebis mier Semzadebuli qarTuli saxalxo laSqari

SiSis zars dascems cixisZirsa da xucubanTan askerebs. osmalos

qarTvelebic mzad aRmoCndnen ZmebTan SesaxvedraT, Cven vfiqrobT

garkveuli wvlili aqac aqvs „droebas“. gana misi korespondentebi ar iyvnen

saqveynod cnobili osmalos qarTvelebi _ didi patriotebi da namdvili

44

qarTvelebi: gulo kaikaciSvili, Tamaz-oRli da sxvebi, romlebic ucnobi

darCnen CvenTvis sxvadasxva konspiraciul viTrebaTa gamo.

„droebisa“ da „iveriis“ Rvawli ganuzomelia ara marto osmalos

saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis saqmeSi, aramed mTeli XIX saukune qarTuli

azrovneba da erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba mis winaSe kalamia.

gamoqveynebuli literatura

1. axvledianis x., samxreT saqarTvelos bibliografia, baTumi, 1960

2. baqraZe d., arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi, Tbilisi,

1987

3. ingoroyva p., TxzulebaTa krebuli, t. 1, Tbilisi, 1963

4. mesxi s., Txzulebani, Tbilisi, 1963

5. maisuraZe i., mesxuri xalxuri sityviereba Turq-dampyrobTa

barbarosobaze, Tbilisi, 1943

6. maisuraZe al., mesxuri xalxuri sityviereba Turq-dampyrobTa

barbarosobaze, Tbilisi, 1943 (inaxeba axalcixis mxareTmcodneobis

muzeumSi)

7. paiWaZe g., qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azri osmalTa batonobisagan

aWaris ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb XIX s-is 70-ian wleebSi. _ macne,

istoriis... seria, III, Tbilisi, 1978

8. sin - saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, IV, Tb., 1974; V, Tbilisi, 19770

9. qarTuli gazeTebis analitikuri bibliografia. _ „teqnika da Sroma“,

II, Tbilisi, 1952

10. qarTuli Jurnalebis da krebulebis bibliografia, nakv. 2, Tbilisi,

1941

11. qse - qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, III, Tbilisi, 1978

45

ooTar gogoliSvili

ingliselebi baTumSi

1918 wlis noembridan baTumis olqi ingliselebis okupaciis obieqtad

iqca. Turqi xelisuflebis msgavsad, samuslimano saqarTvelos Zarcva da

gleja amieridan ingliselebma iTaves da aranakleb sadisturi meTodebiT

warmarTavdnen TavianTi miznebis ganxorcielebas. erTi mxriv, damarcxe-

buli TurqeTis xelisufalni xels rodi iRebdnen samuslimano saqarTve-

loze, gansakuTrebiT baTumis olqze da TavianTi dasayrdeni ZalebiT

agrZelebdnen farul Tu aSkara muSaobas; meore mxriv, ingliselebi,

romlebic moevlinen baTumis olqs, msoflio reaqciul ZalebTan kavSirSi

adgendnen gegmebs mxaris ucxo qveynebis orbitaSi mosaqcevad, saqarTve-

loze mosacileblad da dasanawileblad.

yuradsaRebia mravalmxrivi oficialuri istoriuli masalebi Tu memu-

aruli wyaroebi. italiis samxedro misiis meTauri, polkovniki gaba, Tavis

mTavrobas atyobinebda: `ingliselebi, ar arian dainteresebuli baTumsa da

baTumis olqSi cxovrebis normaluri pirobebis aRdgenaSi... baTums ar

SeuZlia arseboba saqarTvelos gareSe~ (sioriZe, surgulaZe, 1995:40).

ingliselebis baTumis olqSi batonobis dros, saqarTvelos respub-

likis mTavrobis Tavmjdomare noe Jordania weriliT mimarTavs polkovnik

gabas, romelSic naTqvamia: ` ...Cveni sazRvrebi ara marto imyofebian

saSiSroebis qveS, aramed isini dRemde cnobili araa. is, vinc cota mainc

icis saqarTvelos ruka, darwmundeba, rom saqarTvelo baTumis gareSe da

baTumi saqarTvelos gareSe ver SesZleben arsebobas. miuxedavad amisa,

baTumis bedi wydeba Cveni azrisa da Cveni sasicocxlo interesebis gareSe.

baTumis saxelmwifos Seqmna, ris Sesaxebac Cven gvacnoba safrangeTis

misiam, niSnavs an saqarTvelos saxelmwifos daRupvas, an baTumis daRupvas,

vinaidan SeuZlebelia warmovidginoT maTi arseboba erTmaneTis gareSe~.

saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobis mier miRebuli RonisZiebebis

miuxedavad, inglisis sardloba agrZelebda Tavis TavSeukavebel moqmedebas

qalaq baTumSi da baTumis olqSi.Eevgeni gegeWkori, 1920 wlis 15 maiss,

polkovnik gabasadmi gagzavnil werilSi werda: `Cemi mTavrobis saxeliT,

Cems movaleobad vTvli ganvacxado yvelaze gadamwyveti protesti general

kuk-kolisis umsgavso moqmedebis winaaRmdeg. SeiaraRebuli bandebi,

romlebic baTumis olqis qobuleTis raionSi moqmedeben, gaCndnen ara

guSin. Cemi mTavrobis saxeliT ara erTxel gacnobeT, rom mravalricxovani

azerbaijanuli, Turqi da bolSeviki agentebi, saokupacio xelisuflebis

Tvalwin Tavisuflad eweodnen propagandas, qmnidnen daqiravebuli

agentebis jgufebs Cvens winaaRmdeg. amisaTvis daixarja ramdenime milioni

maneTi... inglisis sardlobam araviTari yuradReba ar miaqcia Cvens

protestebs. baTumi gaxda namdvili baza, saidanac nebismier momentSi

SegviZlia velodoT Tavdasxmas.

saqarTvelos mTavroba dRemde axerxebda am saSiSroebis paralizebas,

baTumis olqis samxreT-aRmosavleT raionSi Tavisi jaris nawilebis

ganlagebis saSualebiT, sadac simSvidea da arsebobs saSualeba, dacul

iqnes saqarTvelos sazRvrebi TurqeTis Semotevisagan. Aamis Semdeg

xsenebulma bandebma Tavi moiyares qobuleTis raionSi. aman gvaiZula

Segveyvana am raionSi Cveni jarebi, inglisis sardloba amaSi

dainteresebul unda yofiliyo, ramdenadac laparakia bandebis winaaRmdeg

brZolaze da raionSi wesrigis damyarebaze.Mmagram vamtkicebT, rom moxda

46

sruliad sawinaaRmdego, rodesac Cveni jaris nawilebi SeiWrnen qobuleTis

raionSi da daiwyes brZola zemoxsenebuli bandebis winaaRmdeg, romelTa

saTaveSi idgnen Turqi oficrebi da paiWaZis (ingliseli eqimis mkvlelis)

tipis moRalate elementebi. saqmeSi Caeria inglisis sardloba. pirvel

rigSi generali milni, romelic bandebis winaaRmdeg srolis dros,

SemTxveviT aRmoCnda srolis qveS da misca am faqts iseTi Sefaseba, rom

TiTqos Cveni nawilebi esrodnen mas da brZana ukanve gaeyvanaT Cveni

javSniani matarebeli. rodesac Cveni mTavroba midioda ra daTmobaze,

Seasrula es moTxovna, generalma kuk-kolisma moiTxova saerTod, Cveni

jarebis gayvana am raionidan. man Cvens winaaRmdeg warmarTa indoelTa

razmi, romelic cecxlis gaxsniT gvemuqreboda. qobuleTis raionSi Cvens

winaaRmdeg bandebis moqmedeba daemTxva sabWoTa azerbaijanis saomari

moqmedebis dawyebas saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. es savsebiT gasagebia, vinaidan

es ori fronti erTia: aqac da iqac erTidaigive mteria.

vadastureb ra general kuk-kolisis Cvendami mtrul moqmedebas, rac

ewinaaRmdegeba antantis qveynebis, kerZod britaneTis mTavrobis gancxa-

debebs saqarTvelos respublikisadmi, gTxovT acnoboT es Tqvens mTav-

robas, amave dros, Cemi mTavrobis davalebiT unda ganvacxado, rom Cvens

Semdgom moqmedebaSi sruli Tanxmobis interesebisaTvis. saqarTvelos mTav-

roba imedovnebs, saokupacio xelisuflebis mier baTumSi daniSnul iqneba

adamiani, romelTanac mas SeiZleba normaluri urTierToba hqondes~

(surgulaZe, 1998:68.).

inglisis sardloba TviTneburad agrZelebda baTumsa da mis olqSi

aRviraxsnil moqmedebas; evgeni gegeWkoris, 1920 wlis 16 maisis werilSi

konkretuladaa miTiTebuli da CamoTvlili ingliselTa namoqmedari baTu-

mis olqSi, kerZod, werilSi naTqvamia: `sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva

mizeziT, araerTxel mivaqcevdiT didi saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenelTa

yuradRebas im aranormalur viTarebas, romelic Seiqmna baTumsa da mis

olqSi britaneTis okupaciis pirvel dRidanve. amis dasadastureblad,

aucileblad mimaCnia aq CamovTvalo is faqtebi, romlebmac Tavis droze

miiqcies Cveni yuradReba da gaxdnen antantis saxelmwifoebis warmomad-

genlebTan Cveni mimoweris sagani.

1919 wlis 5-6 Tebervals RamiT, md. Coloqis xidze guSagebma srola

autexes qarTvel mesazRvreebs, romlis Sedegad erTi qarTveli jariskaci

daiWra. imave dRes, umizezod, qarTuli jaris oficeri abaSiZe, mis

mSobliur sofel borCxaSi mimavali, britaneTis xelisuflebam daakava.

saqarTvelos mTavrobis warmomadgenelma baTumSi polk. gedevaniSvilma

miReba sTxova general-gubernators, magram drois uqonlobis gamo man igi

ar miiRo.

imave wlis 1 ivniss Cems gancxadebaSi, romelic mimarTuli iyo

amierkavkasiaSi britaneTis jarebis mTavarsardlisadmi, protests vacxa-

debdi general-gubernatoris postze general romanovski-romanenkos

daniSnvis gamo, romelmac pirvelma Seqmna anarqia baTumSi.

amave wlis 20 da 21 Tebervlisa da 1920 wlis 6 martis werilebSi

vacnobebdi safrangeTis, italiisa da didi britaneTis warmomadgenlebs da

polkovnik haskels, rom baTumSi bolSevikebisa da TurqeTis agentebis

organizacia, maTi jgufebad Seqmna xdeba britaneTis xelisuflebis

Tvalwin, xolo es jgufebi iqmneba erTaderTi mizniT: Seqmnan anarqia

qveyanaSi da gaaCaRon samoqalaqo omi mTels amierkavkasiaSi. saqarTvelos

respublikisa da antantis mterma TavSesafari hpova baTumSi da iq Seiqmna

baza ZirgamomTxreli muSaobisaTvis. qobuleTis raionSi aseT bandebs

47

saTaveSi udganan TbilisSi ingliseli eqimis mkvleli paiWaZis msgavsi sxva

agentebi, romlebmac Tavidan aiciles TbilisSi marTlmsajuleba.

mimdinare wlis 6 marts vacnobe mokavSire saxelmwifoebis

warmomadgenlebs da lord kerzonsac is faqti, rom generali kuk-kolisi

arigebs iaraRs baTumis mosaxleobaSi da qmnis razmebs qarTuli jaris

winaaRmdeg, romelsac ukavia zogierTi pozicia am raionSi.

5 aprils, sofel kintriSSi, xidis afeTqebis meore dRes, kvlav

mivaqcie Tqveni yuradReba im arasasiamovno faqtebs, rac xdeba baTumis

rkinigzaze da gamovTqvi protesti general kuk-kolisis gancxadebis

winaaRmdeg, romlis mixedviT, TiTqos, am raionis mosaxleoba ganwyobilia

qarTuli jaris winaaRmdeg, rac usafuZvlo gancxadebaa, Tqvendami miweril

werilebSi da piradi saubris drosac, yovelTvis Tqvens yuradRebas

mivaqcevdi inglisis sardlobis dauintereseblobas, daamyaros wesrigi

baTumsa da baTumis olqSi, miiRos zomebi sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebebis,

maRaziebis mZarcvelebis winaaRmdeg. aravisaTvis saidumloebas ar

warmoadgens, rom baTumis bazarze sruliad Tavisuflad iyideba

TurqeTidan Camotanili vaznebi, asafeTqebeli nivTierebebi da SaSxanebi.

britaneTis sardlobis warmomadgenlebi krebebze da mitingebze devnian

imaT, vinc saqarTvelos respublikis mxardasaWerad gamodis, xolo

antiqarTul elementebs eZlevaT sruli Tavisufleba... (scssa, 14).

saqarTvelos gaaCnia baTumsa da baTumis olqSi metad mniSvnelovani

interesebi, romlebic dafuZnebulia politikur, erovnul-ekonomikur da

strategiul mosazrebebze. rom uRalato am mosazrebebs an uari Tqva

maTze, es iqneboda gamousworebeli kraxi... rodesac Cven sando wyaroebidan

miviReT cnobebi, romlebic Seexebodnen inglisis jarebis gayvanas

baTumidan, saqarTvelos mTavrobam dainaxa saSiSroeba, romelic TurqeTis,

azerbaijanisa da bolSevikebis miTiTebiT moqmedi anarqistuli

elementebisagan emuqreboda am raions, ubrZana Tavisi jaris nawilebs

misuliyvnen baTumis raionis sazRvrebTan da daekavebinaT zogierTi

strategiuli punqti, ukve datovebuli britaneTis nawilebis mier. mas

hqonda amis ufleba britaneTis sardlobasTan adre miRweuli SeTanxmebis

Tanaxmad, magram generalma kuk-kolisma es ar dauSva da Cveni jarebis ukan

daxeva moiTxova.

...banditur jgufebTan qarTuli nawilebis Sexvedris dros, iq

aRmoCndnen ingliseli oficrebi - kapitani reiniki da leitenanti olveri,

romlebmac general milnis saxeliT aiZula qarTuli jarebi

SeCerebuliyvnen. garda amisa, ingliselebma qarTvelebs brali dasdes

imaSi, rom isini TiTqos esrodnen ara banditebs, aramed ingliselebs, maT

Stabebs da sxva.

saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministri mtkice protests acxadebda

ingliselebis mtkicebis winaaRmdeg, rom TiTqos `qarTulma artileriam

esrola general milnis Stabs~ da TiTqos qarTuli jaris nawilebi

`inglisis sardlobis Tanxmobis gareSe Sevida baTumis raionSi~ (scssa, 25).

samuslimano saqarTvelos, kerZod aWaris mosaxleoba mtkiced idga

qarTul, erovnul tradiciebze, kolxuri simtkiciTa da sidinjiT mudam-

Jams eris erTianobis, SekavSirebis poziciebi eWira. am mosazrebis erTerTi

damadasturebelia 1919 wlis 31 agvistos, samuslimano saqarTvelos

warmomadgenelTa yrilobis mier miRebuli rezolucia, romelSic naTqvamia:

`baTumis olqis musulman-qarTvelTa warmomadgenlebi, Sekrebilni qalaq

baTumSi, ricxviT asi. 1919 wlis agvistos 31-sa, kviras, vacxadebT erTxmad

48

RvTisa da qveynis winaSe, rom amieridan da samaradisod baTumi da baTumis

olqi SeuerTdes Tavis bunebriv samSoblos saqarTvelos (acsa, 51).

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebeli krebisa da

parlamentis wevri _ grigol urataZe, musliman qarTvelTa 1919 wlis 31

agvistos yrilobis dadgenilebis gamo, aWaris avtonomiis statusiT

saqarTvelosTan SeerTebis Sesaxeb, werda: „am dadgenilebas imiTac hqonda

didi mniSvneloba, rom misi miRebis dros baTumsa da mis olqSi

formalurad arsebobda ingliselebis okupacia, faqtiurad xelisufleba

denikinelebis xelSi iyo, man didi gamoxmaureba gamoiwvia saqarTvelos

yvela regionSi, aseve mis farglebs gareTac. man Rrmad aRaSfoTa rogorc

denikinelebi, ise TurqeTis agentebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv aranakleb

energiul propagandas eweodnen mTeli olqis TurqeTTan SeerTebis

sasargeblod. maT saerTo ZaliT scades gaefantaT am gadawyvetilebiT

moxdenili STabeWdileba~ (acsa, 66).

1920 wlis 18 marts, baTumis olqis musulmanTa gaerTianebulma sabWom

depeSa gaugzavna didi britaneTis umaRles komisars kavkasiaSi, safran-

geTis da italiis misiebis Tavmjdomareebs, saqarTvelos respublikis mTav-

robis Tavmjdomares noe Jordanias da saqarTvelos damfuZnebel krebas,

baTumisa da misi olqis saqarTvelosTan SeerTebis Sesaxeb, romelSic

naTqvamia: `baTumis olqis SeerTebul musulmanTa sabWos saxeliT vacnobeb

Tqvens aRmatebulebas, rom Tu dRemdis Cven winaaRmdegi viyaviT

dedasaqarTvelosTan SeerTebis, es iyo SeuTanxmebloba zogierT sakiTxSi

saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan, rogorc qalaqi baTumi, agreTve mTeli olqi

avtonomiurad unda SeuerTdes dedasaqarTvelos. darwmunebuli varT, rom

Cveni survili dakmayofilebuli iqneba da amiT acdeba sisxlis Rvra,

romelsac awyoben saqarTvelos mtrebi. sarwmuno wyaroebidan viciT, rom

aSkarad azerbaijanis agentebi aZleven yaCaRebs fuls, raTa Tavdasxma

moawyon qarTvel jarze. saqarTvelos jars elis aRfrTovanebiT da

siyvaruliT Cveni xalxi, raTa daicvan Zveli saqarTvelo~ (acsa. 92)

yovelive aman sabolood is gamoiwvia, rom 1920 wlis ivlisSi

ingliselebma baTumis olqi kvlav saqarTvelos daubrunes. qarTuli

erovnuli sajariso erTeulebi qalaqSi Semovida. mTeli mosaxleoba mas

aRfrTovanebiT Sexvda. iyo zeimi. baTumis olqSi damyarda saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis wes-wyobileba.

literatura

1. sioriZe m., surgulaZe a., porto-franko baTumSi, baTumi, 1995

2. surgulaZe a., cxovreba da Rvawli haidar abaSiZisa, baTumi, 1998

3. scssa, f. 1864, aRw. 12, saq. 50, furc. 14.

4. iqve, furc. 25.

5. acsa, f. r_s, aRw. 1, saq. 26. furc. 51.

6. iqve, furc. 66.

7. iqve, furc. 92

49

oTar gogoliSvili

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sagareo orientaciis problema _ 1918-1921 wlebi

kursi germaniaze.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi suverenitetis aRdgenis momentSi

saerTaSoriso viTareba daZabuli iyo. saqarTvelos uzenaesma organom _

parlamentma da mTavrobam Tavis sagareo politikis safuZvlad sruli

neitraliteti gamoacxades.

1918 wlis maisSi Sida politikurma situaciam da saerTaSoriso ZalTa

ganlagebam saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela sazogadoebrivi politikuri gaer-

Tianeba germanul orientaciaze daayena. vidre msoflio omi grZeleboda,

germanias xels aZlevda ruseTis imperiis nangrevebze aRmocenebuli

suverenuli saxelmwifoebis keTilganwyoba, maTi interesebis dacva. germa-

niis mTavroba TavSekavebulad moqmedebda: pativs scemda saqarTvelos suve-

renul uflebebs, respublikis mTavrobas da opoziciur partiebs ar aZlev-

da antigermanuli ganwyobilebis safuZvels (surgulaZe, surgulaZe, 1991:25).

aRmosavleT evropis frontze Zlevamisili germania Sesuli iyo ukra-

inasa da yirimSi da amgvarad uaxlovdeboda saqarTvelos. winaswari mola-

parakebis gareSe germaniis jari, fon kresis xelmZRvanelobiT, daaxloebiT

17 000 kaci, Semovida da dabanakda saqarTveloSi. germaniam ikisra saqarT-

velos respublikis sazRvrebis dacva, ris gamoc SemosvlisTanave am jaris

erTi nawili gaigzavna borCalos mazraSi osmalebis mier amxedrebul

SeiaraRebul brboebTan sabrZolvelad. Semdeg germaniam aRiara saqarT-

velos damoukideblobac.

germaniis droebiT warmomadgenlad TbilisSi dainiSna grafi

Sulenburgi, sakonsulo warmomadgenlad foTSi b-n andersi.

1918 wlis 28 maisis ZiriTadi ,,droebiTi SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos da

germanias Soris winaswari urTierTdamokidebulebis damyarebis Sesaxeb”,

romelic daido foTSi germaniis saimperatoro mTavrobis, general-maioris

fon losovisa da a. Cxenkelis mier _ sul 5 muxlisagan Sedgeboda.

I. saqarTvelo germaniasTan urTierTkavSiris safuZvlad aRiarebda 1918

wlis 3 martis brest-litovskis dadgenilebebs.

II. saqarTvelo nebas rTavda germaniis mTavrobas omis damTavrebamde

esargebla saqarTvelos sarkinigzo xaziT, oTxTa kavSiris saxelmwifoebis

jarebisa da samxedro masalis gadasatanad. rkinigzebze kontrolisaTvis

iqmneboda sagangebo komisia germaniis xelmZRvanelobiT, romelic imoqme-

debs saqarTvelos mTvrobasTan erTad. gaTvaliswinebuli iyo, aseve germa-

nuli razmebis dayeneba rkinigzis sadgurebsa da foTis navsadgurSi.

III da IV muxlebi exeba saziaro diplomatiuri da sakonsulo

warmomadgenlebis Seqmnas.

V muxli gvauwyebs, rom es SeTanxmeba, rac SeiZleba male unda

Secvliliyo traqtatiT momlaparakebel mxareebs Soris, ramdenadac ar

daideba saerTo xelSekruleba, erTi mxriv oTx mokavSire mTavrobasa (e.i.

germanis, avstria-ungreTis, TurqeTiis da bulgareTis) da meore mxriv,

saqarTvelos mTavrobas Soris.

Aam SeTanxmebis mTavari Zalaa: a) germaniis mTavrobis mier saqarTve-

los mTvrobis faqtiuri aRiareba da b) omis periodSi saqarTvelos

sarkinigzo xazze germanis kontrolis daweseba.

amasTan daido ori damatebiTi xelSekruleba. pirveli exeboda sameur-

neo sakiTxebs, romelTa gadawyvetas didi mniSvneloba eqneboda saqarTve-

50

los mTavrobis mier germaniaSi sesxis aRebisaTvis. es iyo am sesxTan

dakavSirebuli momavali ekonomikuri SeTanxmebis erTgvari programa.

saqarTvelos mTavroba miiCnevda, rom rkinigzisa da foTis navsadguris

Semosavals SeeZlo sesxis gadasaxadis dafarva da winaswar acxadebda,

rom saqarTveloSi sarkinigzo xazi aris saxelmwifos sakuTreba, foTis

navsadguri gadava saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi da mTavroba Tanaxmaa, daars-

des qarTul-germanuli komisia aRniSnuli gzebisa da navsadguris eqsplo-

ataciis kontrolisaTvis.

II muxliT iqmneboda paritetul sawyisebze qarTul-germanuli samTo-

samrewvelo sazogadoea, romelsac saxelmwifo gadascemda wiaRiseulis

eqspluataciis gansakuTrebul uflebas, magram sakanonmdeblo wesiT igi

winaswar imtkicebda monopoliur uflebas samTo mrewvelobaze. am sazo-

gadoebas saxelmwifo gauwevda zedamxedvelobas, samTo sawarmoebisa da

SeZenili uflebebis likvidacia moxdeboda gansakuTrebuli uflebebiT.

SeTanxmebis safuZvelze mopovebuli madnis eqsporti ar Seferxdeboda.

III muxlSi gamomJRavnda germaniis didi interesi nedlulisadmi,

romlis mTeli raodenoba, adgilobri moTxovlinebebis dakmayofilebis

Semdeg, SeeZlo SeeZina da gaezida.

IV muxliT germania gvpirdeboda moegvarebina saqarTvelosTan sazRvao

kavSiri da gaeadvilebina safabriko saqonlis, naxevarfabrikatebisa da

sursaTis Semotana saqarTveloSi (avaliSvili, 1990:19).

meore damatebiTi SeTanxmeba iTaliswinebda germaneli kolonistebis

interesebs, romlebic XIX saukuniis pirvel naxevarSi dasaxldnen

saqarTveloSi; es iyo maTi privilegiebis SenarCuneba, germaniaSi

Tavisufali dabruneba da germaniis ufleba _ mosarCleoba gaewia maTTvis.

foTSi xeli moaweres, aseve sam calkeul konvencias: germanis

valutis, rogorc gadaxdis saSualebis, droebiTi daSveba adgilobriv

fulTan erTad, gansakuTrebuli kursiT, da am kursis wesis dadgena mTv-

robaTa Soris sagangebo SeTanxmebis safuZvelze; saSualebani da

RonisZiebani tyveebis uswrafesi gacvlis dasaCqareblad. saqarTvelos

portebSi arsebuli tonaJis germanis gankargulebaSi gadacema.

am xelSekrulebis wyalobiT saqarTvelo Tavidan icilebda TurqeTis

mxridan mosalodneli okupaciis uRels. 1918 wlis zafxulSi germania

aRmoCnda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mimrqmeli _ am dros am rolis

Sesruleba xelewifeboda mxolod mas. Mmisi mxardaWeriT es sakiTxi

saerTaSoriso mniSnelobas iZenda.

1918 wlis 28 maiss generali fon losovi, foTSi saqarTvelos

mTavrobisadmi gamogzavnili saidumlo weriliT, valdebulebas iRebda

mieRwia imisaTvis rom ,,germaniis mTavrobas gamoecxadebina Tavisi mzad-

yofna saqarTvelos mxardasaWerad ruseTis mTavrobasTan molaparakebaSi.

saqarTvelos ruseTiis imperiis farglebidan gasvlasTan dakavSirebiT,

misi gamoyofis Semdeg ki ecno saqarTvelo Tavisufal da damoukidebel

saxelmwifod”. germaniis rwmunebuli aseve iRebda valdebulebas, rom

,,germania daexmareboda saqarTvelos sazRvrebis uzrunvelyofaSi da mezo-

bel qveynebTan urTierTkavSiris damyarebaSi”. imave werilSi gansazRv-

ruli iyo saqarTvelos teritoriuli Semadgenloba: misi sazRvrebi

moicavdnen Tbilisisa da quTaisis guberniebs da soxumis okrugs.

baTumis olqi gamoyofili iyo saqarTvelos farglebidan, magram

baTumSi gamocxadebul TurqeTis axal pretenziebs Tbilisis gurbernis

or mazraze (axalcixisa da axalqalaqiis) germaniis warmomadgeneli ar

Rebulobda mxedvelobaSi.

51

Aaseve sayuradReboa, werilSi gadmocemuli erTi SeniSvnac: soxumis

okrugi (gagris CaTvliT) saqarTvelos nawils warmoadgens, sanam

saqarTvelo calke saxelmwifoa kavkasiis farglebSi,Mmagram Tu Seiqmna

kavkasiis xalxebis konfederacia saqarTvelos monawileobiT soxumis

okrugis mosaxleobas ufleba unda mieces, TviTon gadawvitos kavkasiis

qveynebs Soris Tavisi mdgomareobis sakiTxi. sxva sityvebiT, aseT SemTxve-

vaSi afxazeTis mosaxleobas SeeZlo aerCia saqarTvelosTan SeerTeba, mTis

xalxTan kavSirSi gaerTianeba, an kavkasiis konfederaciaSi Sesvla gansa-

kuTrebuli saxelmwifo – kantonis saxiT. aqedan Cans, rogori mniSneloba

eZleoda kavkasis xalxebis politikuri gaerTianebis gegmas swored im

momentSi, roca aucilebeli gaxda amierkavkasis kavSiris daSla.

fon losovis werili mTavrdeboda cnobiT, foTSi germanis sajariso

nawilebi unda Camovidneno. es imas moaswavebda, rom aRar eqneboda ra

TurqeTis Semotevis SiSi, saqarTvelos SeeZlo Sesdgomoda Tavisi

saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis pirvel aqtebs. amgvarad, Cveni upirvelesi

amocanis aRsruleba axlovdeboda, garkveuli Sedegebis mopoveba, kerZod:

TurqeTisagan gamijvna, saqarTvelos sakiTxis SeTanxmeba ruseTSi arsebul

mdgomareobasTan da a.S.. mxolod berlinSi SeiZleboda gadawyvetiliyo.

TurqeTi zeimobs

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebiT Sewyda baTumis

konferencia (1918 w. 26 maisi). es Sewyveta Sesveneba iyo, TurqeTi eloda

amierkavkasiidan sam damoukidebel delegacias _ saqarTvelodan,

somxeTidan da azerbaijanidan. Ddelegaciebmac ar dayovnes Casvla.

saqarTvelos delegaciaSi Sediodnen: ministri-Tavjdomare ramiSvili,

infanteriis generali odiSeliZe, batonebi: gvazava da rcxilaZe. erTi

sruli generali da warmomadgeneli sami partiisa. (soc. demokratebi, nac.

demokratebi, soc. federalistebi.)

ramiSvilma ,,TurqeTTan keTilmezobluri urTierTobis” damyarebis

survili gamoTqva, mxolod im pirobiT, rom ,,saqarTvelos samxreTi

sazRvrebi dadgenili iqneboda brest-litovskis xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad”

e.i. igi uaryofda TurqeTis teritoriul moTxovnebs, magram Semdeg

daTanmxda maT miRebaze. xelis moweraRa darCa, rac Sesrulda q. baTumSi 4

ivniss (scsia, furc. 38).

xalil-beis sityviT damatebiTi usiamovnebani Cvensave TavisTvis unda

dagvebralebina: ratom gavuwieT winaRmdegoba Turqebis Sesvlas baTumsa

da yarsSi? saerTod ki, _ aRniSna man, _ kavkasiaSi kargad organizebuli

da progresuli saxelmwifos Seqmna otomanTa imperiisaTvis sasicocxlo

mniSnelobis sakiTxia. aseTi saxelmwifos safuZveli unda iyos kavkasieli

xalxis megobroba, gansakuTrebiT misi Zliereba unda emyarebodes

kavkasieli muslimanebisa da qarTvelebis megobrul urTierTobas.

Tavis mxriv, ramiSvilma gamoxata ukmayofileba omis Sewyvetis gamo. es

iyo ,,mefis mTavrobis memkvidreoba da mis gamocxadebaSi qarTvel xalxs

araviTari monawileoba ar miuRiao” _ aRniSna man. gamoTqva imedi, rom

,,Cvens ers mudam eqneba mSvidobiani inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis ufleba”

da a.S. ramiSvilis sityviT _ ,,Cveni saxelmwifo am omSi Tavs acxadebs

neitralurad”. es gancxadeba ar iyo aucilebeli da aseTi formiT arc

swori, radgan saqarTvelos rkinigzebi gadadioda meomar saxelmwifoTagan

erT-erTis xelSi.

52

qarTuli delagaciis Tavmjdomarem xelmoweris Semdeg ganacxada, rom

aucilebelia daCqardes TurqeTisa da misi mokavSireebis mier saqarTvelos

cnoba da Cvens or qveyanas Soris diplomatiuri urTierTobis damyareba.

am xelSekrulebiT saqarTvelo ubrundeboda im epoqis droindel

sazRvrebs, roca igi ruseTs SeuerTda. TurqeTi iZenda 1878 wels

dakargul: baTumis, ardaganis, yarsis, axalcixisa da axalqalaqis

sanjayebs, romelsac jer kidev ekaterine pirdeboda erekle II droindel

saqarTvelos da romelic, marTlac Sevida Tbilisis guberniaSi 1828 wels.

1918 wlis 11 maiss amierkavkasiis delegaciisadmi wardgenili

xelSekrulebis pirvandel teqstTan SedarebiT, 4 ivnisis saqarTvelosTan

samSvidobo xelSekruleba CvenTvis erT ueWvel gaumjobesebas Seicavs _

axalcixis mazridan saqarTvelo inarCunebs abasTumansa da awyurs. am

daTmobaSi Cans germaniis gavlenac da Turqebis survilic, odnav mainc

enugeSebina saqarTvelo, romelic mtkvris saTavesa da Woroxis auzis

yvela istoriul teritorias kargavda. 4 ivnisis xelSekrulebiT unda

momxdariyo saqarTvelos jarebis demobilizacia, TurqeTis sasargeblod

dawesebuliyo respublikis samxedro Zalebze kontoroli. saqarTvelo

valdebuli xdeboda Tavisi teritoriidan daeTxova yvela im saxelmwifos

Cinovniki, romlebic monawileobdnen TurqeTTan omSi, rac mTavaria

gansazRvruli iyo samxedro tvirTis gadasatanad rkinigzebis gamoyenebis

wesebi. gzebis dacva qarTul jars ekisreboda.

imave dRes baTumSi xelmowerili iqna samSvidobo xelSekrulebebi

TurqeTsa da azerbaijans (m. gajinskisa da rasul-zades mier) da aseve

TurqeTsa da somxeTs Soris (r. kaCaznuni, a. xatisovi, m. papajanovi).

rkinigza _ yarsi-aleqsandropoli-julfa gadadioda Turqebis xelSi.

baTumSi xelmowerili aqtebiT damoukidebel karieras iwyebdnen

axalgazrda kavkasiuri respublikebi. daido konvencia baqo-baTumis

navTsadenis gamarTulobis SenarCunebis Sesaxeb da sami kavkasiuri

respublikisa da TurqeTis SeTanxmeba yofili amierkavkasiis rkinigzis

moZravi Semadgenlobis ganadgurebis Sesaxeb. TiToeuli am respublikis

miwa-wyalze gamavali rkinigzis sigrZis proporciulad.

amgvarad, baTumisa da yarsis mosaxleobas unda miscemoda

TviTgamorkvevis ufleba. saqarTvelo am xelSekrulebiT rCeboda XIX

saukunis sazRvrebiT _ lores, bambakisa da yazaxis gamoklebiT.Aawyursa

da abasTumansac droebiT Tmobda osmaleTi. am xelSekrulebas mohyva

osmaleTis zavi azerbaijansa da somxeTTan, romelic mZime iyo

somxeTisaTvis. yarsi-aleqsandropoli-julfas rkinigza osmaleTis xelSi

gadadioda.

germaniis imediTAAAA

germaniasTan molaparakebis dawyebamde Sedga memorandumi: ,,saqarTve-

lo ruseTis aswliani batonobis drosac rCeboda cocxal erovnul orga-

nizmad da moments eloda politikuri moTxovnebis gansaxorcieleblad.

saqarTvelo ruseTis erTguli rCeboda omis ganmavlobaSi _ zavis

dadebamde, magram igi gulgrilad ver Sexvdeboda ruseTis TviTnebur

moqmedebas, riTac saqarTvelos sazRvrebi gauxsna mters. „qarTvel xalxs

surs moawyos saxelmwifo da saerTaSoriso kavSirebi ise, rom

uzrunvelyofili iyos misi aRdgenili uflebebis xangrZlivi gamoyeneba

saqarTvelosa da mTeli kavkasiis sasargeblod, qarTvels surs daeyrdnos

iseT saxelmwifos, romlis mxridanac ar moelis aneqsiis saSiSroeba“.

53

saqarTvelo-germaniis urTierToba unda aigos mokavSireobis

sawyisebze saqarTvelos damoukideblobisa da suverenitetis cnobiT,

germanias ki urTierTSeTanxmebisa da konvenciebis safuZvelze unda

mieniWos privilegirebuli mdgomareoba, rac ganisazRvreba, misi

monawileobiT ekonomikur aRmavlobaSi. gansakuTrebiT xazi gaesva

saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso aRiarebaSi germaniis mxardaWeras, fulis

sistemis Sesaqmnelad germanisagan sesxis miRebas da a.S. (scsia, furc. 118).

saqarTvelosTan ekonomikur kavSirebs germania did mniSvnelobas

aniWebda, gadawyda WiaTuris marganecis sazRvargareT gatanis saqmis

mogvareba sagangebod Seqmnili saaqcio sazogadoebis meSveobiT. aseve, ori

saaqcio sazogadoebis daarseba: WiaTura-Sorapnis rkinigzis misasvleli

xazis eqspluataciisaTvis, romelzec gadaitandnen marganecs Sorapnamde

da foTis portis eqspluataciisaTvis.

germanias surda Seeqmna wminda germanuli saaqcio sazogadoeba, magram

sanacvlod saqarTvelos sasargeblod daewesebina didi anaricxi da

finansuri mogeba. realurad ki miiRes germanulTan erTad saqarTvelos

jgufis paritetuli monawileoba aqcionerul kapitalSi. germanul jgufs

upiratesoba eZleoda aqtiuri administraciis mxriv, qarTuls ki zedam-

xedvelobaSi monawileoba Tanabari rCeboda. amgvari SeTanxmebiT sami xel-

Sekruleba 12 ivliss iqna xelmowerili. germanul wreebs ufleba hqondaT

WiaTuraSi Sesdgomodnen ,,marganecis”jer ararsebuli dargis eqsploata-

cas, kerZod, feromanganumisa da sxva SenaerTebis gamodnobas.

me-6 punqti: ,,saqarTvelos mTavroba aRiarebs am xelSekrulebebs

sabolood mxolod finansuri xelSekrulebebis dadebisa da saqarTvelo

germanias Soris politikuri damokidebulebis garkvevis Semdeg”.

finansuri SeTanxmeba gulisxmobda saqarTvelosadmi germaniis raixs-

bankis mier sesxis micemas, mtkice qarTuli valutis Sesaqmnelad. qarTul

valutas safuZvlad unda dasdeboda marCili, romelic unda gaTanab-

reboda germaniis markas. es xelSekrulebebi saqarTvelos ucxoeTis kul-

turul kapitalTan TanamSromlobis gzas uxsnida, rasac bunebrivi simdid-

ris aTvisebis swrafi ganviTareba, saqmiani Cvevebis SeTviseba moyveboda.

Cxenkeli ver urigdeboda germaniis survils _ ruseTis Tanxmobis

Semdeg ecno saqarTvelos damoukidebloba. ukve 1918 wlis ivlisSi moskovi

mzad iyo daeSva germaniis mier saqarTvelos cnoba, magram germanuli

aRiareba ar Sedga...

isev TurqeTi... Turquli bandebi Cndebodnen xan afxazeTSi, xan

borCalos mazraSi da a.S. germanuli misiis gavleniT am muqarebs advilad

icilebda saqarTvelos mTavroba. Turqebi miiswrafodnen baqos xelSi

Cagdebisaken, moskovi ki moiTxovda azerbaijanSi gammijnavi zonis Seqmnas,

romlis aRmosavleTiTac Turqebs ekrZalebodaT saomari moqmedebani, rac

baqos gamoricxavda TurqeTis okupaciis sferodan. amgvarad germanias unda

SeeCerebina TurqeTi.

aseTi valdebuleba aiRo germaniam 27 agvistos xelSekrulebis me-14

muxliT. me-13 muxlSi moskovi ambobda: ,,ramdenic gnebavT aRiareT

saqarTvelos damoukideblobao.” me-14 muxlSi umatebda ,,mxolod Turqebi

baqoSi ar SeuSvaTo”. Turqebis baqoSi Sesvlas ingliselebic ewinaaRmdege-

bodnen, romlebic 1918 wlis agvistoSi gadmosxdnen baqoSi. Turqebi ki

azerbaijanel moxaliseebs Semohyvnen baqoSi 1918 wlis 15 seqtembers.

sxva respublikebi konstantinopolSi elodnen ,,ukeTes aminds”... amindi

ki ar icvleboda.

54

politikuri da ekonomikuri SeTanxmebebi darCa mxolod proeqtSi,

magram mainc germaniis mxardaWeram saqarTvelos damoukideblobas Seumsu-

buqa pirveli Tveebi. evropis Secvlil politikur pirobebSi e. w. ,,germa-

nul orientacias” niadagi gamoecala. brest-litovskis xelSekruleba aRi-

ares Zaladakargulad. amiT saqarTvelosa da somxeTis sasikeTod TurqeTi

kargavda axlad miRebul uflebebs sam sanjanyze (baTumi, yarsi, ardagani),

magram meore mxriv, uqmdeboda germania-ruseTis 27 agvistos xelSekrule-

bis me-13 damatebiTi muxli, romelic Seicavda sabWoTa mTavrobis mier

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis SeniRbul aRiarebas. saqarTvelos damouki-

deblobis saerTaSoriso ganmtkicebis saqmeSi es ukan gadadgmuli nabiji

iyo (bendianiSvili, 2005:64).

xangrZliv omSi ekonomiurad dauZlurebuli germania cdilobda

saqarTvelodan gaezida nedluli. maT saokupacio jarebi Caayenes

saqarTvelos qalaqebSi, uxeSad ereodnen saSinao saqmeebSi, arbevdnen

mosaxleobas. germaniis saqarTveloSi gabatonebis Semdeg SeizRuda Turqi

imperialistebis gegmebi, magram isini mainc ar isvenebdnen da TareSobdnen

saqarTvelos sazRvrispira raionebSi, moiTareSes borCalos, axalcixis,

axalqalaqis soflebi.

pirveli msoflio omSi antantis wevri qveynebis mier germaniisa da

misi mokavSireebis damarcxebam arsebiTad Secvala samxedro-politikur

ZalTa ganlageba mTel msoflioSi. 1918 wlis 11 noembers germaniam xeli

moawera zavs, romliTac gauqmebulad cxaddeboda brest-litovskis

xelSekruleba. mas moyva samcxe-javaxeTidan, baTum-artaniidan osmalebisa

da germanelebis wasvla, maTi adgili unda daekavebina inglisis jars.

uqmdeboda ruseTis mier germaniisaTvis micemuli uflebac ecno

saqarTvelos damoukidebloba.

saqarTveloSi germanelebi ingliselebma Secvales 1918 wlis

dekemberSi. roca inglisis kreiserebi baTumSi Semodiodnen navTis

mrewvelTa oTxi kavkasiuri kompaniis Tavjdomare londonSi acxadebda

,,kavkasiaSi baTumidan baqomde da vladikavkazidan Tbilisamde, mcire

aziaSi, mesopotamiaSi gaCdnen ra britaneTis jarebi, yvela erisa da

rwmenis xalxebi miesalmnen maT“. amierkavkasiaSi ingliselebma Tavi

mouyares 30 aTasian armias, Seqmnes TavianTi sakomendantoebi, xelT igdes

baqos navTi, kaspiisa da Savi zRvis floti.

literatura

1. avaliSvili z., saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 1918-1921 wlebis sagareo

politikaSi, Tbilisi, 1990

2. bendianiSvili al., saqarTvelos pirveli respublika, Tbilisi, 2005

3. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo istoriuli arqivi, f. 1461, aRw.

12, saqme 125, furc. 38

4. iqve, furc. 118

5. surgulaZe a., surgulaZe p., saqarTvelos istoria, Tbilisi, 1991

55

rusudan kobrava

Zveli baTumis quCebi

Zvelad baTumi mdebareobda axlandeli yoroliswylis zRvasTn

SeerTebis mimdebare teritoriaze. jer kidev osmalTa batonobis periodSi

daiwyo qalaqis centris gadanacvleba zRvispira yuris mimarTulebiT,

sadac didi wyalwvis gemebis gaCerebisaTvis kargi bunebrivi pirobebi iyo.

saerTaSoriso naosnobaSi baTumis mniSvnelobis zrdasTan dakavSirebiT

osmaleTis xelisufleba met dainteresebas iCenda aRniSnuli punqtis mimarT.

osmaleTis sulTnis _ abdul azizis 1863 wlis firmanSi vkiTxulobT:

„trapizonis vilaeTis valma, vezirma esed mehmed emin muxlis faSam Tavis

moxsenebaSi dasva sakiTxi sagubernio qalaq baTumis navsadguris Crdilo-

dasavleT nawilSi axali qalaqis gaSenebis Sesaxeb, romelic (qalaqi)

trapizonis vilaeTis, lazistanis sanjayis centri iqneba da gaSendeba

gamouyenebel saxelmwifo miwaze, romelic qviSiani da miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis

uvargisia. sanapiro miwidan sakmaod didi zoli xeluxlebeli unda darCes

momavalSi daproeqtebuli simagreebis asaSeneblad. Sua adgilas gamoiyos

daaxloebiT 60 aTasi kvadratuli arSini nakveTi, romelic geometriis

wesebis mixedviT yvela mimarTulebiT quCebis gayvaniT daiyos nawilebad

(ubnebad). sigane quCebis 12 arSini unda iyos da am nakveTebis Sua nawilSi

moxerxebul adgilas aSendes meCeTi, romelsac misi udidebulesobis

sulTnis saxeli unda ewodos (avaliani, 1960:98-99).

osmalebma yures Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi aages didi qvis meCeTi

„azizies jame“. igi aaSena valide xanumma 1868 wels Tavisi Svilis sulTn

abdul azizis sapativcemulod (�������, 1895:115). meCeTi mdebareobda Tanamedrove gogebaSvilis quCaze. Semdeg meCeTis

mimdebare vrcel teritorias ewoda „azizies moedani“ (dRevandeli

Tavisuflebis moedani).

iqve sanapirosTan axlos 1864-1867 wlebSi osmaleTis xelisuflebis

mier agebuli iqna samxedro simagre „burun Tabie“ (koncxis simagre). meore

simagre mebareobda dRevandeli sazRvao portis midamoebSi _ mdinare sari-

sus anu yviTeli wylis maxloblad. mas sari-sus simagre ewoda. igi sazRvao

portis rekonstruqciis dros, 1885 wels aiRes.

TurqTa mmarTvelobisas baTumis sazRvrebi ganisazRvreboda burun-

Tabiedan sari-sumde da Savi zRvis sanapirodan dRevandeli konstantine

gamsaxurdias quCamde.

Tavdapirvelad baTumSi quCebis movaleobas asrulebda mokirwyluli,

etliT savali da sasiarulo bilikebi.

qalaqSi faqtiurad arsebobda erTi sanapiro quCa, romelic Zalze viwro

iyo, sanapiro quCas maSin ewodeboda „ali-kiisi“ (axl. i. gogebaSvilis quCa)

Semdeg iyo ramdenime Cixi: sanapiro quCis Cixi; „jame arasi“ (axl. Ckalovis

quCa); Semdeg „Cixmax soxaxi“ (abanos SesaxvevSi); „hemim soxaxi“ (axl.

saiaTnovas q.); „aWara soxaxi“ (axl. xulos q.); „mezer luqbaSi“ (Turq.

bazrisken mimavali quCa); „azizie soxaxi“ (axl. a. melaSvilis q.); „buren baS

soxaxi“ (axl. m. kostavas q.); „urum soxaxi“ (axl. farnavaz mefis quCis

monakveTi); „telegraf soxaxi“ (axl. z. gamsaxurdias q.); „nurie soxaxi“ (axl.

m. abaSiZis gamziri). soxaxi Turquli warmomavlobis sityvaa da niSnavs

quCas, magram radganac aq quCebi ki ar iyo, es saxelwodeba faqtiurad

aRniSnavda patara Sesaxvevebs (axvlediani, 1944:172-174).

1877-1878 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdeg baTumi ruseTis imperiis

SemadgenlobaSi Sevida, ris Semdeg swrafi tempiT wavida qalaqis

56

ekonomikuri da samrewvelo zrda-ganviTareba. 1883 wlidan baTumi-samtrediis

sarkinigzo xazis saSualebiT baqos navTobs gaexsna gza evropisaken. baTumma

saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis portis saxeli SeiZina. igi aivso vaWrebiT da

sxvadasxva organizaciebis warmomadgenlebiT. qalaqi swrafad Sendeboda da

icvlida saxes, arqiteqturaSi gaCnda neoklasikuri stilis Senobebi,

inglisuri qalaqebis msgavsad gayvanili iqna swori mokirwyluli quCebi,

dainerga da ganviTarda civilizaciis monapovrebi: rkinigza, fosta, aSenda

saavadmyofo. mokled baTumi mcire droSi evropuli tipis qalaqad iqca

(totoCava, 1979:12-16).

ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg gaizarda baTumis

quCebis raodenoba, axalma xelisuflebam Secvala maTi saxelwodebebi.

Zveli baTumis Sesaxeb qalaqis provizoris al. TiroSvilis mogonebebis

mixedviT: „mTavar quCas erqva marines prospeqti. iyo sanapiro quCa (axl.

gogebaSvilis quCa). sxva ramdenime quCas erqva yofili generlebis:

Sepelovis, bariatinskis, dondukov-korsakovisa da sxvaTa saxelebi. vinaidan

axlad SemoerTebuli baTumi gamocxadebuli iyo „porto-frankod“ e. i.

Tavisufal qalaqad, romelSic sabaJo jer ar iyo gaxsnili, amitom auarebel

sazRvargareTel firmebs SemohqondaT sxvadasxva saxis saqoneli, mTeli

qalaqi mofenili iyo sxvadasxva firmebis kantorebiT. amasTan dakavSirebiT

aq iyo TiTqmis yvela qveynis sakonsulo (TiroSvili, 1975:4-5).

XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebisaTvis qalaqSi Zalian cota iyo sworad

dagegmili quCa. isini dafaruli iyo wvrili xreSiT, SuaSi iyo arxi

wylisaTvis. 1888 wels ruseTis imperatoris aleqsandre III ojaxis

stumrobasTan dakavSirebiT qalaqis sameurneo sabWom miiRo gansakuTrebuli

zomebi. saxeldaxelod moikirwyla yvela is quCa, sadac imperators unda

gaevlo, magaliTad: marinskis prospeqti (axl. m. abaSiZis gamziri). vinaidan

igegmeboda imperatoris mier qalaqis baRis monaxuleba. mowesrigda is quCebi

da Sesaxvevebi, romlebic ukavSirdeboda asaSenebel samxedro taZars, sadac

igegmeboda imperatoris mier mSeneblobis saZirkvlis Cayra. aseve mowesrigda

bulvaris (axl. ninoSvilis) quCis nawili da aseve, is quCebi, romlebic

gadioda ruseTis savaWro da samrewvelo sazogadoebis navmisadgomi.

quCebTan erTad iRebeboda saxlis fasadebi da Robeebi (%���, 1906:518). 1888 wlis seqtemberSi baTumSi dafuZnda TviTmmarTveloba, romlis

Sedegadac baTumis ganaSenianeba ufro mizanmimarTulad warimarTa. jer

kidev pirveli mowvevis TviTmmarTvelobam mniSvnelovani samuSaoebi Caatara

rkinigzis sadguris mimdebare Waobebis amosaSrobad, Catarda qalaqis

nivelireba, SemuSavebuli iqna quCebis gayvanis da mowyobis saerTo gegma. “

quTaisis samxedro gubernatorma 1890 wlis 16 Tebervals baTumis

TviTmmarTvelobis SuamdgomlobiT, romelic Sedgenili iyo mivlinebiT

Camosuli guberniis inJinris sliuJinskis, qalaqis arqiteqtoris lenCinskis

da TviTmmarTvelobis wevris koianderis mier, daamtkica gansakuTrebuli

oqmi, romlis Tanaxmadac pirvel rigSi unda gaeyvanaT portTan mimavali

quCebi. baTumis quCebi dayofili iqna 3 jgufad: pirvel jgufs miekuTvneboda

is quCebi, romelzedac unda gaevlo sazRvargareTidan Camosul tvirTs,

navTobproduqtebis garda. meore jgufSi erTiandeboda is quCebi, romelzec

gaivlida navTobproduqtebi da yvelanairi zeTi. Mesame jgufSi Sedioda

sanapiros quCa, romelzedac gaivlida yvelanairi tvirTi da amitomac mas

hqonda pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba (%���, 1906:524-525). es samuSoebi Sesrulda 1891 wels qalaqis arqiteqtoris a. sozinovisa

da TviTmmarTvelobis wevris a. koianderis mier.

57

sabolood 1892 wels quTaisis samxedro gubernatorma daamtkica

baTumSi Semdegi quCebi, Sesaxvevebi da moednebi.

# quCebis saxelwodeba 1892

wlis mixedviT12 quCebis Tanamedrove saxelwodeba

1 artileriis maiakovskis

2 bazris z. gorgilaZis

3 baqos gogebaSvilis quCis nawili

4 vladikavkazis farnavaz mefis quCis nawili _

baraTaSvilidan meliqiSvilis quCamde

5 dondukovo-korsakovis k. gamsaxurdias

6 ekaterines imedaSvilis

7 kaTolikes vaxtang gorgasalis quCis monakveTi _

gogebaSvilidan baraTaSvilis quCamde

8 sasaflaos SavSeTis

9 quTaisis, loris meliqovis n. Jordanias

10 marinski prospeqti m. abaSiZis

11 mixailovis z. gamsaxurdias

12 sanapiros gogebaSvilis

13 navTobis gr. volskis

14 oklobJinskis m. kostavas

15 odesis puSkinis

16 sviatopolk-mirskis a. melaSvilis

17 skobolevis d. Tavdadebulis

18 smekalovis rusTavelis

19 Tbilisis baraTaSvilis

20 erisTavis g. mazniaSvilis

21 megrelis Sesaxvevi amJamad gauqmebulia

22 xlis Sesaxvevi z. beriZis

23 Turquli bazris Sesaxvevi amJamad gauqmebulia

24 „azizies“ moedani Tavisuflebis moedani

qalaqi dayofili iyo ubnebad. XIX saukunis bolosTvis baTumSi

arsebobda Semdegi ubnebi: azizie, axmedie, nurie da muftie.

azizies ubani moicavda qalaqis Crdilo-dasavleT nawils da

warmoadgenda msxvil savaWro centrs. sanapiroze sabaJos vrceli Senobidan

rig-rigobiT Camwkrivebuli iyo sxvadasxva savaWro da samrewvelo kantorebi.

mixeilis da quTaisis quCebis nawilSi ganlagebuli iyo saukeTeso maRaziebi

da sastumroebi. quCebi iyo ufro ganieri da SesaniSnavad ganaSenianebuli.

nawili iyo moasfaltebuli, nawilSi ki iyo qvis trotuarebi. Senobebis

umetesi nawili iyo evropuli stilis. maT Soris gamoirCeoda Spolianskis

(amJ, quTaisis q.N#2) da tairovis (quTaisis q.N#8) didi lamazi saxlebi,

volfenzonis (m. abaSiZis q.N#25 da k. gamsaxurdias #13 mdebare saxli) da

fosta-telegrafis kantorisaTvis vakies saxli (m. abaSiZis pr.N#35) da bevri

sxva. iqve Tbilisis quCaze mdebareobda qalaqis erTaderTi rkinis Teatri,

xolo bulvarSi sazogadoebrivi sakrebulo. azizies raionSi zRvaSi SeWrili

iyo burun-Tabies koncxi, romelic ekava qvemexebs. maT win idga Suqura.

qvemexebis aRmosavleTiT mdebareobda ruseTis samrewvelo da savaWro

sazogadoebis navmisadgomi. aqve iyo ufliswul nikoloz II bulvari, rusuli

da marTlmadidebluri taZrebi (#��� ��, 1901:6). meore ubani axmedie sruliad sxva xasiaTis iyo. aq bevri ram iyo

SemorCenili Zveli Turquli qalaqidan: moxveuli viwro quCebi, ubadruki

qoxmaxebi. aq ganlagebuli iyo e. w. Turquli bazari, sadac iyo Zveli qvis

12 cxrili Sedgenilia s. mesxis monacemebis mixedviT, ix. %���, 1906:530.

58

Senobebi da viwro daxlebi. irgvliv mimofantuli iyo duqnebi. zRvis

sanapiroze, Ria cis qveS, naWriT gadaxurul daxlebze iyideboda Tevzi,

sazamTro, nesvi, kitri da a. S. aq iyo bevri sparsuli yavaxana da sasauzme,

sadac gaCaRebuli iyo sxvadasxva azartuli TamaSi. es iyo qalaqis yvelaze

xmauriani ubani. am ubanSi mdebareobda somxur-kaTolikuri eklesia da axmed

faSas jame (#��� ��, 1901:7). axmed faSas james adgilas Semdeg aages qvis meCeTi

„orTa jame“ – dReisaTvis moqmedi jame.

mesame ubani nurie mdebareobda azizies samxreTiT da muftiesgan

gamoiyofoda Tbilisis (axl. baraTaSvilis) quCiT, romelzedac gadioda

rkinigzis xazi. aq cxovrobdnen sxvadasxva sawarmoebis da uwyebebis

mosamsaxureebi. es iyo qalaqis axali nawili, evropuli tipis SenobebiT,

romelic warmoiqmna afxazuri dasaxlebis adgilze 80-ian wleebSi. aq

Tavmoyrili iyo TiTqmis yvela saswavlo dawesebuleba – vaJTa da qalTa

gimnaziebi, marinis qalTa da saxelosno saswavlebeli, dawyebiTi samoqalaqo

skolebi _ qarTuli da berZnuli, aqve iyo amierkavkasiis rkinigzis samgzavro

sadguri, hospitalis marTlmadidebluri da mSenebare romaul-kaTolikuri

eklesia, qalaqis saavadmyofo. nurieSi iyo savaWroebi da qalaqis

TviTmmarTvelobis mSenebare saxli. nurieSi mdebareobda agreTve qalaqis

aleqsandrovis baRic.

meoTxe ubani muftie iyo yvelaze didi ubani. aq moTavsebuli iyo navTis

qarxnebi. am nawilSi ganlagebuli iyo sacxovrebeli saxlebi, maT dasavleTiT

quCebis didi nawili ar iyo ganaSenianebuli. Senobebi iyo Raribuli da

miwebis didi nawili daWaobebuli. muftieSi ZiriTadad cxovrobda qalaqis

uRaribesi mosaxleoba. (#��� ��, 1901:8). am ubans muftie ewoda aq arsebuli

mufties james gamo. mufties jame mdebareobda dRevandeli wereTlisa da

WavWavaZis quCebs Soris jorjiaSvilis quCis monakveTSi.

1902 wlamde baTumSi quCis saxelis aRmniSvneli firniSebi ar iyo

gakruli, arc Senobebs gaaCndaT numeracia, rac sagrZnoblad arTulebda

quCebisa da saxlebis mignebas.

xSirad adgili hqonda erTi quCisaTvis ramdenime saxelis darqmevas,

magaliTad: axlandeli zurab gorgilaZis quCa, baraTaSvilis quCidan petre

meliqiSvilis quCamde iwodeboda bazris quCis saxeliT, meliqiSvilis quCidan

griboedovis quCamde – voroncovis quCis saxeliT.

axlandeli farnavaz mefis quCa, gogebaSvilis quCidan baraTaSvilis

quCamde moixseneboda berZnis quCis saxeliT. baraTSvilis quCidan

meliqiSvilis quCamde _ vladikavkazis saxeliT, xolo meliqiSvilis quCidan –

bebuTovis quCis saxeliT.

axlandeli vaxtang gorgasalis quCa quTaisis quCidan baraTaSvilis

quCamde iwodeboda kaTolikes quCis saxeliT, baraTaSvilis quCidan

meliqiSvilis quCamde – olgas quCis saxeliT, meliqiSvilis quCidan

griboedovis quCmde ki bariatinskis quCis saxeliT.

qalaqis zrdasTan erTad izrdeboda quCebis raodenoba, xdeboda maTi

moasfalteba, gamwvaneba, ganaTeba.

aWaris muzeumSi daculia q. baTumis 1909 wlis gegma. gegma Sedgenilia da

daxazulia samxedro stambis korpusis kapitnis straxovis mier 1905 w.

miwismzomel soselis mier Catarebuli instrumentuli azomvebis safuZvelze.

rukaze datanilia im periodSi baTumSi arsebuli quCebi. sameurneo da

sakulto nagebobebi, qarxnebi da a.S. rukas aqvs pirobiTi da amxsneli niSnebi

rogorc rukaze Cans, am periodisaTvis dasaxlebuli iyo qalaqis centraluri

nawili sanapirodan dRevandel nuri-gelis tbamde, xolo qveda sazRvari

gadioda dRevandel puSkinis quCaze. qalaqis centraluri quCebaD ivleboda:

59

sanapiros (axl. gogebaSvilis), dondukovo-korsakovis (axl. k. gamsaxurdias),

marinski pr. (axl. m. abaSiZis gamz). smekalovis (axl. rusTavelis) da

mixailovis quCebi (axl. z. gamsaxurdias). rukaze aseve datanilia is quCebi,

romlebic qalaqis rekonstruqciis dros likvidirebuli iqna. amdenad ruka

metad mniSvnelovania XX saukunis 10-iani wlebis baTumis istoriis Seswavlis

TvalsazrisiT. es quCebia:

� sulTanis quCa, mdebareobda axl. m. abaSiZis da a. melaSvilis quCebs

Soris. iwyeboda quTaisis quCidan da gadioda azizies moedanze.

� sabaJos quCa – mdebareobda axl. a. melaSvilis da m. kostavas quCebs

Soris. iwyeboda quTaisis quCidan da gadioda gogebaSvilis quCaze.

� CubaCkis Sesaxvevi – mdebareobda Ckalovis quCis dasasruls, quTaisis

quCidan gadioda gogebaSvilis quCaze.

� matrosis Sesaxvevi – ganTavsebuli iyo axl. imedaSvilisa da kandelakis

quCebs Soris, gamodioda gogebaSvilis quCidan da uerTdeboda

kandelakis quCis Sua nawilSi.

� samegrelos quCa – iwyeboda axl. z. beriZis quCis dasawyisidan da

uerTdeboda axl. imedaiSvilis quCas.

� Waobis quCa – gadioda axlandeli sazRvao akademiis adgilze.

1918 wlis 14 aprils baTumi TurqeTis jarma daikava. imave wlis 16 aprils

baTumSi Camovida baTumis gubernatorad daniSnuli general-gubernatori

hamid-bei, romelmac 1918 wlis 22 agvistos gamosca quCebis saxelebis Secvlis

gankarguleba igi iuwyeboda, rom baTumis quCebis saxelebi da warwerebi

firniSze Seicvalos da daiweros Turqul enaze. Turqi gubernatoris

gankargulebis Tanaxmad axlandeli konstantine gamsaxurdias gamzirs ewoda

Turqi mTavarsardlis – uCanji-ordus saxeli, baraTaSvilis quCas – Turqi

generlis odus-edinji-forkes saxeli. xolo rac Seexeba qalaqis danarCen

quCebs, maT miecaT numeracia, bulvaris paralelur quCebs miecaT kenti

ricxvebi.. aRniSnuli quCebis gadamkveT quCebs ki miecaT wyvili nomrebi da a.

S. (komaxiZe, 2000:305).

qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobam imdeni moaxerxa, rom Turq gubernators

mosTxova aRniSnuli gankargulebis cota xniT gadavadeba, mosaxleobas ki

daaavala CamoexsnaT quCis abrebi.

1921 wlis 18 marts aWaraSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg

quCebis saxelwodebebi kvlav Seicvala.

damzadda quCis axali abrebi samenovani warwerebiT qarTul, rusul da

Turqul enebze. aRniSnuli abrebi qalaqSi gamoyenebuli iyo XX saukunis 30-

iani wlebis Sua xanebamde. aWaris muzeumSi daculia samenovani abrebi:

quTaisis, kamos, turgenevis, saqarTvelos, jafariZis quCebis. abrebi

Camosxmulia Tujisgan, warwerebi Sesrulebulia qarTul, rusul da Turqul

enebze.

muzeumSi daculia q. baTumis quCis abra _ „%������ �� !������ – 6“

Sesrulebulia Tunuqze. ovaluri formisaa da lurj fonze warwerebi

Sesrulebulia TeTri minanqriT. abra gamoyenebuli iyo 1918 wlamde.

aRniSnuli abra im periodis quCis niSanTagan erTaderTia muzeumSi.

amrigad, qalaq baTumis quCebis qsels mdidari da saintereso istoria

aqvs. qalaqis centraluri quCebi Cveulebriv mimarTuli iyo sazRvao

navsadgurisa da Savi zRvis perpendikularulad. aqedan gamomdinare quCebs

gaaCndaT marTkuTxa forma, riTac qalaqi kvartlebad iyo dayofili.

gTavazobT baTumis quCebis Zveli da axali saxelwodebebis nusxas

cxrilis saxiT:

60

# quCis Tanamedrove

saxelwodeba quCebis Zveli, sxvasdasxva drois saxelwodebebi

1 gogebaSvilis yofili ali-kiisis, sanapiros, Smidtis, baqos,

qobuleTis, berias

2 rusTavelis smekalovis

3 ninoSvilis bulvaris

4 memed abaSiZis gamziri Urum soxaxi, marinski pr., me-3 internacionalis

5 kominternis stalinis, oqtombris, Tavisuflebis, memed abaSiZis

6 zviad gamsaxurdias telegraf soxaxi, mixailovis, trockis, orjonikiZis, 9

aprilis

7 konstantine gamsaxurdias dondukovo-korsakovis, uCanji-ordus, leninis, erTobis

8 farnavaz mefis urum soxaxi, berZnis, vladikavkazis, bebuTovis,

zinovievis, telmanis

9 axmed melaSvilis azizie soxaxi, sviatopolk-mirskis, kamos

10 vaxtang gorgasalis kaTolikes, olRas, bariatinskis, cxakaias

11 zurab gorgilaZis bazris, voroncovis, luka asaTianis, eras, gorkis,

iberiis

12 Ckalovis jame arasi, meCeTis

13 saiaTnovas hemim soxaxi, somxis Ses

14 xulos aWara soxaxi. axmed faSas, TaTris

15 merab kostavas burun-baS soxaxi, oklobJinskis, luqsemburgis

16 stefane zubalaSvilis aWaris, giorgis, xruSCovis kalininis

17 mazniaSvilis erisTavis, libknextis

18 eliavas savaWros, bazris

19 noe Jordanias loris meliqovis, sverdlovis

20 imedaSvilis ekaterines, Sadrevnis, farnis, jorjiaSvilis

21 SavSeTis sasaflaos, derviS-faSas, frunzes

22 zurab beriZis imedis, axlis, kalievis

23 quTaisis quTaisis

24 baraTaSvilis Tbilisis, odus-edinji-forkes

25 p. meliqiSvilis voznesenskis, engelsis

26 d. Tavdadebulis komarovis, Saumianis

27 26 maisis zRvis, kirovis

28 luka asaTianis Seremetievis, jafariZis

29 vaJa-fSavelas Sepelovis, marqsis

30 puSkinis odesis

31 WavWavaZis peterburgis, petrogradis, kooperaciis

32 maiakovskis artileriis, proletariis

33 irakli abaSiZis skobolevis, korovis, blagoevgradis

34 revaz komaxiZis lazarevis, budionis

35

literatura

1. axvlediani x., narkvevi aWaris istoriidan, baTumi, 1944 2. avaliani a., miwismflobelobis formebi aWaraSi, baTumi, 1960

3. TiroSvili al., mogonebani Zveli baTumis cxovrebidan, 1975

4. aWaris muzeumis xelnawerTa fondi, # 604

5. totoCava g., baTumis urbanizaciis zogierTi sakiTxi. _ aWaris muzeumis

xelnawerTa fondi, # 797, baTumi, 1979

6. komaxiZe T., q. baTumis ganaSenianebisa da dagegmarebis istoria. baTumi,

2000

7. ������� *., >!������ ������ ������ � !������ � ������. �����, 1895 8. #��� �� +., A����������� � �!�������� ��@ � !� �. ������ � � ����������. "�����, 1901 9. %��� �. �. >��� � �������� ����� ��� ������ ��� �K������. - �����K � ���

� ���������. �����K, 1906

61

62

63

revaz uzunaZe

saydari

(sofel erges warsulidan)

erge, masSi Semavali soflebiT: zemo da qvemo joWo, nikitauri,

kapandibi, miekuTvneba erT_erT uZveles dasaxlebaTa rigs. soflis warsu-

lis sxvadasxva aspeqtis Sesaxeb SemorCenilia saintereso werilobiTi,

zepirsityvieri, toponimiuri, nivTieri masalebi. rogorc irkveva, Tavis

droze erges TemSi moqmedebda cxra eklesia (saydari). joWos wylis xeoba

xasiaTdeba qristianul salocavTa simravliT. erT-erT ubans qvia saydari.

igi mdebareobs joWos wylis marjvena napirze. gadmocemiT aq arsebula

saydari. dRemde SemorCenilia mxolod misi saZirkveli. igi warmoadgenda

darbazuli tipis, 25 kv. m. farTobis nagebobas. saydris ezo da misasvleli

mopirkeTebuli yofila riyis brtyeli qvebiT. 1956 wels profesor i. sixa-

ruliZes joWoeli ali miqelaZisgan Cauweria: ,,Cemi didi nenei ityoda, rom

aq Zvelad qilise iyoo. xalxi maSin sul maRlobebze cxovrobda da Cangs

rom daartyamdnen, moudodnen mosaxleebi” (sixaruliZe, 1958:77).

saydris teritoriaze aRmoCenilia: marani, erTad dafluli xuTi didi

Wuri, rac miuTiTebs, rom eklesias sakuTari meurneoba hqonia (uzunaZe,

2003). saydarTan arsebobda sasaflao. soflis mkvidri tariel miqelaZe

mogviTxrobs: „Cemi bebia faqizo miqelaZe gvetyoda, nasaydralTan

sasaflaos ar gaekaroT, avad gaxdebiTo“.

Tavisi daniSnulebiT saydari Senobaa ,,sadac qristianTa wirva-locva

imarTeba, _ eklesia” (qegl., 1986:399). es ukanaskneli berZnulidan Semosuli

sityvaa (WumburiZe, 1978:71). CubinaSvilis mixedviT ,,eklesia _ Sesakrebeli

taZari salocavad RvTisa” (CubinaSvili, 1961:209). sainteresoa Tu ra sityva

gamoiyeneboda RvTismsaxurebis Senobis aRmniSvnelad qarTulSi. berZnuli

sityvis - eklesiis damkvidrebamde? Zvel saqarTveloSi qristianul sam-

locvelo Senobas eklesiis garda saydaric ewodeboda, miCneulia, rom es

ukanaskneli aRniSnuli mniSvnelobiT damkvidrda mogviano periodSi

(ZiZiguri, 1982:29-30). sakiTxis lingvisturi, istoriul-toponimiuri analizi-

dan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT saydari aris RvTismsaxurebis Senobis aRmniSv-

neli uZvelesi qarTuli termini. igi warmosdgeba sityvisagan ssayudari. mas-

Si gamoiyofa fuZe yyude. daerTvis daniSnulebis mawarmoebeli sa- -ar Tavs-

arT-bolosarTi.13 ,,yude” megruli sityvaa, Saliteraturo qarTulSi misi

Sesatyvisia ,,saxli” (qajaia, 2002:332). amdenad, ssayudari ((saydari) niSnavda

gansakuTrebuli daniSnulebis saxls, sadac sruldeboda RvTismsaxureba.

vfiqrobT, sityva ssayudari Soreul warsulSi unda warmoSobiliyo.

swored, Cveni winaprebi, jer kidev warmarTobis periodSi, TavianT salocav

saxlebs, sadac ikribebodnen da asrulebdnen RvTismsaxurebis ritualebs,

uwodebdnen ,,,sayudars” anu ,,RvTis saxls”. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sityva

,,sayudari”_s agebulebas igi zanur-qarTuli enobrivi erTobis periodidan

(daax. Zv.w. II aTaswleuli) momdinare terminad unda miviCnioT.

saqarTveloSi, qristianobis gavrcelebis pirvel etapze, qristianul

samlocvelo saxlebs (Senobebs) tradiciis gavleniT ewoda sayudari anu

saydari. Semdgom misi adgili daikaves terminebma: eklesia, taZari, xolo

13 samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi toponimTa daniSnulebis mawarmoeblebis Sesaxeb ix.:

qamadaZe, 1992:31; cecxlaZe, 2000:68-69.

64

termini sayudari (RvTis saxli) paralelurad ganagrZobda arsebobas.14 am

mxriv sayuradReboa e. w. ,,ratianis sigeli", romelic XVII s-is Sua wlebSia

gacemuli samegrelos mTavar levan II dadianis mier. masSi vkiTxulobT:

papa Cveni lion dadiani (saubaria levan I dadianze) stambols wasula da

rac odiSis saydrebi yofila, imisaTvis zogs oci, zogs aTi, zogs xuTi

kvamli Seuwiravs" (beraZe, 1981:77). Cans, rom tradiciis mixedviT am periodis

samegreloSi uwindeburad ,,RvTis saxls" saydars eZaxdnen. aRniSnuli tra-

dicia myarad iqna SenarCunebuli samxreT_dasavleT saqarTveloSi. rac gan-

sakuTrebiT kargad Cans mxaris toponimiaSi. geografiul adgilebs, sadac

fiqsirdeba qristianuli samlocveloebi, ZiriTadad ewodeba: ssaydari,

saxtari. mravlad gvaqvs maTgan warmomdgari toponimebi: saydari, saydri-

Ziri, saydriseri, saydriyeli, nasaydrali, nasaydrevi, nasaydari, saxtari,

nasaxtrevi (sixaruliZe, 1958:226; 1959:52,64,180; cecxlaZe, 2004:199,210). sakiTx-

Tan dakavSirebiT, aseve sainteresoa termini saydrioni, dayudebuli. akad.

s. janaSias ganmartebiT saydrioni niSnavs saydris Svilebs (janaSia, 1959:41)

anu saydris morwmuneTa krebuls. xolo ,,dayudeba, dayudebuli aris gan-

martoebiT mcxovrebi beri, gandegili” (qegl., 1986:203). Tavdapirvelad dayu-

deba, dayudebuli niSnavda saydarSi locvad dadgomas, locvad dgomas.

sayuradReboa, rom samwerlo leqsikaSi, qristianul samlocvelo Seno-

bis aRmniSvnelad iyenebdnen termin saydars i. WavWavaZe (WavWavaZe, 1987:269;

1988:30,69,103,143,147), a. wereTeli (wereTeli, 1989:122,133), i. gogebaSvili

(gogebaSvili, 1912:243-244).15 droTa viTarebaSi terminma ,,sayudari“ ganicada

cvlilebebi. sityvis fuZeSi moxda ,,u” xmovnis dakargva (reduqcia), ris

Sedegadac miviReT saydari [sa y-(u) dariLsaydari].

literatura

1. beraZe T., zRvaosnoba Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1981

2. gogebaSvili i., deda ena, Tbilisi, 1912

3. sixaruliZe i., samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos toponimika, t. I, baT.,

1958; t. II, baT., 1959

4. uzunaZe r., winaparTa nakvalevze. _ gaz. ,,aWara”, baTumi, 2003, #233

5. qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, Tbilisi, 1959

6. qamadaZe m., zemo aWaris toponimia. _ aWaruli dialeqtis

dargobrivi leqsikoni, VIII, Tbilisi, 1992

7. qajaia oT., megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 2002

8. qegl – qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 1986

9. CubinaSvili n., qarTuli leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 1961

10. cecxlaZe n., SavSeT-imerxevis toponimia, baT., 2000

11. cecxlaZe n., Ziebani Woroxis auzis toponimiidan, baT., 2004

12. S. ZiZiguri, saenaTmecniero saubrebi, Tbilisi, 1982.

13. wereTeli ak., Txzulebani, t. III, Tbilisi, 1989

14. WavWavaZe i., Txzulebani, t. I, Tbilisi, 1987; t. II, Tbilisi, 1988

15. WumburiZe z., rogor gaCnda sityva, Tbilisi, 1978

16. janaSia s., Sromebi, t. III, Tbilisi, 1959

14 qarTul saistorio wyaroSi gvxvdeba gamoTqma: „yoveli saydris Svilni“ (qarTlis

cxovreba, 1959:449). rac niSnavs saydris (eklesiis) samwysos. 15 i. gogebaSvilis moTxrobaSi ,,saydari“ vkiTxulobT: Cvens sofelSi aSenebulia mSvenieri

Tlili qvis saydari... sofeli didad Tayvans scems Cvens saydars. yvela Cvengani am

saydarSia monaTluli, masSi evedreba RmerTsa... imave saydaris Sori-axlo miabareben miwas

Cvens sxeulsa... Cveni saydari sayovelTao saRmrTo safarvelia (gogebaSvili, 1912:243).

65

merab uzunaZe

baTumis arqeologiuri muzeumi

gvaras cixe

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi safortifikacio nagebobaTa xSiri

qselis arsebobaze naTlad miuTiTebs aWaris teritoriaze cnobili

cixeqalaqebi: gonio-afsarosi, baTumis cixe, petra-cixisZiri, xixani, aseve

aTobiT didi Tu mcire cixe (mamulaZe, 1993; kaxiZe, xaxutaiSvili, 1988;

siWinava, 1962; CxeiZe, 1959; inaiSvili, 1993), romelTa Soris sayuradReboa

gvaras cixe.

gvaras cixe mdebareobs xelvaCauris raionis kirnaTis sasoflo

sakrebulos teritoriaze, adgil nakirnaTevsa da sofel gvaras Soris

sazRvarze. warsulSi sofeli kirnaTi aRniSnul adgilze yofila gaSenebu-

li da Semdgom _ zvavebis Camowolis gamo, gadaadgilebula 3 km-T. rogorc

Cans, adre es adgilebi sofel gvaras ekuTvnoda da cixis saxelwodebac

aqedan unda momdinareobdes. sofeli gvara cixidan dacilebulia 1-1,5 km-iT

da ganlagebulia Crdilo-aRmosavleTidan Crdilo-dasavleTiT.

cixe gaSenebulia or xevs Soris, gvaras mTis dablobze, igi gadahyu-

rebs: samxreT-aRmosavleTiT maWaxlis xeobas, xolo samxreT-dasavleTiT

mdinare Woroxs. gvaras cixe zemodan dahyurebs mdinare Woroxisa da maWa-

xelas mier Seqmnil dablobze gaSenebul sofel maWaxlispirs da Crdilo-

dasavleTiT mdinare Woroxis sanapiroze gaSenebul sofel qveda maradids.

mTlianad cixis saTvalTvalo arealSia moqceuli maWaxlis xeobisa da

kirnaTisaken mimavali gzebis Sesayari. misi meSveobiT advilad SeiZleboda

gakontrolebuliyo maWaxlisa da Woroxis xeobaTa Semosasvlelebi.

gvaras cixes, misi mdebareobidan gamomdinare, istoriis garkveul

monakveTSi didi strategiuli datvirTva hqonda, rac ganpirobebuli iyo

aRniSnuli regionis istoriul-geografiuli mdebareobiT. TviT cixis

mimdebare teritoriac Woroxis auzis erT-erT uZveles, maRalganviTarebul

dasaxlebas warmoadgenda (kaxiZe, kaxiZe, 1993; kaxiZe, 1997). mdinare maWaxlis

xeobasa da mis ferdobze mosaxleoba adreuli periodidan dasaxlebula

(kaxiZe, 1974:7; kaxiZe, mamulaZe, 2000:68-69). amasTan, maWaxlisa da Woroxis

xeobebSi gadioda mniSvnelovani savaWro gzebi. erT-erTi grZeli gza uSu-

alod Woroxis xeobaze gadioda, meore umoklesi gza maWaxlis xeobaze.

pirveli gza miemarTeboda arTvin-artanujis mimarTulebiT da Woroxis

auzis provinciebs akavSirebda SavizRvispireTTan (kaxiZe, 1974:14; varSaniZe,

1990:72-73). SavizRvispireTidan mtkvrisa da Woroxis auzebze gamavali gzebi

,,miemarTeboda sxvadasxva qveyanasa da regionebSi: bizantia, somxeTi, qvemo

da Sida qarTli, lixT-imereTSi” (berZeniSvili, 1966:80). garkveul periodSi

Woroxis (nigalis) xeobaze gadioda cnobili abreSumis gzis erT-erTi Sto

da ukavSirdeboda SavizRvispira punqtebs (beqiriSvili, 1998). meore gza ki

SavizRvispireTTan akavSirebda zeda da qveda aWaras. Sesabamisad didi iyo

am gzebis savaWro-ekonomikuri da strategiuli mniSvneloba Woroxis mxa-

ris provinciebisaTvis da saerTod, saqarTvelosaTvis. aman gamoiwvia aRniS-

nuli samimosvlo gzebis kargi ganviTareba, rasac adasturebs istoriuli,

eTnografiuli da toponimikuri monacemebi; materialuri kulturuli Zeg-

lebi - xidebi, cixeebi (kaxiZe, 1974:13). am ukanasknelTa erT-erT mniSvnelo-

van funqcias warmoadgenda savaWro gzebis dacva (mamulaZe, 1993:27-28, 70-71;

varSaniZe, 1990:69-70). ase rom maWaxlisa da nigalis xeobaTa Sesayarze

mdebare gvaras cixe erT-erTi uZvelesi da mniSvnelovani simagre, ,,...

nigalisa da maWaxlis gasaRebi iyo“ (sixaruliZe, 1959:156).

66

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare gvaras cixis istoriis Seswavla saSuri

saqmea. werilobiTi wyaroebis uqonlobis gamo didi mniSvneloba eniWeba

cixis arqeologiur kvleva-Ziebas. am interesiT iyo ganpirobebuli gonio-

afsarosis mudmivmoqmedi arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier 2000 wlis ivlis-

agvistos TveebSi cixeze Catarebuli dazverviTi eqspedicia.16

gvaras cixe gaSenebulia mdinareTa donidan 120-140 metris simaRleze.

mas ZiriTadad saTvalTvalo (sasignalo) funqcia unda Seesrulebina,

SeeZlo aramarto moaxlebuli saSiSroebis Sesaxeb ecnobebina cecxlisa

Tu sxva saSualebebiT, aramed mterTan mcire masStabis brZolac gaemarTa.

cixe cicabo kldezea aSenebuli.

mSeneblobisas gamoyenebulia ori saxis qva,

kldovani qanebi da riyis qva. riyis qva

amoqondaT rogorc Woroxis, ise maWaxlis

sanapirodan. cicabo biliki miemarTeboda

cixisaken. rac Seexeba kldovan qvebs, isini

cixis irgvliv mravladaa SemorCenili. qvebis

mcire nawili faqizadaa naTali. isini formiT,

damuSavebis xarisxiT avlenen msgavsebas gonios

cixis kvadruli tipis qvebTan. CrdiloeT kede-

lze SemorCenilia jvari, romelic Sesrule-

bulia Tlil qvaze.17 gaTxrebis procesSi cixe

moinaxules profesorebma g. lorTqifaniZem, s.

noneSvilma. maT jvari XII saukuniT daaTariRes.

aseve cixeze imyofeboda cnobili mkvlevar –

arqeologi prof. r. ramiSvili. man jvari ufro

adreul xanisad miiCnia. igi emsgavseba bolni-

sis sionSi SemorCenil jvars, romlis msgavsi

formebi qarTul arqiteqturaSi Semodis V sau-

kunis 70-90-iani wlebidan da cnobilia bolnuri jvris saxelwodebiT, mas

sxva jvrebisagan gansxvavebiT gaaCnia garkveuli Taviseburebebi, rac gamo-

ixateba imaSi rom jvari moqceulia marTkuTxa CarCoSi da boloeb

gafarToebulia. aRniSnuli jvris identuroba bolnur jvarTan miuTiTebs

gvaras cixis arqaulobaze. profesor a. kaxiZis varaudiT cixe romauli

xanisa unda iyos, kerZod, cixe Tavisi mniSvnelobis xasiaTidan gamomdinare

amJRavnebs msgavsebas gonios cixis romaul samSeneblo fenasTan. am azrs,

aseve iziarebs eTnologi, prof. n. kaxiZe. igi miuTiTebs, rom Tavisi Zveli

feniT _ Tarazuli wyoba, faqizad Tlili qvebi, gvaras cixe gonios cixis

gverdiT dgeba da mas winafeodaluri xaniT aTariReben” (kaxiZe, 1974:14).

siZvelisa da droTa viTarebis Sedegad cixis didi nawili mongreulia,

amasTan, igi Sida cixeSia Caqceuli, rac arTulebda eqspediciis

saqmianobas. SedarebiT ukeTesad gadarCenilia cixis samxreTi da samxreT-

aRmosavleTi nawili, romelic uSualod zedapiridanaa aSenebuli. cixis

didi nawili kldezea naSenebi. gadarCenili kedlis simaRle 5-6 metria,

xolo kldovan (Crdilo da Crdilo-dasavleT) nawilSi 16-24 metramde

aRwevs. cixes samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken odnav ovaluri, wagrZelebuli

16 eqspediciaSi monawileobdnen: gonio-afsarosis mudmivmoqmedi arqeologiuri eqspediciis

xelmZRvaneli, prof. a. kaxiZe, gonio-afsarosis muzeumis direqtori, prof. S. mamulaZe,

doc. s. gogitiZe, baTumis saxelmwifo universitetis istoriis fakultetis IV kursis

studenti m. uzunaZe. 17 50-ian wlebSi cixis teritoriaze aRmoCenil iqna msgavsi jvari (sixaruliZe, 1958:276.)

67

forma aqvs. cixis sigrZe samxreTidan CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT 27,5 met-

ria, xolo centralur nawilSi, aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken gadaWimu-

lia 16,25 metrze. cixe Crdilo nawilSi Seviwrovebulia da misi sigane

mxolod 7 metrs Seadgens, xolo sigrZe 10 metria. kedlebis sisqe sxvada-

sxvaa. aRmosavleTiT pirveli kedlis sisqe 1,3 metria, meore kedlis _ 0,7

metri. saerTo farTobi 340-350 kv. metria.

cixis samxreT kuTxeSi Semonaxulia Wa, romlis simaRle _ 3,87 metria,

diametri _ 1 m. Wis Ziri sworia, magram cal mxares SeimCneva daqaneba,

sadac gaaCnia patara xvreli, romelic dakavSirebulia WurTan. Wis mSeneb-

lobaze gamoyenebulia, rogorc riyis qva, aseve kldis qanebi. Wa SigniTa

mxridan amolesilia kirxsnariT. prof. iuri sixaruliZe miiCnevs, rom Was

dilegis funqcis unda Seesrulebina (sixaruliZe, 1959:276), magram

dReisTvis mtkicdeba, rom Wa wvimis wylis sacavi iyo, romelic, rogorc

aRvniSneT, patara gasasvleliT ukavSirdeba qvevrs, sadac xdeboda

damatebiTi wylis maragis dagroveba.18 TviT Wa ovaluri formisaa, misi

kedlebis sisqe sxvadasxvaa, romelic meryeobs 60-70 sm-is farglebSi.

gvaras cixeze Catarebuli gaTxrebi atarebda dazverviT xasiaTs.

gaiwminda teritoria xe-buCqebisagan. zogierT monakveTze moewyo sadazver-

vo gaTxrebi. aRmoCenil iqna sxvadasxva periodis keramikuli nawarmi, maT

Soris amforis Zirebi, gverdebi, agurebi, kramiti da Turquli periodis

ramdenime cali Tixis Cibuxi. rogorc Cans, Turqebis batonobis garkveul

monakveTSi cixe moqmedi yofila. aseve aRmoCenil iqna Surdulis qvebi.

gvaras cixis Semdgomi arqeologiuri Seswavla naTels mohfens

warsulis bevr saintereso moments.

literatura

1. berZeniSvili n., gzebi rusTavelis epoqis saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1966.

2. beqiriSvili i., abreSumis gzis istoriidan. _ gazeTi ,,aWara”, # 156,

baTumi, 1998

3. varSaniZe S., aWara antikuri xanidan saqarTvelos erTiani monarqiis

Seqmnamde, baTumi, 1990

4. inaiSvili n., cixisZiris ax. w. I-IV ss. arqeologiuri Zeglebi. _ sdsZ,

XXIII, Tbilisi, 1993

5. kaxiZe a., kaxiZe n., uZvelesi arqeologiuri nivTieri masalebi maWaxlis

xeobaSi. _ gazeTi ,,kaxaberi”, 1993, 19. 03.

6. kaxiZe a., aWaris istoriis arqeologiuri masala. _ Jurnali ,,Woroxi”,

IV, baTumi, 1997

7. kaxiZe a., mamulaZe S., Woroxis auzi kolxuri kulturis uZvelesi kera,

baTumi, 2000

8. kaxiZe n., maWaxlis xeoba, baTumi, 1974

9. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, II, Tbilisi, 1973

10. siWinava v., qalaq baTumis Zveli istoriidan. _ baTumis pedagogiuri

institutis Sromebi, t. IX, baTumi, 1962

11. sixaruliZe i., samxreT_dasavleT saqarTvelos toponimika, II, baT., 1959

12. CxeiZe j., baTumi (istoriuli narkvevebi), baTumi, 1959

18 gadmocemis mixedviT cixe maWaxlis wyliT maragdeboda. Zvelad maWaxeli cixis borcvs

ufro axlos Caudioda, vidre amJamad. specialuri gvirabic yofila amisTvis, ,,Tumca

dResac araviTari kvali aseTi nagebobisa ar SeiniSneba” _ miuTiTebs prof. i.sixaruliZe

(sixaruliZe, 1959:276), momavali arqeologiuri saZiebo samuSaoebi gviCveneben Tu ramdenad

asaxavs sinamdviles gadmocema.

68

malxaz CoxaraZe

SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti

kriptoqristianoba parxalSi

marTlmadideblur samyaroSi

islamizebul farul qristiano-

basTan (kriptoqristianobasTan)

damokidebuleba araerTgvarovania.

es uaRresad mniSvnelovani da

saintereso Temaa, Tumca amjerad

Cveni mizani araa problemis

Teologiuri TvalsazrisiT gaana-

lizeba. aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom

am tipis faruli qristianobis

fenomeni aRmocenda jer kidev

bizantiaSi arabTa eqspansiis

dros. (VII-X ss.) xolo ufro gvian,

1453 wlidan, konstantinepolis

dacemis Semdeg, faruli qristiane-

bis ricxvi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. Ffaqtia, rom farulma qristianebma

cxovrebis metad rTuli gza airCies. Ees fenomeni dRemde arsebobs Tur-

qeTSi da mis arss kargad gamoxatavs erTi berZeni kriptoqristianis

sityvebi: ,,sazogadoeba sxvanairebad gvicnobs: yoveldRiur yofaSi Cven isa

varT, rac vaCanvarT – marTlmorwmune Turqebi, magram Sinaganad, sulierad

Cveni rwmeniT, marTlmadideblobiT vcxovrobT. erTi meores sruliad

ewinaaRmdegeba da Cveni tragediis safuZvelTa safuZvelic egaa.” kripto-

qristianul teqstebSi dasturdeba am gaorebis, Sinagani gaxleCis faqtebi

( ��!����������� �� �� ���). aq, cxadia, osmaleTis mier dapyrobili da rwmena-

warTmeuli xalxebi igulisxmeba.

analogiuri procesebi damaxasiaTebeli iyo qarTuli sinamdvilisTvis:

osmaluri agresiis obieqti tradiciul social-politikur wyobasTan

erTad upirvelesad eklesia iyo. garda imisa, rom moiSala saepiskoposoebi,

sastikad idevneboda marTlmadidebloba, mosaxleobas uaRresad mZime

begara-gadasaxadebi daekisra da dampyrobeli arc ZaldatanebiT

islamizacias erideboda. XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi mTeli regionis

islamizaciis procesi arsebiTad dasrulebulia. miuxedavad amisa, regionis

sarwmunoebrivi saxe erTgvarovani rodia. XIX saukunis samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTvelos (e. w. osmalos saqarTvelos, samuslimano saqarTvelos) qar-

Tveli mosaxleoba religiuri TvalsazrisiT ramdenime jgufad SeiZleba

davyoT:

1. qarTveli mahmadianebi (es jgufi, cxadia, yvelaze mravalricxovania

da regionis ZiriTad mosaxleobas Seadgens);

2. gasomxebuli qarTveli grigorianelebi;

3. gasomxebuli qarTveli kaTolikebi;

4. faruli qristianebi;

5. qarTveli kaTolikebi;

6. qarTveli marTlmadideblebi.

niSandoblivia, rom XIX saukuneSive iwyeba samxreT saqarTveloSi

osmalebis batonobis Canacvleba ruseTiT. es iyo sakmaod xangrZlivi da

69

sisxliani procesi. osmaleTTan 1828-1829 wlebis omis Semdeg adrianopolis

zaviT ruseTma miiRo axalcixis da axalqalaqis mazrebi (samcxe-javaxeTi,

focxovi da palakacio (Crdili), xolo 1878-1879 wlebis omis Semdeg

(berlinis traqtatis ZaliT) _ baTumisa da yarsis olqebi (aWara, SavSeTi,

klarjeTi, kola, artaani, taos nawili). taos darCenili nawili (maT Soris

CvenTvis saintereso mxare) mxolod meoce saukuneSi moeqca saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis farglebSi da isic mcire xniT.

faruli qristianoba, metadre rwmenis iZulebiTi Secvlis periodSi,

damaxasiaTebeli movlena iyo mTel samuslimano saqarTveloSi. XIX

saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, magaliTad, samcxe-javaxeTis ruseTTan mierTebis

Semdeg, faruli qristianebis umravlesobam aSkarad aRiara winaparTa

rwmena (froneli, 1991:62). isic cnobilia, rom qobuleTSi, aWarasa da

imerxevSi mahmadianobam fexi myarad ver moikida XIX saukunis dasawyisamde

(TayaiSvili, 1991:217). 1877-78 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdeg, roca es

mxarec miierTa ruseTis imperiam, marTalia aqaurebi aRar qristianobdnen

da mtkiced erTgulebdnen islams, qristianuli warsuli kargad axsovdaT

da metic, faruli Tu aSkara qristiani winaprebis Sesaxeb siamovnebiT

mouTxrobdnen dainteresebul pirT; magaliTad, sofel kapnisTavSi zaqaria

WiWinaZisTvis erT adgilobriv moxucs uTqvams: ,,me moveswari, roca Cveni

soflis dedabrebi am daqceuls eklesiaSi dadiodnen da loculobdnen

xolmeo” (WiWinaZe, 1913:37).

kidev ufro sagulisxmoa, rom lamis pirwmindad gamahmadianebul

TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, 1874 wels, giorgi yazbegma imiertaoSi, parxlis

midamoebSi aRmoaCina 80-mde faruli qristiani. ufro metic, aq cxovrobda

ramdenime ojaxi, romelic aSkarad aRiarebda winaparTa rwmenas. unda

aRiniSnos, rom TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi darCenil mTel maSindel

qarTul miwa-wyalze es erTaderTi adgilia, sadac Riad Tu farulad

qarTveli marTlmadideblebi cxovroben.

„amJamad parxlis midamoebi mniSvnelovania imiT, rom aq SemorCa

marTlmadidebluri aRmsareblobis ramdenime qarTuli ojaxi. es faqti

srul yuradRebas imsaxurebs. qristianuli aRmsareblobis ojaxTa ricxvi

xuTs udris, magram amboben, rom aq kidev aris 80-mde faruli qrisitiani.

aqaur qristianul Tems hyavs Tavisi mRvdeli, romlis xarisxi RebraZeTa

gvaris samemkvidro sakuTrebad darCa. am gvaris axlandelma

warmomadgenelma, 60 wlis mRvdelma, Tavisi samwyso ukve gadasca Svils,

romelic xeldasmulia axalcixeSi (yazbegi, 1995:147).

g. yazbegi aRniSnavs, rom mama da Svili mciremcodneni aRmoCndnen da

amitom ver SeZles, CvenTvis raime ecnobebinaTo, magram TviT es cnoba aris

uaRresad mniSvnelovani da saintereso informaciis Semcveli. jer erTi,

osmaleTis imperiis am miyruebul provinciaSi marTlmadidebeli

qristianebis arseboba saswauls utoldeba, meorec, aqaur qristianebs hyavT

mRvdeli, (marTalia, mciremcodne, magram es gasakviri rodia), gaaCniaT

saeklesio wignebi, asruleben religiur ritualebs, aqvT kavSiri sxva

qristianul centrebTan da sxva.

sayuradReboa yazbegis cnoba, rom umcrosi RebraZis (RebaZis) xeldasma

axalcixeSi momxdara. misi mRvdlad kurTxevis TariRi ucnobia, magram

faqtia, rom es moxda axalcixis ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi moqcevis

Semdeg: rogorc aRiniSna, mama RebraZe 1874 wels 60 wlisaa, samcxe-javaxeTi

ruseTma miierTa 1829 wels adrianopolis zaviT. am dros es mRvdeli

TxuTmetiode wlis iyo da bunebrivia, Svili ar eyoleboda, miTumetes,

samRvdlod momzadebuli Svili.

70

maSasadame, 1874 wels parxleli RebraZeebi mcirericxovan mrevls

patronoben da garkveuli kavSiri aqvT ruseTis imperiaSi moqceul

saqarTvelosTan, ramdenad masStaburia qarTul qristianul wreebTan maTi

urTierToba, Zneli saTqmelia, magram faqtia, rom aseTi kavSiri arsebobs.

niSandoblivia, rom mRvdeli g. yazbegis cnobebis Tanaxmad, Zveli

saxarebis wasakiTxad midis xolme arTvinSi: ufro gvian, XX saukunis

dasawyisSi saeklesio wignebi da Sesabamisad, albaT, saxarebac, rom

hqondaT parxlel marTlmadideblebs, amis Sesaxeb cnobas ukve eqvTime

TayaiSvili iZleva (TayaiSvili 1991:217) amdenad mRvdels saxareba XIX

saukunis 70-ian wlebSic eqneboda. swored Zveli wignis siwmindis Zala Tu

gadaalaxvinebda amodena manZils. aRarafers vambob imaze, rom es misi

rwmenis simtkiceze miuTiTebs, aba ra Seanaxvinebda im ubedurebaSi rjuls

da mrevls.

g. yazbegi ar miuTiTebs, arTvinSi mavali mRvdeli umcrosi RebraZe iyo

Tu ufrosi. albaT ufro es ukanaskneli, radgan mogzauri upiratesad

masze saubrobs. am SemTxvevaSi unda vigulisxmoT, rom somexi xucesi Zvel

(ramdenime wlis winandels mainc) ambavs yveba: 1874 wels, roca yazbegma

RebraZe naxa, moxucs mxedveloba daSretili hqonda (yazbegi 1995: 145),

Sesabamisad, Zneli safiqrebelia, ocsaaTiani gza daeZlia. miTumetes, brma

saxarebis wasakiTxavad ver mividoda (Tu ra Tqma unda, „wakiTxvaSi” sxvisi

wakiTxulis mosmena ar igulisxmeba).

g. yazbegi qristianuli Temis adgilsamyoflad armenxevs asaxelebs.

axsenebs agreTve kobaks. eqvTime TayaiSvili „sofel xeveksa da armenxevs”,

Tumca, iqve saubrobs ara „soflebis”, aramed „soflis” Seaxeb (TayaiSvili,

1991:218) sofeli xevekia miTiTebuli 1917 wlis arqeoligiuri eqspediciis

wevrTa mier gadaRebul im fotozec, sadac aqauri qristianebi arian

aRbeWdili.

amdenad, g. yazbegis mier aRwerili ambis metad saintereso gagrZelebaa

mocemuli eqvTime TayaiSvilis 1917 wlis arqeologiuri eqspediciis

angariSSi. aqve unda iTqvas, rom eqvTime TayaiSvilma, rakiRa Tavad ver

moaxerxa parxalSi asvla, iq gagzavna eqspediciis ori wevri (TayaiSvili,

1991:4) d. SevardnaZe (mxatvari) da i. zdaneviCi (moxalise xuroTmoZRvari

alpinisti) (TayaiSvili, 1991:217).

rogorc ukve vTqvi, taos es nawili osmaleTis imperiis

SemadgenlobaSi rCeboda ruseTis kavkasiaSi damkvidrebis Semdegac da

Sesabamisad, qristianul samyarosTan kontaqtis saSualeba metismetad

SezRuduli iyo. 1874 wlidan 1917 wlamde mTeli 43 welia gasuli. es

mTeli Taobis Secvlas niSnavs. miuxedavad amisa, faruli qristianoba

SenarCunebulia imdenad, rom rogorc ki SesaZlebloba miecaT, ganacxades

winaparTa rjulis erTgulebis Sesaxeb. kerZod, eqvTime TayaiSvili wers:

„ukanaskneli msoflio omis dros, rodesac rusis jarma daikava

Woroxis baseini, am soflis mTelma mosaxleobam aSkarad aRiara Tavisi

qristianuli rwmena da did sixaruls ganicdidnen. Cvenma 1917 wlis

arqeologiuri eqspediciis wevrebma d. SevardnaZem da g. zdaneviCma

inaxules igini da hqondaT maTTan saubari mrevlis mowyobis Sesaxeb. Cvens

sakaTalikoso sabWos unda gaegzavna maTTvis mRvdeli, rom fronti ar

moSliliyo da rusis jars ar mietovebina es mxare”. (TayaiSvili, 1991:217)

Ees cnobebi mravali TvalsazrisiT aris mniSvnelovani da saintereso:

yazbegis mogzaurobidan eqvsiode wlis Semdeg, 1880 wels imave midamoebSi

mividnen ,,kavkasiaSi qristianobis aRmdgeni sazogadoebis” wevrebi – eq.

TalakvaZe da d. mgalobliSvili. maT sofel kobakSi adgilobriv farul

71

qristianebTan erTad yvela religiuri wesis dacviT locva aRavlines

eklesiis nangrevebSi. sainteresoa agreTve, rom isini ,,qristianobis

aRmdgeni sazogadoebisaTvis wardgenil angariSSi (scssa, 1-72) SeniSnaven:

,,es iyo pirveli qristianuli locva ager ukve 200 wlis ganmavlobaSio”.

kobaki da xeveki mezobeli soflebi arian. Tu eqvsiode wlis win am

midamoebSi farulTan erTad Ria qristianebic iyvnen da mRvdelic hyavdaT,

ranairad iqneboda es locva ,,pirveli 200 wlis ganmavlobaSi?” rogorc

Cans, maspinZlebi mainc frTxilobdnen da guls rodi uxsnidnen ucxoebs.

adgilobrivTa sifrTxileze angariSis avtorebic miuTiTeben da isic

cxadia, rom sifrTxile faruli qristianobis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa.

eqvTime TayaiSvilis eqspediciis Semdeg didi xani ar iyo gasuli, rom

es regioni saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca

(igulisxmeba erTa ligis mier cnobili sazRvrebi) es is periodia, romlis

Sesaxebac viqtor nozaZe werda: ,,1920 wlis dasasrulisaTvis qarTuli

teritoria gaerTianda da gamrTelda: Seiqmna didi saqarTvelo, Tavis Zvel

sazRvrebSi, Tavisi qarTuli miwa-wyliT, romelic JamTa siavis srbolaSi

da istoriuli ukuRmarTobiT moswyda mas. aRsdga saqarTvelo”. (nozaZe,

1991:73). magram samwuxarod, menSevikur saqarTvelos arc dro hqonda, arc

SesaZlebloba da SesaZloa, arc survili, rom saTanadod moekiTxa da

moexeda aqaurobisTvis.

rogor cxovrobdnen da, sazogadod, ras warmoadgendnen parxliswylis

xeobis mcxovrebni XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnaze? sainteresoa, rom winaparTa

rjulis Semnaxavi qarTvelebis socialuri da erovnuli fizionomia mTlad

saxarbielo ver aris. yazbegis Tanaxmad, sakuTriv sofel parxalSi

qarTuli ena yvelam ar icis. kobakis da armenxevis mkvidrebma ician, magram

isini Seryvnil qarTuls laparakoben. bunebrivia, am miyruebuli xeobis

mcxovrebni Zvel taour dialeqtze metyvelebdnen maSinac. es dialeqti ki

rogorc saliteraturo qarTulisgan, aseve imJamindeli ,,ruseTis

saqarTvelos” sxva dialeqtebisgan ramdenadme gansxvavdeba. SesaZloa

gvefiqra, rom swored am uCveulobam mosWra yuri yazbegs. Tavadac

SeniSnavs, rom ,,gansakuTrebuli kiloTi da Cqari metyvelebiT aqaurTa ena

Taviseburia da igi ruseTis saqarTvelos arc erTi kuTxis metyvelebas ar

hgavs” (yazbegi, 1995:142), magram yazbegs ver davwamebT imas, rom dialeqturi

metyveleba CaTvala Seryvnil qarTulad. sxva SemTxvevebSi, kerZod aWaris,

imerxevis, livanis mcxovrebTa Sesaxeb saubrisas, igi sagangebod aRniSnavs

adgilobrivTa gamarTuli qarTulis Sesaxeb. SavSelTa (imerxevelTa)

Sesaxeb wers: ,,saojaxo metyvelebaSi isini sufTa qarTuliT, mTliani

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis, e. i. kavkasiis mTiulebis aqcentiT laparakoben,”

(yazbegi 1995:90), xolo livanis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs, rom „Woroxis sanapiros

mcxovrebni sufTa qarTuls laparakobeno”. (yazbegi, 1995:116).

g. yazbegi xazs usvams adgilobrivTa CamorCenilobasac. igi aRniSnavs,

rom ,,xalxi gonebrivad naklebad ganviTarebulia da pirvelyofili

periodis Tvisebebs atarebs. mkacrma bunebam da srulma karCaketilobam

gansakuTrebuli gavlena moaxdina kobakis mcxovrebTa zne-Cveulebebze...

kobakis gverdiT parxlis xeobaSi mogzauri sul sxva suraTis mowme xdeba.

iq xalxi ufro ganviTarebulia, radgan Woroxis napirebis mosaxleobasTan

urTierTobisaTvis bunebis xelisSemSleli pirobebi naklebia” (yazbegi,

1995:142).

parxlelTa duxWir cxovrebaze miuTiTebs zaqaria WiWinaZec (WiWinaZe

1913:52). isini gadmodiodnen xolme ruseTis saqarTveloSi da xSirad

fuladi anazRaurebis gareSe, dRiuri lukmis fasad Sromobdnen. aWaraSi

72

zogan dResac aris SemorCenili termini ,,parxali”: xarbad mWamel,

gaumaZRar adamians etyvian _ ramdens Wam, parxali xom ar xaro, an

parxaliviT Wamo... swored im epoqis mware realobis anarekli da kvalia es

gamoTqma!

am gaWirvebul da beCav yofaSi winaparTa rjulis erTguleba miT

ufro arTulebs aqaurTa cnobierebis analizs. cxadia, garkveuli

daskvnebis gakeTeba im mwiri masalebidanac SeiZleba, rac am xeobis

mcxovrebTa Sesaxeb arsebobs: jer erTi, es regioni marTlac miuvalia,

RvTisagan da kacisgan daviwyebuli („kobakidan parxlamde gzas me ar

aRvwer, SevniSnav mxolod, rom es iyo yvelaze saZageli gza, romelic

gaviareT am mogzaurobis dros“ _ aRniSnavs yazbegi (yazbegi, 1995:142).

meorec, aqve axlos aris parxlis taZari (Tumca, sakuTriv parxlelebs

qarTulic daaviwydaT da rjulic). garda amisa, armenxevelebs mRvdelic

hyavdaT da misi wyalobiT saqristiano samyarosTan garkveuli kontaqtebic

hqondaT. Tu msjelobas ufro romantikul aspeqtSi gadavitanT, unda

gavixsenoT, rom „parxlis zemo soflebSi dRemdis SemorCenilia Zveli

grZeli arxi, romelic iwyeba sofel uTavidan, kobakis maxloblad,

gaWrilia kldeSi ramodenime versis sigrZeze da midis sofel zavrieTSi.

amas miaweren Tamar mefes da amboben, yvelaze didi Rvawli, romelic man

dasdo am mxares, es ariso“ (TayaiSvili, 1991:221). Tamaris xsovna, legendebi

„Tamara dedofalze“ aqaur qarTvelebSi dRemde arsebobs. vin icis, meomar

taoelTa STamomavlebi ra saidumlos inaxavdnen, ra valdebulebebis

matarebelni iyvnen „mefisa da mamulis“ winaSe. eklesia da miuvali xeoba

gana sxvagan ar iyo samuslimano saqarTveloSi? vin icis, ra saidumlo

waiRo Tan im Taobam.

rac Seexeba CamorCenilobas, albaT umjobesi iqneboda gveTqva, rom

aqaurebi cxovrebaze zurgSeqceuli xalxi iyo: maT uari Tqves realobaze,

romelic saqarTvelos istoriis Carxis ukuRma trialma moitana. wlebis

ganmavlobaSi ukompromisoba uxeSobad gardaiqmna, realobasTan

dapirispireba – karCaketilobad; TavisTavadobis, rwmenis, winaparTa

tradiciebis gadarCenisken miswrafeba – mtrisa Tu moyvris mimarT

undoblobad. sinamdvileSi ki swored es uxeSoba, karCaketiloba da

undobloba iqca taoeli faruli qristianebis sulis damcav garsad...

eqvTime TayaiSvilis eqspediciis Semdeg aqauri qarTvelebis Sesaxeb

cnobebi metad mwiria. 1959 wlis mogzaurobis dros denis sesil hilzi

Sexvda adgilobriv mcxovrebs, „mTavrobis finansur agents“, romelic,

SesaZlebelia, swored kobakis mcxovrebi yofiliyo. Cveni yuradReba hilzis

Canawerma imiT miiqcia, rom zemoxsenebuli gurji am ucxo kacTan saubrisas

gulistkivils gamoTqvams, rom adgilobrivT TandaTan aviwydebaT

mSobliuri ena. kerZod, hilzi aRniSnavs: „amboben, aRmosavleT TurqeTis

dRevandeli qarTuli mosaxleoba gamuslimanebuli STamomavlobaa

warmoSobiT qaristiani xalxisa, romelTa qveyana erT dros kavkasionidan

Woroxis mdinaremde da mis Senakadamde iyo gadaWimuli. me ar davuwye

gamokiTxva im agents, radgan is aucileblad uaryofda yovelgvar kavSirs

qristianebTan. magram is wuxda, rom ganaTlebis da emigraciis wyalobiT

qarTuli ena ikargeboda (hilzi, 1972:133).

vin icis, iqneb es finansuri agenti swored im faruli qristianebis

STamomavali iyo da arc uareyo qristianebTan misi winaprebis kavSiri...

Tanamedrove xeveksa da kobakSi isev axsovT qarTuli. upiratesad _

saSualo da ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebs. es midamoebi taos im

mcirericxovan soflebs Sorisaa, sadac dRemde Semoinaxes mSobliuri ena,

73

legendebi da warmodgenebi warsulisa da winaprebis Sesaxeb. isic unda

aRiniSnos, rom parxliswylis auzis miuvali soflebis umravlesoba dRes

lamis daclilia mosaxleobisgan. aqaurebi did qalaqebs etanebian da maTi

umravlesoba mxolod zafxulobiT amodis winaparTa keraze. Tumca

Tanamedrove viTareba ukve sxva Temaa da mas amjerad aRar SevexebiT.

literatura

1. TayaiSvili e., 1917 wlis arqeologiuri eqspedicia samxreT

saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1960

2. TayaiSvili e., samuslimano saqarTvelo. _ krebuli „dabruneba“

(emigrantululi naSromebi), Tbilisi, 1991

3. nozaZe v., saqarTvelos aRdgenisTvis brZola mesxeTis gamo, Tbilisi,

1991

4. scssa, f. 140, aRw.1, saq. 292, furc. 1-72.

5. froneli al., didebuli mesxeTi, Tbilisi, 1991

6. WiWinaZe z., musulman qarTveloba da maTi soflebi saqarTveloSi,

Tbilisi, 1913

7. yazbegi g., sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, baTumi, 1995

8. �� ���� «'��!����������� �� �� ���». - www. Pravoslavie.ru

74

arqeologiis ganyofileba

nana qoriZe

muzeumis iTifaluri qandakebebi

winaistoriuli periodis religiuri warmodgenebi, maT Soris sakulto

wes-Cveulebebi da maTi nakvalevi TanamedroveobaSi gansakuTrebiT

saintereso da sxvadasxva samecniero disciplinis dainteresebis sferos

warmoadgens. aWaris muzeumSi daculi iTifaluri qandakebebi im saganTa

ricxvs miekuTvnebian, romelTa saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia Zveli

sazogadoebis sulier Rirebulebebze, kerZod nayofierebis kultze

saubari. aRsaniSnavia, rom am kuTxiT muzeumSi araerTi saintereso

eqsponati da folkloruli wyaroa daculi, romelTa kulturologiuri

kvleva samomavlod mniSvnelovani daskvnebis saSualebas mogvcems.

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze iTifaluri qandakebis

povna aixsneba im garemoebiT, rom uxsovari warsulidan nayofierebis

simbolur gamosaxulebasTan _ falosTan dakavSirebuli rituali

warmoadgenda Zlierebisa da gamravlebis saSualebas. igi, rogorc

religiuri atributi, gaiazreboda, rogorc sikeTis sawyisi da yovelgvari

ubedurebisagan Tavdacvis simbolo.

falosuri kultis friad sayuradRebo masala warmodgenilia aWaris

muzeumSi, romelic napovnia samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kerZod axal-

cixis midamoebSi. isini muzeumSi Semovida 1921 wels. 5 cali brinjaos SiS-

veli mamakacis qandakebebi warmoadgenen sakulto sagnebs. isini sididiTa

da formiT gansxvavdebian, sxeuli sruliad SiSveli aqvT (sur. 1). Gamosaxu-

lebaTa falosuri xasiaTi mowmobs, rom aRniSnuli qandakebebi warmoad-

genen mamakacis sqesobrivi Zalis simbolur gamosaxulebas, romlis sakul-

to mniSvnelobas adasturebs qarTveli tomebis yofa-cxovrebisa da rwmena-

Ta Seswavla. am koleqciis yvela figura SiSvelia da iTifaluri

xasiaTisaa. TiToeuli figura calkea Camosxmuli, yalibi ar meordeba.

muzeumSi arsebuli iTifaluri figurebis msgavsi nivTebi 1871-1874 wlebSi

aRmoCnda stefanwmindaSi (yazbegi) da samecniero lireraturaSi cnobilia,

rogorc „yazbegis ganZi“. maTi didi nawili daculia moskovisa da

peterburgis muzeumebSi. ganZSi warmodgenili iyo sakulto sagnebi,

samkaulebi. brinjaos erT-erTi skulptura _ qandakeba dgas xaris rqebze.

igi warmoadgens magiuri mniSvnelobis sagans, xolo adamianis SiSveli

figuris gamosaxuleba faliuri atributebiT imaze miuTiTebs, rom am

nivTebs ritualuri daniSnuleba hqonda (sur. 2).

1913 wels sofel zekarSi (imereTi, baRdadis raioni) napovni iqna

SiSveli mamakacis gamosaxuleba, sqesobrivi niSnebiT. am figuris simaRle

24 sm-ia. igi stefanwmindaSi aRmoCenil figurebze didia, romelTa simaRle

12 sm-ia. zekaris figura gacilebiT mkveTrad gamoxatuli arqauli stili-

saa vidre stefanwmindis Zeglebi. zekarisa da stefanwmindis Zeglebis Seda-

rebiTi analizi adasturebs garkveuli mxatvruli tradiciebis arsebobas.

Zekaris figurisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia viwro, mogrZo torsi, metad ganieri

mxrebiT da sxeulis zeda nawilTan SedarebiT mokle fexebi. saxe brtyeli,

didi Tvalebi, mogrZo, win gamoweuli nikapi, kexiani cxviri da xSiri Tma.

sxeulis gadmocemaSi mkveTrad Cans arqauli stilis rigi Tavisebureba. igi

gvagonebs adreuli xanis xeTuri xelovnebis Zeglebs. figuris frontalo-

bas arRvevs idayvSi moxrili da win gawvdili xelebi. horizontalurad

gawvdili xelebis dapirispireba sxeulis vertikalur mdgomareobasTan

75

tipiuria arqauli epoqis qarTuli xelovnebisaTvis. zemoT aRniSnul qanda-

kebebs analogi moepoveba aWaris muzeumis koleqciaSic. misi simaRle 7,7 sm-

ia, qandakebas tani mamakacisa aqvs da amasTanave aqtiur mdgomareobaSia.

mxrebSi farTe, xelebi idayvebSi moxrili, marjvena xeli maRla aweuli

aqvs, xelSi gaurkveveli nivTi uWiravs, marcxena ki win wamoweuli, TiTqos

muWi aqvs moRerebuli. fexebi mokle, ganze gadgmuli. figuras Tavze gake-

Tebuli aqvs maRali da swori rqisebri Tavsaburavi, odnav marjvniv gadaqa-

nebuli. saxe brtyeli, Tvalebi win wamoweuli, SesamCnevadaa mocemuli

warbebic, xasiaTdeba swori cxviriTa da win wamoweuli qveda tuCiT. Figu-

ras naTlad etyoba daZabuloba. gamoiyureba, rogorc Suaxnis mamakaci, Tma

ki qalurad ukan aqvs daxveuli, es gasakviric ar aris, radganac cnobilia,

rom rogorc adamianisa da dedamiwis gamanayofierebel RvTaebas, gansakuT-

rebiT Tayvans scemdnen da is xalxuri warmodgeniT orsqesian arsebad iyo

warmodgenili. amitom mas xSirad qalis sxeuliTa da mamakacis asoTi

aqandakebdnen. qandakeba warmodgenilia upostamentod (sur. 3).

msgavsi saintereso masalaa mopovebuli ior-alaznis auzidan. SemTxve-

viT napovni qandakeba warmoadgens SiSveli mamakacis figuras, romelsac

xelebi ganze aqvs gaSlili. marjvena xelSi yanwi uWiravs, yelze TasmiT

marcxena iRliis qveS satevari hkidia, qandakebas aqtiur mdgomareobaSi

aqvs sasqeso organo. qandakebis simaRle 19 sm-ia. aqvea aRmoCenili SeiaraRe-

buli mamakacis brinjaos mrgvali qandakeba. mamakacs marcxena xelSi ova-

luri moxazulobis fari uWiravs, marjvenaSi Subis fragmenti, welze wnu-

li sartyeli aqvs da yelze gvirgvini ukeTia, sasqeso aso uxeSad aqvs

gamoyvanili da mucelze mikruli, profilSi cxviri kexiania. saxeze

mrisxane gamometyveleba da Tavze muzaradi axuravs. qandakebis simaRlea 8,7

sm. igi napovni iqna brinjaos sxva sagnebTan erTad.

aWaris muzeumSi daculi brinjaos qandakebebis koleqciidan 3

qandakeba TiTqmis erTnaeria. simaRliT 7-8 sm. beWebSi ganieri, marjvena

mxari damreci, xeli welTan doinjSemoyrili, marcxena mxari ufro

ganieri, xeli TeZomde daSvebuli. fexebi mokle, erTmaneTisgan

dacilebuli. mogrZo Tavi dabjenilia kiserze, mogrZo saxiTa da cxviriT.

Tvalebi daxuWuli aqvs, SesamCnevadaa warbebi. nikapi mogrZoa, gamoyvanilia

piris Rari. Tavze wawvetebuli qudi odnav marcxniv aqvs gadaweuli. saxe

mrisxane gamometyvelebisaa. Tu Zalian davukvirdebiT saxeebs, advili

SesaZlebelia gavarCioT, rom sxvadasxva asakis arian, magram poza erTnairi

aqvT. aRsaniSnavia, rom dRemde SeumCneveli rCeboda is garemoeba, rom yvela

figuris pozebi mkveTrad gamoxatul moZraobas gadmoscemen, Tumca

amasTanave bevri ram dRemde gaurkveveli rCeba. iRliebTan sicariele aqvT,

amitom SesaZlebelia isini ritualuri scenis Catarebisas Camokidebuli

yofiliyvnen gankuTvnil adgilze. qandakebebs etyobaT, rom damzadebuli

arian yalibiT, amoRebis Semdgom damuSavebuli ar aris (sur. 4).

aRniSnuli koleqciidan erTi figura Tavsaburis gareSea, figuris

simaRle 6,3 sm. wina figurebTan SedarebiT Tavi melotia, grZeli cxviriT,

daxuWuli TvalebiTa da warbebiT. nikapi mogrZo, CaRrmavebuli piriT, saxes

TiTqos arafris metyveli damcinavi Rimili dahkravs. saxis gamometyve-

lebiT igi Sua xans gadacilebuli unda iyos. marjvena mxari damreci,

marjvena xeli welze doinjSemortymulia. marcxena ki TeZomde aqvs sworad

daSvebuli, dgas fexebgaSlili, fexsacmlis gareSe. s. makalaTias mixedviT:

,,Znelia gadaWriT Tqma, Tu sad aris falosis es qandakebebi Camosxmuli, an

is qarTvelebs ekuTvnis Tu ucxoelebs, magram udaoa, rom mis Tayvanis-

mcemel ers saqarTveloSi ucxovria’’ (makalaTia, 1926).

76

iTifaluri qandakebebis aRmoCenebis geografiuli areali farToa,

amitom ufro savaraudoa, isini qarTvelur tomebs daemzadebinaT, miT ufro

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom qarTul samecniero literaturaSi

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo da kerZod, mdinare Woroxis auzi

samarTlianad iTvleba brinjaos metalurgiis erT-erT wamyvan kerad.

amdenad, dasaSvebad migvaCnia, rom aRniSnuli brinjaos qandakebebi samxreT-

dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze iyos Camosxmuli.

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo, kerZod aWariswylis xeoba brinjaos

xanaSi kolxuri kulturis erT-erTi saintereso regions warmoadgenda.

swored 1988 w. xulos raionis sofel kaloTaSi aRmoCenilma warmarTulma

sakulto Zeglebma saintereso masala mogvca aWariswylis xeobis

mosaxleobis rwmena-warmodgenebisa da religiuri ritualebis Sesaxeb

sof. kaloTis sakurTxevel-samsxverplos (Zv. w.-aR. I aTaswleulis, I

meoTxedi). atributTa Soris pirvel rigSi yuradRebas iqcevs qvis falosi

(simaRle 125 sm. Tavis sim. 40 sm. dm. 40-20 sm). eTnografiuli masalebis

mixedviT dasturdeba, rom mamakacis asos, ganayofierebis simbolos _

falosis msgavsi gamosaxuleba amindis, tarosis, ca, Rrubelis gamgebeli

RvTaebis, am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis saintereso lazares kultTan Cans

dakavSirebuli. lazaroba xalxuri sakulto dramis erT-erTi brwyinvale

nimuSia. igi, rogorc agraruli daniSnulebis sanaxaoba, tarosis RvTaeba

lazaresadmi Tayvaniscema-vedrebas warmoadgens. magiuri xasiaTis

lazarobis warmarTul tradicias TanamedroveobaSi Tan axlavs sityvieri

teqstebi _ leqs-sagaloblebis saxiT. sameurneo daniSnulebis es

ritualuri Cveuleba saqarTvelos yovel kuTxeSi iyo gavrcelebuli da

aqa-iq dResac sruldeba sxvadasxva saxelwodebiT: lazaroba/lazaria,

elioba, pirimze, gonja, koto-koto, dideba da a.S. lazarobis sawesCveule-

bo ritualebi kargadaa Semonaxuli zemo aWaraSi fiqsirebul masalebSi.

zemo aWaraSi aRmoCenili sakurTxevel-samsxverploc amis dadasturebaa.

kaloTis falosi ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: samkuTxa wverosa da sveti-

sagan. es ar yofila SemTxveviTi. xalxuri SexedulebiT Zlieri da xangr-

Zlivi gvalvebis dros svetze samkuTxa moyvanilobis Tavs Tu daadgamdnen

sanatreli wvima wamovidoda, xolo gadauRebeli wvima-warRvnebis dros

falosis wveros moxsniT sasurveli amindi dadgeboda (eTnograf n. Cijava-

Zis cnobiT, dmanisis raionis sof. didgomareTSi dafiqsirebuli falosic,

kaloTis msgavsad ori nawilisagan Sedgeboda. misi funqciac zemoT

aRwerili wesis mixedviT sasurveli amindis. regulireba yofila (kaxiZe, mamulaZe, 1998:49). amas adasturebs vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnoba: „pativans

(samxreT saqarTvelo) qveiT vakes ars lodi, romeli gvalvasa Tu

gadaabruno da Senamo, movals wvima, xolo wvimianobasa Sina Tu Seayaro

nacari, iqnebis uwvimoba” (vaxuSti, 1941:60).

sof. kaloTis qvis falosebs garkveuli paraleli arqeologiur

masalebSic eZebnebaT. pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia megaliTuri kulturis

ZeglebiT mdidari somxeTi. urartuli xanis oSakanis gaTxrebisas

mopovebulia qvis monoliTisagan damzadebuli falosebi (Zv.w. VIII-VII ss.).

falosis kulti farTod iyo gavrcelebuli msoflios sxvadasxva

xalxebSi. es kulti farTod Cans fexmokidebuli zRvispira zolSi.

fiWvnaris e.w. „sakulto Zeglze” mravladaa aRmoCenili Tixis falosebi

(sur. 5. Sdr. kaxiZe, mamulaZe, 2007:235).

saqarTveloSi warmarTulma Sexedulebebma bolo dromde sxvadasxva

modoficirebuli saxiT moaRwies. warmarTuli Sexedulebebi daileqa

77

xalxur dResaswaulebsa da rwmena-warmodgenebSi. falosis kultTan

dakavSirebiT sainteresoa aWaraSi Semonaxuli warmarTuli elementebi.

xulos raionis sof. kaloTaSi gamovlenili warmarTuli salocavis

Crdilo-aRmosavleT kuTxeSi aRmarTulia qvis falosis Rero. iqve samloc-

velos iatakze aRmoCnda falosis Tavic. gverdiT mdgara qvakacic. Miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom aWaraSi „bosloba” saojaxo rituali iyo, adreul xanaSi

igi mTeli TemisaTvis gankuTvnil sakulto da saritualo salocavebTanac

unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli. aWaraSi bosloba rogorc xalxuri dResas-

wauli sruldeboda axali wlis dReebSi: saRamos saxlis ufrosi qali da

mamakaci xmis amouReblad keris jaWvs xsnidnen, saqonlis sadgomSi Cadiod-

nen, saqonels samjer Semouvlidnen da iqve ganayofierebis simbolur ritu-

als asrulebdnen, rac RamiTac meordeboda. boslobis dResaswauli far-

Tod iyo gavrcelebuli saqarTvelos calkeul provinciebSi, magaliTad,

svaneTSi aRweril ritualSi figurirebs mozveri, falosi da

ganayofierebis simboloebi (mgelaZe, 2007:224).

qarTuli xalxuri dResaswaulebidan erT-erTi mravalferovani agraru-

li dResaswaulia berikaoba-yeenoba. adre gazafxulze, yvelierze, rodesac

nuSis kvirtebi iSleboda da soflis mamakacebi _ axalgazrdebi da moxuce-

bi moednebze, kaloebsa da saxlis banebze Seiyrebodnen da gazafxulis

sadidebeli dResaswaulis samzadiss iwyebdnen. am dros xalxi sqesobrivi

urTierTobis imitacias akeTebda, romlis mizans bunebis aRorZineba warmo-

adgenda, magram Semdgom isini sqesobrivi ganayofierebisa da gamravlebis

mfarveli RvTaebebis msaxurebisa da Tayvaniscemis gamoxatulebad iqcnen.

birikas welze qamari ertya, romelzedac xis, Zvlis an rqis falosi

iyo Camokidebuli. berikebi kardakar daivlidnen sofels. yvela sixaruliT

eloda... cekvis dros igi drodadro faloss miwas usvamda... mTeli

gulisyuri ki dedoflisadmi iyo mipyrobili. soflis moedanze an didi

saxlis banze nefe-dedoflis qorwinebis inscenireba xdeboda. berika

ealerseboda dedakacs, colobas sTxovda... alersis burusSi gaxveuli

dedofali Tanxmdeboda da cekva-TamaSoba da ferxuliT sqesobrivi aqtis

inscenireba ewyeboda. amis mayurebeli xalxi erTmaneTs daereoda, zogi

qals misdevda, zogi ganurCevlad yvelas kocnida... (ruxaZe, 1966:7-9).

„berikaobis” dResaswaulis merve dRes didmarxvis orSabaTs, yeenoba

iwyeboda („yeeni buRa iyo da buRaobda”)... moedanze sxvadasxva sanaxaobac

imarTeboda, yeeni ZunZulis msgavsi cekviT wres Camouvlida, Tan faloss

amoZravebda da qalebs exveoda. amalis yvela axalgazrda wevri (kuroebi)

qalebs dasdevda, earSiyeboda da kocnida. es orive dResaswauli

erTimeoreze agebuli, erTi Ziridan gamomdinareobdnen.

berikaoba-yeenobis mTavar personaJTa CacmulobaSi niRabis garda

yuradRebas ipyrobs cxvris tyapuWi, Txis tyav-wamosasxami da falosi.

religiis istoriidan cnobilia, rom uZveles xalxebSi Txasa da cxvars

nayofierebis Zala miewerebodaT. amiT iyo Sepirobebuli cxvrisa da Txis

gansaxiereba, maTi atributikis, maT Soris tyav-bewvis gansakuTrebuli

roli agrarul kultebSi.

berikaoba-yeenobis erT-erTi saxe „daTvobia” aWaraSic gvxvdeba. am

TamaSSi monawileobas iRebdnen mefe anu msajuli, batoni, anu daTvi da yma

glexebi anu Txebi. msgavsi dResaswaulebi, sxvadasxva cxovelebad

SeniRbul personaJTa monawileobiT, farTod iyo gavrcelebuli Zvel

aRmosavleTsa da elenistur samyaroSi. aseTebia: mesopotamuri Tamuzisa da

miTanuri iSTaris, finikuri adonisis astartas, berZnul demetres da

dionises mravaldRiani misteriebi.

78

falosis kultis arsebobas aWaris teritoriaze amyarebs folklo-

ruli masala, romelic Cawerilia cnobili mkvlevaris jemal noRaidelis

mier da cnobilia ,,fadikos’’ saxelwodebiT. „fadiko“ erTgvari TamaSia,

romelsac awyoben qorwilSi, Ramis Tormet saaTze. TamaSSi monawileobda

eqvsi kaci da erTi qali. qalis tanisamosiT Semosil, oTaxSi daoTxilad

mdgar kacs fadiko Seajdeboda. Ori mamakaci erTmaneTs Seecileba, pirveli

moaswrebs da fuls gadaayris, qalic mas rCeba. bolos orive moqiSpe mainc

Serigdeba da ityvian; „erTs dRe gvyavdes, meores Rameo“ da orive daayris

fulebs. Semdeg fadikos „yurbans“ (saklavs) Semoavleben da daklaven... uec-

rad fadiko daimaleba... bolos ipovian da vaxSmad dasxdebian. navaxSmevs

erT maTgans daeZineba, meore ki fadikos miuwveba da ealerseba. am dros

pirveli iRviZebs xmalze xels gaikravs, amxanags daWris... da fadikos

gaitacebs, qali ewinaaRmdegeba, Tan gaiZaxis: „is Senze metad miyvarso“, is

ki fadikos exveweba _ „me wamomyevi masze ukeTesi varo“ da Tan qrTamsac

hpirdeba. bolos qali Tanxmdeba da mihyveba (noRaideli, 1935:32-33).

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare naTelia, rom falosis kulti

farTod iyo gavrcelebuli Zveli saqarTvelos mcxovrebTa religiaSi. igi

gansakuTrebiT koncentrirebuli iyo mokvdav da mkvdreTiT aRmdgomi RvTae-

bebis garSemo. am dResaswaulebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli unda yofiliyo sqe-

sobrivi urTierTobebis imitacia, romlis mizans bunebis aRorZineba warmo-

adgenda. savaraudoa, rom Tavdapirvelad amgvari dResaswaulebi saerTo-

saxalxo xasiaTis atarebda, romlis rigi elementi, religiuri azrovnebis

ganviTarebis, maT Soris monoTeisturi religiebis Semwynarebluri bunebis

pirobebSi Seerwya sxvadasxva dResaswauls da dRemde Semoinaxa Tavi.

muzeumSi daculi iTifaluri qandakebebi, aseve folkloruli masalebi

swored, rom utyuari masalaa falosis kultTan dakavSirebuli, jer kidev

aqtualuri sakiTxebis dazustebisa da ganzogadebis TvalsazrisiT.

literatura

1. erisTavi m., nayofierebis kultis gadmonaSTebi (aWaris saxelmwifo

muzeumSi daculi masalebis mixedviT). _ aWm. x/f. #1006, 1982 w.

2. vaxuSti batoniSvili, saqarTvelos geografia, Tbilisi, 1941

3. kaxiZe a., mamulaZe S., aWariswylis xeobis uZvelesi arqeologiuri

Zeglebi, baTumi, 1993

4. kaxiZe a. mamulaZe S., aWaris mTianeTis winaqristianuli Zeglebi. _

„samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, aWara“, I, baTumi,

2007

5. mgelaZe n., sulieri samyaro. _ „samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos

istoriiis narkvevebi, aWara“, 1. 2007

6. makalaTia s. falosis kulti saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1926

7. noRaideli j., eTnografiuli narkvevi aWarelTa yofa-cxovrebidan,

Tbilisi, 1935

8. ruxaZe j., qarTuli xalxuri dResaswaulebi, Tbilisi, 1966

9. saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis arqauli xelovneba arqeologiuri

monacemebis mixedviT, Tbilisi, 1971

10. ficxelauri k., ior-alaznis teritoriaze mosaxle tomTa uZvelesi

kultura, Tbilisi, 1965

79

sur. 1

sur. 2 sur.3

80

sur. 4

sur. 5

81

muzeumis xelnawerTa fondi

aleqsandre TiroSvili

Cemi mogonebebi

davibade q. baTumSi 1889 wels. 7 Tebervals.

wlinaxevris vyofilvar mama, rom gardamecvala da

me is ar maxsovs, agreTve papaCemi. sami Zma

TiroSvilebi _ simoni, petre da ivane gadmosulan

piriqiTi xevsureTidan da Camosaxlebulan jer

awyureTSi, mere ki iqedan axalcixeSi. mamaCemis mama

me ar maxsovs, radgan adre gardacvlila, ar

maxsovs agreTve misi ufrosi Zma petre, magram sul

ufrosi simoniki Zalian kargad maxsovs, Warmagi

moxuci ucolSvilo iyo. petres da ivanes ki

hyavdaT colSvili. Cemi mamis deda iyo

goginaSvilis qali. mamaCemi, dedaCemis gadmocemiT

msaxurobda momrigebel mosamarTled axlad

aRebul baTumSi, auSenebia saxli. TviTon zamTarSi cixisZirSi gareul

Rorze nadirobisas gaciebula da gardacvlila. maSin axlad aRebul

baTumSi erTaderTi garToba yofila nadiroba. maSindeli cixisZiri da

TviT baTumis ganapira, dRevandel „WaobaT“ xsenebuli, sul WaobiT da

tyiT yofila dafaruli, me TviT kargad maxsovs exlandeli WavWavaZis

quCidan TviT urexamde sul Txemlis tye da Waobi iyo. dedaCemi iyo

axalcixeli qarTveli kaTolike, aleqsandre iskandarovis qali.

me, mamis sikvdilis Semdeg davrCenilvar dedis anabara da gamzarda

man. dedaCemi metis-meti goneba gaxsnili qali iyo, wignebis moyvaruli da

uaRresi patrioti. is xSirad mikiTxavda istoriul wignebs da mec dRemde

gatacebuli var aseTebiT. simon papa, romelic miuxedavad asakisa, TiTqmis

100 wlisa iyo, ar Camouardeboda kai axalgazrdebs, iyo saucxoo cxenosani,

mojiriTe da momlxeni. is xSirad gvimReroda Zvel-Zvel simRerebs da amiT

aRmzardes me. me rom maxsovs imdroindeli baTumi warmoadgenda TiTqmis

kai did sofels. iyo ramdenime quCa. mTavar quCas erqva marines prospeqti.

iyo sanapiro quCa. srulad mouwyobeli, sadac mxolod yavaxanebi iyo. sxva

ramdenime quCas erqva yofil generlebis: Sepeliovis, bariatinskis,

dondukov-korsakovis da sxva aseTebis saxelebi. vinaidan axlad

SemoerTebuli baTumi gamocxadebuli iyo „portofrankoT“, e. i. Tavisufal

qalaqad, romelSic sabaJo jer ar iyo gaxsnili, amitom auarebel

sazRvargareTel firmebs SemohqondaT TavianTi sxvadasxva saqoneli da

amitom mTeli qalaqi mofenili iyo sxvadasxva firmebis kantorebiT.

amasTan dakavSirebiT aq iyo TiTqmis yvela ucxoeTis sakonsuloebi. vin

gindaT rom ar iyvnen aq: amerikis, safrangeTis, inglisis, germaniis,

avstriis, italiis, espaneTis, TurqeTis, sparseTis da kidev sxvebis

konsulebi. amasTan dakavSirebiT baTumis mcxovreblebic Sesdgeboda metad

Wreli mosaxleobisagan. qarTveloba ricxobrivad gacilebiT meti iyo,

magram umetesad muSebi iyvnen rotSildis, manTaSevis, nobelis qarxnebis,

marTalia, cotaoden qarTvelebsac hqondaT savaWroebi: miSa nakaSiZes da

Wyonias hqondaT xe-tyis sawyobebi. iyvnen vaWrebi: eqvTime berZeniSvili,

niko sabaSvili, pavle mWedliSvili, Zmebi kaxianebi, Zmebi ruxaZeebi,

82

gabunia, magram es iyo wveTi zRvaSi, umetesi vaWroba ki ucxoelebs eWiraT.

baTumSi maSin iyo 2 baRi, erTi aleqsandres saxelobis (exlandeli

pionerTa parki), meore ki zRvispira bulvari. aleqsandres baRSi iyo

mravali egzotikuri mcenare: magnolia, evkalipti, kiparisebi, palmebi da

sxva aseTebi. mebaRed iyvnen vinme delfonsi, nestor tyebuCava, Semdeg akaki

xoStaria, leoniZe da sul bolos gordeziani. rac Seexeba zRvispira

bulvars, arc erTi egzotikuri mcenare ar iyo, iyo mxolod akacia.

bulvari RamiT naTdeboda navTian lampiani fanrebiT, romlebsac

saRamoobiT anTebda vinme mnaTi, dilas ki isve Caaqrobda. maSindeli

adgilobrivi mkvidri mosaxleoba Sesdgeboda ramdenime ojaxisagan:

abaSiZeebi, ServaSiZeebi, diasamiZeebi, lorTqifaniZeebi, WiWinaZeebi,

beJaniZeebi, qiqavebi, CijavaZeebi, komaxiZeebi, Wyoniebi, xalvaSebi da kidev

ramdenime ojaxi, magram esenic saerTo mcxovrebTa ricxvis Zlier mcire

procents Seadgendnen.

imdroindel baTumSi iyo 2 marTlmadideblebis eklesia, 2 jame,

somxebis eklesia, somxeb-kaTolikeTa eklesia, erTi ebraelebis sinagoga da

qarTvel kaTolikeTa eklesia jer ar arsebobda da loculobdnen

janeliZis saxlis zemo sarTulSi, Semdeg ki baqoelma milionerma

zubalaSvilma aago Zvirfasi eklesia. swored im dros Sendeboda samxedro

uzarmazari soboro. saswavleblebi iyo: qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis

gamavrcelebeli skola, axlad gaxsnili vaJTa gimnazia, rusTavelis

quCaze fligeni, samoqalaqo saswavlebeli, berZnebis saswavlebeli, qalTa

marines saxelobis skola.

maSindeli baTumis Senobebi sul, an erT, an orsarTulianebi iyo. dRes

rom vxedavT mravalsarTulian saxlebs, sad iyo eseni.

exla, rom saxelmwifo bankia iq iyo ficrebiT SemoRobili carieli

ezo, romlis bolosac viRaca fotografs „simon eru“-s hqonda

fotografia. exla rom profsabWos aguris saxlia iqac tiali mindori iyo

da vinme volfenzonma aago es didi saxli. leninis da stalinis quCis

kuTxeSi sabagaSvilma da Certkovma aaSena samsarTuliani saxlebi, Torem

iqac carieli mindori iyo. exla rom TurqeTis sakonsuloa iq patara qoxi

idga da Zmebma Cilingarianebma aages es saxli. exla rom fostis Senobaa iq

iyo didi axori, sadac kazakebi da maTi cxenebi iyvnen moTavsebuli da

vinme vakiem, garusebulma frangma aaSena exlandeli fostis Senoba, Semdeg

ki es Senoba iyida quTaiselma ebraelma iakobaSvilma. exla rom rkinigzis

saxls uwodeben jafariZis quCaze, iqac tiali mindori iyo da viRac

germanelma fitingofma aaSena es didi saxli. exla rom ministrTa sabWos

Senobaa leninis quCaze iqac patara erT sarTuliani qoxebi idga. exla

rom stalinis quCaze yofili partiuli komitetis Senobaa, vinme

parombegovma aaSena es saxli, sadac moTavsebuli iyo klubi „kruJokaT“

wodebuli. exla rom stalinis quCaze mTavrobis oTxsarTuliani saxlia, iq

iyo Zveli erTsarTuliani saxli vinme ananievis. ai, ras warmoadgenda

maSindeli baTumi. maSin aRmaskomis saxli (urava) imyofeboda stalinis da

orjonikiZis quCebis kuTxeSi, zemo sarTulSi da qvemoT ki viRaca

sparsels hqonda xilis savaWro duqani da mis gverdiT iyo wignis maRazia

„Woroxi“.

exlandel aRmaskomis Senobis adgilze iyo didi mindori. rogorc

vTqvi baTumSi iyo qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli

sazogadoebis qarTuli skola. Cem dros im skolis ufrosi iyo isidore

ramiSvili. es skola Cemamdis yofila da mTavari mizani am skolis

83

daarsebisa iyo is, rom adgilobrivi qarTveli musulmanebi miezidaT da

gaeTviTcnobierebinaT.

dedaCemma am skolaSi mimabara. maswavleblebaT iyvnen mixako SaraSiZe,

TviT ramiSvili, lominaZis qali, mRvdeli simon ToTibaZe da gogolaZe.

CemTan erTad am saswavlebelSi swavlobdnen axalgazrda qarTveli

musulmanebi: haidar abaSiZe, suleiman WiWinaZe, ziver diasamiZe, xasan qiqava,

Zmebi haidar da jelil beJaniZeebi, dursun qiqava, dursun nakaSiZe, pinauT

oRli da sxvebi, magram unda iTqvas, rom mowafeebis metismeti denadoba

iyo. amis mTavari mizezi iyo metismeti fanatikosuri ganwyobiloba maTi

mSoblebis mxriv. avrcelebdnen xmebs viTomc qarTul saswavleblebSi

swavla niSnavda bavSvebis gaqristianebas. zemoT CamoTvlili pirebi ki ase

12-15 axalgazrda mainc daewafa swavlas da bolos marTlac kargi

Segnebuli qarTveli dadga.

maxsovs erT weliwads baTums ewvia Cveni saswavleblis erT-erTi

damaarsebeli ilia WavWavaZe da Cven skolaSic movida. me maSin meore

klasSi viyavi da, rogorc tanmorCili wina merxze vijeqi. Cven aRtacebas

bolo ar hqonda. uecrad damacqerda, gamomiZaxa da mkiTxa Tu vici raime

leqsi. me mivuge rom vici meTqi da mkafiod vuTxari misive leqsi

„gazafxuli“, davamTavre sityvebiT „mamulo sayvarelo Sen rosRa

ayvavdebi“, Tavze xeli gadamisva da miTxra kai biWi yofilxaro. dRevandel

siberemdi ar damaviwydeba is sixaruli. dedaCemi da agreTve

maswavleblebic Zalian gaxarebuli iyvnen.

qarTuli skola, rom davamTavre dedaCemma mimabara gimnaziaSi. maSin

gimnazia imyofeboda rusTavelis quCaze viwro fligelSi. aqedan iwyeba Cemi

Semdgomi cxovreba, davewafe swavlas, gavecani axal amxanagebs,

ganurCevlaT erovnebisa Zmurad viyaviT erTmaneTTan ganwyobili.

unda iTqvas isic, rom maSindeli gimnaziis maswavleblebi umetesad

iyvnen Savrazmelebi, erTi-oris gamonaklisiT, Tumca iseTi kulturulebic

iyvnen, rogorc magaliTad, nikoloz sevastis Ze derJavini, voicexovski da

kidev ramdenime.

xSirad gvsmenia, rom qarTulad rom vilaparakebdiT bavSvebi,

ZaRlurad nu laparakobTo gveubnebodnen. erTxel nikoloz (Wola)

berZeniSvili (momavali akademikosi) SeekamaTa erT-erT maswavlebel

smirnovs da kinaRam garicxes saswavleblidan. ase midioda wlebi. swored

es dro iyo, rodesac baTumSi daiwyo gaficvebi da gamosvlebi. me maSin

viyavi ase 16 wlisa. Cven gimnazielebic cot-cota gamovexmaureT am

moZraobas. maSin Cven ramdenime mowafem: sosiko berZeniSvilma, me, Zmebma

valerian da vianor anCabaZeebma, iliko mesxma, giorgi diasamiZem, valodia

xvedeliZem da kolia gogitiZem SevadgineT mebrZoli razmi, iaraRi yvelas

gvqonda, romelsac gvinaxavdnen stefane qemxaZe da puSkinis saswavleblis

Sveicari, moxuci aWareli zabiTa asaTiani.

didi brZola iyo maSin gaCaRebuli qalaqis Tavis arCevnebze, rogorc

cnobilia, maSindel arCevnebSi xmis micemis ufleba hqondaT mxolod da

mxolod cenzian pirebs, ese igi imaT visac hqonda raime uZravi qoneba an

savaWro maRazia da an kidev mosamsaxureebs. qalebs xmis ufleba ar

hqondaT. danarCenebs ki visac araferi ebada, muSebs, glexebs ar hqondaT

ufleba. baTumSi mTeli vaWroba hqondaT somxebs, berZnebs, rusebs da kidev

sxvebs. Tumca qarTveloba ricxvobrivaT sWarbobda, magram sul

umravlesoba iyo muSebi. ra Tqma unda xelmwifis mTavroba mxars uWerda

Savrazmelebs: krasnickis, mavropulos, palmas da sxva aseTebs, magram mainc

arCevnebSi gaimarjves qarTvelebma zogierTi berZnebis daxmarebiT.

84

qalaqis Tavad airCies da quTaisidan Camoiyvanes luka asaTiani,

uaRresad kulturuli pirovneba, mis TanaSemweebaT ki grigol volski da

ivane mesxi.

asaTianis qalaqis Tavad arCevnidan daiwyo qalaqis aRorZineba. aSenda

aRmaskomis mSvenieri Senoba, vaJTa gimnazia, qalTa gimnazia, samoqalaqo

saswavlebeli, elsadguri, saaavadmyofo, gaSenda daxuruli bazari

(exlandeli medtexnikumi), garda yovelive amisa asaTiani Suamdgomlobda

rom yvela tranzitul saqonelze, iqneboda es navTi, marganeci, noxebi da

kidev sxva saqoneli qalaqs darCenoda yovel fuT saqonelze naxevari

kapeiki. garda yovelive amisa amoSrobili iqna Waobebi, moikirwyla quCebi,

qalaqi ganaTda mozrdili lampionebiT. qalaqSi maSin iyo mxolod 2

afTiaqi, erTi petkeviCis, meore vituSinskis – rasakvirvelia kerZo. iyo 2

patara afTiaqis marazia erTi berZnis mixailidis, meore ki somxis

jerainis. maSin baTumSi iyo mxolod ramdenime eqimi da oriode ferSali.

es saxlebi, romlebic amSveneben baTums gaSenda mxolod sabWoTa

xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg. iyo sastumro: „francia“, „londoni“ da

„evropa“. iyo 3 wignis maRazia: nikolaZis, kuninis da maxaraZis, magram

iSviaTad iSovnidiT raime wignebs. sazogadoT qarTuli wignebi iSviaTad

iSovneboda da Cven axalgazrdebs gvamaragebdnen wignebiT fostis moxele

trofim inasariZe, oficeri daviT kldiaSvili da vinme giorgi buCukuri.

iseTi wignebi, rogorc magaliTad, yazbegis, ninoSvilis, iliasi da

wereTelis sul xelidan xelSi gadadioda, rogorc cnobilia baTumSi

muSaTa moZraoba-gaficvebi daiwyo umTavresad 1902 wels. am moZraobis

meTauri iyo ioseb stalini, romelic im JamaT cxovrobda barcxanaSi da

romelsac xalxi „barcxanis gubernators“ eZaxdnen. maSin xalxi mas

icnobda, rogorc ara stalins anu juRaSvils aramed „kobas“ eZaxdnen.

mTavari gamosvlebi dakavSirebuli iyo saerTod ruseTis moZraobasTan

daiwyo 1905 wels. ra Tqma unda saerTo mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebiT,

axalgazrdobac Caeba gamosvlebSi. Cveni gimnaziis mowafeebic CavebiT am

gamosvlebSi. rasakvirvelia Cven gamosvlebs xelmZRvanelobdnen ufrosi

amxanagebi: andro dekanoziSvili, parmen gamyreliZe, Tedo saxokia, nestor

kalandariSvili, vaso mgalobliSvili, sergo yufaraZe, domenti

vadaWkoria, anton wulaZe, wiTliZe da sxvebi. Tumca es pirebi sxvadasxva

partiebis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, magram gamosvlebSi yvelani erTad iyvnen.

Cveni mTavari xelmZRvanelebi ki iyvnen nestor kalandariSvili da mixako

wereTeli.

adgilobriv mkvidrTagan ki Zalian did daxmarebas gviwevda qemal

noRaideli, is iyo nestoris marjvena xeli, yovelive mis davalebebs

asrulebda pirnaTlad, iyo es furclebis gavrceleba wyavrokaSi,

muxaestateSi Tu leRvaSi. ufro metic „Cveni qemali“, rogorc mas

vuwodebdiT araferze ar daixevda ukan. unda iTqvas, rom Tu vinmes

miuZRvis praqtikos revolucioneroba Cveni qemali iyo Seudrekeli

guliTadi vaJkaci. nestori mas avalebda xolme friad sapasuxismgeblo

saqmeebs, rogorc magaliTad bilikebiT gadahyavda da gadmohyavda esa Tu

is piri, guriaSi da iqidan aqeT. maxsovs nestorma daavala mas ermolovze

(kazakebis oficeri) Tavdamsxmeli bombis msroleli vinme „Jani“ gadaeyvana

bilikebiT ozurgeTSi. Cvenma qemalma pirnaTlad Seasrula da sxva aseTi

saxifaTo saqmeebi.

1905 wlis gamosvlebis dRes Cven, ramdenime pirs dagvavales

dagvekavebia ramdenime posti Tu vinicobaa xoporis polkis kazakebi

ecdebodnen alya SemoertyaT Cveni gamosvlebis Stabs (aRmaskomis Senobas)

85

unda agvetexa srola. me momiwia posti gorkisa da jafariZis quCebis

kuTxeSi, aRmaskomis ezoSi Cem marjvniv iyo vinme riurol azaraSvili da

novaki, marcxniv ki vinme rubinSteini. kazakebis Tavdasxma ar moxda da Cven

dagvavales sxva _ kavSiri respublikur saavadmyofosTan. WavWavaZis quCaze

viRaca axalgazrdas (mgonia Wyonias) wamoeRo saxlidan gatenili

Zveleburi dambaCa da midioda saavadmyofosTan, kuTxeSi idga gadacmuli

kazaki. kazakma uTxra axalgazrdas, manaxe rogori dambaCaao, manac misca,

kazakma esrola mokla axalgazrda da gaiqca. imave dRes kreba gvqonda

jorjiaSvilis quCaze me-3 sarTulze da davadgineT meore dRes

gavficuliyaviT.

gimnaziis me-2 sarTulze saaqto darbazSi SevvardiT, kedelze iyo

mefis suraTi oqros farajian CarCoSi, melenti zaqariaZem esrola

revolveri suraTs, mere Cven CamovglijeT suraTi da nakuwebaT vaqcieT. es

iyo Cveni gaficvis signali.

miuxedavad imisa, rom gimnazielebi iyvnen sul sxvadasxva tomisa,

yvelam erTxmad miiRo monawileoba gaficvebSi da gamosvlebSi, garda 3-4

mowamluli Sovinistebisa, rogorc magaliTad Stormi, iavlenski,

alferievi, xaritonovi da kidev ramdenime, romlebic iyvnen didi

Tanamdebobis mqoneebis Svilebi. gimnaziidan rom gamovediT dagveria

cxenosani kazakebi, romlebic gamouZaxa administracias da maTraxebiT

daiwyes cema. me movaswari nakaSiZis saxlis WiSkarSi Sesvla da Signidan

WiSkaris daketva, gadavrCi gadalaxvas, magram bevrs sastikaT scemes.

melenti zaqariaZe daakaves da pasuxisgebaSi misces, Cven danarCenebi ki

aRricxvaze agviyvanes.

gadioda wlebi da Cven gimnaziaSi isedac bevri Savrazmeli

maswavlebeli iyo da moavlines frangulis maswavlebeli sabiuvi,

SeCvenebuli jaSuSi, JandarmTa oxrankis agenti suls ar udgamda

mowafeebs, abezRebda umizezoT da sTesavda moswavleTa Soris Sovinistur

provokaciebs. maSin mowafeebma gadavwyviteT misi galaxva da erT saRamos

vorovis quCaze bzis joxi Caartyes TavSi. sikvdils ki gadarCa, magram

ufro gacofda da samsaxurSi 2 kazakis TanxlebiT dadioda, maSin

gadavwyviteT misi Tavidan mocileba sxva gziT. erT-erT amxanags raJden

grigolias wilaT xvda RumelSi yumbaris Cadeba, rodesac sabiuvi marto

iqneboda maswavlebelTa oTaxSi, magram raRaca mizezis gamo gamosuliyo

oTaxidan. bombi afeTqda da sikvdils gadarCa sabiuvi. es iyo 1908 welSi.

amis gamo mTavrobis gankargulebiT gimnaziis meore sarTulis mowafeebi:

mexuTe, meeqvse, meSvide da merve klasis mowafeebi gamogvyares mglis

bileTebiT, ese igi vercerT mTavrobis gimnaziaSi ver ganvagrZobdiT

swavlas. datrialdnen visac gavleniani, an SeZlebuli mSoblebi hyavdaT da

sxva qalaqebSi, sxvadasxva kerZo saswavleblebSi moawyes maTi Svilebi, Cven

ki, romlebsac ar gagvaCnda aseTi mSoblebi davrCiT gareT. mas Semdeg samma

megobarma: me, giorgi diasamiZem da pavle SoSitaiSvilma daviwyeT

mecadineoba kerZo maswavleblebTan, raTa Cagvebarebina simwifis mowmobaze.

rusuls gvaswavlida vinme SCuCkini (gamoCenili literatori). maTematikas

parsegiani (kai pedagogi) Cven gvindoda Tbilisis saTavadaznauro kerZo

qarTuli gimnaziis saSualebiT, eqsternaT Cagvebarebina pirveli gimnaziis

filialebi. dadga gamocdebis droc. pirveli gamocda rusul weraSi da

zepirSi me da giorgim friadze CavabareT, pavle CaiWra. meore gamocdac

maTematikaSi da fizikaSic kargaT CavabareT me da giorgim. mesame gamocda

iyo germanuli. Cven gvqonda codna germanulis (alivr) ese igi wakiTxva da

Targmna, magram Cvenda saubeduroT swored im wels SemoiRes germanulis

86

Temaze dawera, risTvisac Cven ar viyaviT mzad da uari vTqviT am sagnis

Cabarebaze. maxsovs mxolod keigeluxisgan (ebraeli) da erTma samxedrom

Caabares. ase rom aqac dagvexSo swavlis gagrZelebis kari.

erT dRes giorgim miTxra „modi biWo Tan kidev vimecadinoT da Tanac

droebiT daviwyoT sadme muSaobao“. gadavwyviteT erT-erT petkeviCis

afTiaqSi dagvewyo muSaoba. miuxedavad imisa, rom petkeviCi qarTvelebisadmi

ar iyo mainc da mainc ganwyobili, proteqciis saSualebiT (qalaqis Tavis

andronikaSvilis) migviRo. maSindel afTiaqebSi arc erTi qali ar

muSaobda. Cven ise CavebiT muSaobaSi, gagvitaca muSaobam afTiaqis

patronmac Sexeda, rom Segviyvarda es dargi da riTac SeeZlo xels

gviwyobda da dagviniSna TiTos 50 maneTi oqroTi TveSi, maSin es didi

fuli iyo.

es iyo 1911 weli. amgvarad vmsaxurobdi 3-4 weliwads, maSin

farmacevtuli institutebi ar arsebobda da romelime universitetis

medicinis fakultetTan arsebobda farmacetiuli ganxra. me gavemgzavre

xarkovSi, gzis fulic petkeviCma momca. CemTan erTad xarkovSi wamovida

iona kvekveskiri. 1915 welis pirveli samamulo omis miwurulSi CavabareT

friadze da diplomebiT davbrundiT isev baTumSi. mxolod petkeviCis aRar

iyo is afTiaqi da mieyida giorgi avalianisaTvis.

me daviwye muSaoba avalianis afTiaqSi, es iyo 1916 weli. gasabWoebis

Semdeg me vmuSaobdi sxva da sxva afTiaqebSi, jer receptaraT Semdeg ki

afTiaqis gamgeT.

pirvel afTiaqis, mesame afTiaqis, mexuTe afTiaqis, wylosanTa

afTiaqis, aWarsamedvaWrobis gamgeT, gadamiyvanes Tbilisis meoce afTiaqis

gamgeT da ase gadavyavdi sxvadasxva afTiaqebis gamgeT. bolos damniSnes

mTeli aWaris afTiaqebis revizoraT, sadac vimuSave 3 weliwads. Semdeg

SeTavsebiT damniSnes samSobiaro saxlis afTiaqis gamgeT. sul afTiaqebis

xaziT vimuSave 63 weli. 1954 wels umwikvlo muSobisaTvis damajildoves

leninis ordeniT, medlebiT da mravali sigelebiT. Cemi muSaobis periodSi

aRvzarde blomaT farmacevtebi. ase gamoveTxove am dargs da exla var

personaluri pensioneri.

biZaCemi (dedis Zma) iyo saglexo bankis mouravi duSeTis da goris

mazrebSi. TviTon cxovrobda kaspSi da zafxulobiT me Cavdiodi masTan. iq

me gavicani cnobili revolucioneri miSa JRenti, friad seriozuli piri.

mas hyavda colad mayaSvilis qali da colis Zma miSa mayaSvili, sadac

iatakqveS inaxavda Tavs. sxvaTa Soris miSa JRenti daWrili iyo mklavSi

berdankis tyviiT da mklavidan amoRebul Zvals safuleSi atarebda,

mklavSi xels rom mohkidebdi TiTqmis TiTi gadioda ZvalSi. ukanasknel

dros miSa vnaxe TbilisSi da meti aRar minaxavs.

Turme is dauWeriaT da imyofeboda xarkovis sakantorRo cixeSi.

xarkovSi rom mivdiodi TbilisSi Semxvda miSa mayaSvili da miTxra Tu

moaxerxe inaxule cixeSi an Seityve rogor aris, radgan kai xania araferi

viciT maszeo.

xarkovSi rom Cavedi iqaur nacnob studentebs vuambe mis Sesaxeb da

davainterese SeetyoT rogor iyo.

saubeduroT Seityes rom miSa cixeSi gacvliliyo da cixidan

gadmougzavniaT universitetis prozeqturaSi. me da erTi cocxali biWi

studenti somexi mivediT anatomiis profesor naTiSvilTan da vTxoveT rom

miSas cxedari moeca CvenTvis TbilisSi gasagzavnaT. datrialdnen sxva

studentebic da exla saWiro iyo TviT miSas cxedris amocnoba, radgan

bevri iyo cixidan gadmogzavnilebi. naTiSvilma da gurTonebma ubrZana

87

prozeqturis moxuc mosamsaxure russ eCvenebina gvami. cxedrebi iyo qveda

sarTulSi, sardafSi da Carxis saSualebiT amohqondaT zeviT. amoitanes

ramdenime gvami, yvela erTmaneTs hgavda radgan arc Tma, arc warbebi, arc

wamwamebi arc erTi ar hqondaT, bolos me gamaxsenda rom miSa xelSi iyo

daWrili da sworeT amiT amovicaniT miSa.

naToSvilsac Zalian gaexarda, radgan studentobaSi ufro aiwia misma

avtoritetma. datrialdnen studentebi, muSebi, partiulebi, xelaT gaukeTes

cinkis kubo da didi zeimiT gaaciles TbilisSi. es iyo sworeT nikolozis

gadmogdebis wina dReebSi.

inglisis okupaciis dros ingliselebi amaragebdnen denikinis armias

da amitom gadawyda baTumSi saerTo gaficva. Sewyda wyliT momarageba,

gamoiTiSa sinaTle, daixura dawesebulebebi, afTiaqebi.

saRamos gvqonda kreba. kreba, rom damTavrda da gamovdiodiT,

ingliselebma alya Semoartyes yvelas da dagviWires, wagviyvanes jer

gauptvaxtSi da iqidan fordis manqanebiT wagviyvanes stepanovkis batareis

sardafebSi. viyaviT ase 20 kacamde. exla ki davrCiT mxolod 4-5. movida

TviT kukolisi da SemogvTavaza mogvexsna gaficva, magram uariT

gavistumreT, da bolos imas mivaRwieT, rom Sewyvites denikinze daxmareba

da mxolod amis Semdeg gagvanTavisufles. TurqeTis pirvel Semosevaze

moxaliseT wavedi frontze. meore Semosevazec wavedi moxaliseT sofel

„kibesTan“, Cven ki viyaviT poziciaze magraT, magram Turqebi Semovidnen

orTabaTumis mxridan da aiRes baTumi.

unda vumadlodeT serioJa qavTaraZes, romlis daxmarebiTac Turqebi

gandevnili iyvnen baTumidan da mTeli aWaridan.

1975 wlis 30 marti

88

mixeil alSibaia

wm. aleqsandre nevelis samxedro taZari baTumSi

sakulto arqiteqturis im savalalo siaSi, romelic daingra sabWoTa

xelisuflebis dros moxvda wm. aleqsandre nevelis samxedro taZaric (sur.

1).

marTlmadidebluri eklesia baTumSi aSenda jer kidev Turqebis dros

1865 wels. es iyo wm. nikolozis saxelobis berZnuli eklesia. baTums

ruseTis imperiasTan SeerTebis Semdgom, eklesia rusi

marTlmadideblebisaTvis ganlagda Cveulebriv SenobaSi, romelsac mieSena

samreklo. gamoikveTa, rom unda aSenebuliyo axali taZari.

1888 wels TviTmpyrobeli imperatori aleqsandre III ojaxTan erTad

ewvia baTums da mis Semogarens. aTi weli iyo gasuli mas Semdeg _ 1877-1878

wlebi, rac ruseT-TurqeTis omi damTavrda da baTumi SeuerTda ruseTis

imperias. imperatoris viziti farTod aisaxa presaSi, mTel rig msxvil

JurnalebSi gamoCnda am movlenebis amsaxveli ilustraciebi. magaliTad

didi graviura imperatoris Camosvlisa daibeWda „mustkation”-Si.

imperators Tan axlda meuRle maria Tevdores asuli, Zeebi _ giorgi da

nikolozi, aseve maRalCinosani moxeleebi. samefo ojaxis fotografirebis

pativi miego baTumel fotografs a. kuSnerskis.

vizitis programaSi Sedioda rigi RonisZiebisa. samefo ojaxis

wevrebma darges xeebi aleqsandres parkSi.19 xeebs samofoni uwodes,

zogierTi maTgani Cans Ria baraTze, romelzedac aRbeWdilia aleqsandres

saxelobis baRi. meore mniSvnelovani RonisZieba gaxldaT

marTlmadidebluri taZris safuZvelis Cayra. Cems koleqciaSi aris

spilenZis qafCa, romelzedac amotvifrulia warwera (rusulad) „q. baTumi

25 seqtemberi 1888 w“. erT-erTi versiiT es qafCa gadaarCina, Semdgom am

taZarSi arsebuli muzeumis TanamSromelma.

taZris proeqti daamtkica TviT misma umaRlesobam 1888 wels, rasac

adasturebs arqiteqturuli eskizi, Sesrulebuli da xelmowerili TviT

aleqsandres mier (sur. 5). mSenebloba mravali wlis manZilze grZelde-

boda, rac aixsneba baTumis, imperiis centridan didi daSorebiTa da

Canafiqris grandiozulobiT. Ria baraTebze gamosaxuli baTumis taZris

xedebi, gvauwyeben am Senobis aRSenebasa da dasasruls. erT-erT adreul

Ria baraTze (XIX s. 90-iani wlebi) aRbeWdilia xaraCoebSi Casmuli taZari

(sur. 11), odnav mogviano baraTze aRbeWdilia samreklo (sur. 12), gansakuT-

rebiT naTlad Cans mSenebare taZari, ukve saukunis bolos (sur. .2).

1906 wels baTumis ruseTis imperiasTan SemoerTebis 25-e wlisTavze20

taZris mSenebloba dasrulda da ekurTxa eqvs dekembers. am uzarmazar

Senobas ewoda wm. aleqsandre nevelis saxeli da gadaeca samxedro uwyebas.

aseve zedwodebac mieca _ „axali taZari“, aseve mas uwodebdnen

grandiozuls da xSirad gamosaxavdnen Ria safosto baraTebze

gamomcemlebi. m. m. xenzinovi, i. s. martinonsianeli, i. kaxiani, „sotrudniki“

„grenbergi“, „a. t. v“ baTumis xedebis „esperantoreuli“ seriidan. sanaosno

kompaniam „Messagekies Maritimes” gamosca Ria baraTi taZris gamosaxulebiT

(sur. 6.13) taZari Zalze lamazad gamoiyureboda zRvispira bulvarTan (sur.

9), aseve gamovida reliefuri Ria baraTic (sur. 14).

19 dRevandeli 6 maisis saxelobis axalgazrduli parki

20 unda iyos 28-e wlisTavi, radgan baTumi ruseTis imperiaSi Sevida 1878 wels

89

male sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg (1921 w. marti) taZari

gadaakeTes antireligiur muzeumad, rogorc es xdeboda sxva qalaqebSi,

rasac mowmobs 20-ian wleebSi gamoSvebuli ori Ria safosto baraTi.

erTerTi baraTi gvacnobs: „yofil samxedro taZars“ (sur. 4), meore mxareze

ki weria: „merebas xati“ (sur. 3). Cems koleqciaSi inaxeba 1927 wlis

unikaluri foto, romelzedac gamosaxulia yofili taZris, imJamad

antireligiuri muzeumis interieri, sadac leninis biusti dgas, rac ra

Tqma unda mkrexelobaa (sur. 7) 1931 w. taZari daangries, xolo qvebi

gamoiyenes axali SenobebisaTvis, romelSic sxvaTaSoris daibada am

statiis avtori, rac asaxulia iSviaT fotobaraTze (sur. 8), romelic am

dros gamovida, aRwerilia sakvirveli da mowyenili suraTi: samreklo

kvlav aRmarTulia da xeebs miRma Cans erTerTi mcire gumbaTi, magram

ZiriTadi gumbaTi ukve aRar aris. aseTive bedi ewia baTumSi mdgomare

zogierT taZarsac. xolo meCeTi „azizie“ ufro adre daangries.

sabednierod gadarCa wm. nikolozis taZari, somxuri grigorianuli da

kaTolokuri taZari, romlebic SemorCenilia dRemdis.

30-iani wlebis bolos dangreuli taZris adgilze aSenda sastumro

„inturisti“ es Senoba aSenda konstruqtivistul stilSi, TavisTavad

unikaluric kia. sastumro daaproeqta cnobilma sabWoTa arqiteqtorma a. v.

Susevma, romelic leninis mavzeleumis avtoricaa. dRes inturistis vrcel

holSi gamofenilia wm. aleqsandre nevelis samxedro taZris maketi, raSic

asaxulia baTumis istoria, xolo safosto baraTebi gvaZleven saocar

SesaZleblobebs warmovidginoT rogori iyo samxedro taZari sxvadasxva

rakursidan da CauRrmavdeT mis istorias.

Targmna goderZi totoCavam

90

91

92

baTumis samuzeuo cxovrebis istoriidan

rusudan kobrava

aWaris muzeumis daijesti 2009 weli

23 ianvari _ aWaris ganaTlebisa da kulturis muzeumSi Catarda xulos

raionis raqvTis sajaro skolis yofili maswavleblis Tamar

baraTaSvilis dabadebidan 70 da gardacvalebidan 40

wlisTavisadmi miZRnili xsovnis saRamo.

26 ianvari _ religiis muzeumSi „ninoobis“ dResTan dakavSirebiT Catarda

q. baTumis moswavle-axalgazrdobis sasaxlis moswavleTa

RonisZieba.

26-29 ianvari _ moewyo baTumeli amagdari mxatvris, baTumis sapatio

moqalaqis anton filipovis personaluri gamofena –

gayidva.

anton filipovis personaluri gamofena.

2009 wlis 26 ianvari

1-22 Tebervali – moewyo mxatvar-arqiteqtoris duglas zamTaraZis

namuSevrebis saiubileo personaluri gamofena: „uflis

naCuqari Svidi aTeuli“.

9 Tebervali – Catarda daviT aRmaSeneblis xsenebis dRisadmi miZRnili

RonisZieba.

15 Tebervali – Catarda avRaneTis respublikidan sabWoTa jarebis

gamosvlis 20 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili RonisZieba.

20 Tebervali – aWaris ganaTlebisa da kulturis muzeumSi Catarda

aWaris Rvawlmosili pedagogebis Tina kukulaZis, leonia

arjevaniZis da aslan miqelaZis moferebisa da pativgebis

saRamo.

93

18 marti – q. baTumis me-16 sajaro skolis VI klasis moswavleebs

CautardaT integrirebuli gakveTili inglisur enasa da

istoriaSi Temaze: „saqarTvelos kulturuli

memkvidreoba“.

23 marti – ilia WavWavaZis muzeumSi Catarda konferencia Temaze „1921

wlis marti baTumSi“.

30 marti – aWaris ganaTlebisa da kulturis muzeumSi Catarda

subtropikuli da samkurnalo mcenareebis yofili

mklevaris, teqnikis mecnierebaTa kandidatis givi

sarjvelaZis dabadebidan 85 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili

xsovnis saRamo.

3 aprili – ilia WavWavaZis muzeumSi Catarda ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis

pirveli sajaro skolis moswavleTa samecniero

konferencia Temaze „saqarTvelo da evropa“.

27 aprili – aWaris omis, Sromis da samxedro Zalebis veteranTa klubSi

Catarda faSizmze gamarjvebis 64-e wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili

konferencia.

29 aprili – profesorma oTar gogoliSvilma baTumis SoTa rusTavelis

universitetis istoriis specialobis III kursis studentebs

Cautara Ria leqcia Temaze „ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-1878 ww omi

da saqarTvelo“.

4 maisi – 15 ivnisi – moewyo aWaraSi vardebis revoluciisadmi miZRvnili

erTdrouli gamofena.

11 maisi – bavSvTa studia „bembim“ Caatara musikalur–mxatvruli dila

Temaze: „gazafxuli mobrZandeba“.

18 maisi _ 19 ivnisi – moewyo muzeumebis saerTaSoriso dRisadmi

miZRvnili, fondsacavSi daculi vazebis da keramikuli

namuSevrebis gamofena.

muzeumebis saerTaSoriso dRe 2009 w. 18 maisi

94

q. baTumis meri r. CxaiZe ajildoebs muzeumis

Rvawlmosil muSaks mziuli erisTavs

15 maisi _ aWaris mTavrobis saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba saarqivo

sammarTveloSi Catarda istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtoris

aWaris xariton axvledianis saxelobis muzeumis

direqtoris moadgilis oTar gogoliSvilis wignis

„socialuri da erovnuli moZraoba samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTveloSi 1900-1921 ww.“ wardgineba.

19 maisi _ profesorma oTar gogoliSvilma baTumis SoTa rusTavelis

universitetis istoriiis specialobis me-2 kursis

studentebs Cautara Ria leqcia Temaze „saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis dRe – 26 maisi.

22 maisi _ ilia WavWavaZis muzeumSi Catarda 26 maisisadmi miZRvnili

moswavleTa konferencia

1 ivnisi _ pedagogebis siaxleTa kvlevis centrma asocoacia

„mcodnelma“ Caatara sajaro skolebis moswavleTa da

maswavlebelTa konkursSi „yofaqcevis kultura“

gamarjvebulTa dajildoeba.

10 ivnisi _ moewyo q. baTumis N2 sajaro skolis da studia „andamatis“

moswavleTa namuSevrebis gamofena- auqcioni.

17 ivnisi - 1 oqtomberi _ moewyo fondsacavSi daculi niJarebis da

Tevzebis erTdrouli gamofena.

23 ivnisi _ ilia WavWavaZis muzeumSi gaimarTa prezentacia proeqtisa

„qarTveli axalgazrdobis ukeTesi momavlisaTvis“

21 ivlisi _ religiis muzeumSi moewyo yofil qarTul teritoriebze

darCenili xuroTmoZRvruli nagebobebis arsebobisadami

miZRvnili fotogamofena.

15 oqtomberi _ gazeT „aWaris“ redaqciam Caatara wignis „maTze werda

aWara“ prezentacia.

95

22 seqtemberi _ ilia WavWavaZis muzeumSi Catarda axalgazrda poetebis

genri doliZis, giorgi gabaiZisa da axalgazrda mwerlebis

Tako diogiZisa da giorgi WeiSvilis wignis „dausrulebeli

werili“ wardgineba.

15 oqtomberi _ gazeT „aWaris“ redaqciam Caatara literaturuli

konkursis „pifis“ gamarjvebulTa dajildoeba.

6-19 noemberi _ moewyo mxatvar Tamaz (nadim) diasamiZis xsovnisadmi

miZRvnili gamofena_saRamo.

Tamaz (nadim) diasamiZis xsovnisadmi miZRvnil gamofenaze

2009 w. 6 noemberi

6 noemberi _ ganaTlebis da kulturis muzeumSi Catarda Rvawlmosili

pedagogisa da moRvawis Rirsebis ordenosan arCil

iSxneliZis dabadebidan 80 da sazogadoebriv-pedagoiuri

moRvaweobis 60 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo saRamo.

13 noemberi _ profesorma oTar gogoliSvilma baTumis SoTa rusTavelis

universitetis istoriis specialobis me-3 kursisis

studentebs Cautara Ria leqcia Temaze „baTumi qarTul da

ucxour istoriografiaSi“.

16 noemberi _ pedagogebis siaxleTa kvlevis centrma asociacia

„mcodnelma“ moawyo dasavleT saqarTvelos sajaro

skolebis I klasis moswavleTa da pedagogTa dajildoeba

konkursSi: „iswavle da ixalise ardadegebze“ aqtiuri

monawileobisaTvis.

27 noemberi _ ilia WavWavaZis muzeumSi Catarda respublikuri samecniero

konferencia Temaze „samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos yofa

da istoria _ parxali“.

96

samecniero konferencia: „samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTvelos yofa da istoria _ parxali“. 2009 w. 27 noemberi.

8 dekemberi _ q. baTumis sakrebulom moawyo 2010 wlis biujetis proeqtis

gacnoba muzeumis TanamSromlebisaTvis.

q. baTumis 2010 w. biujetis gacnoba aWaris muzeumSi

97

Zmebi nobelebis saxelobis baTumis teqnologiuri muzeumi

2007 wlis 17 maisidan baTumis

RirsSesaniSnaobebs Zmebi nobele-

bis saxelobis baTumis teqnolo-

giuri muzeumi Seemata. igi swo-

red im SenobaSia, sadac ganTav-

sebuli iyo kompania „Branobel“-is „baTumis kantora“.

muzeumi mdebareobs qalaqis

SemosasvlelSi (Tamaris dasax-

leba, leseliZis q. #3). Ria cis-

fer da orsarTulian, koSkian

SenobaSi, romelsac TeTri riku-

lebiani aivani da wyvili

magnolia amSvenebs. aq sxvadasxva

dros mdebareobda sabavSvi baRi, Tamaris dasaxlebis milicia da ubnis

saxlmmarTveloba. qalaqis mkvidrni igoneben, rom e.w. `mdidris saxlis~, an

kidev `gubernatoris saxlis~ pirvel sarTuls kupidonebiT moxatuliQWeri

da iSviaTi masalisagan damzadebuli antikvaruli buxari amSvenebda.

samwuxarod jerjerobiT ver xerxdeba imis dazusteba Tu ra gza gaiara

Senobam „baTumis kantoridan“ sabavSvo baRamde. SesaZloa Semdgomma

saarqivo kvleva-Ziebam Seavsos aRniSnuli wyvetili.

Senobis Tanamedrove interieri Semdegnairia:

pirveli sarTuli `navTobis

mefeebad~ wodebuli nobelebis

dinastiis kavkasiaSi moRvaweobas

da kompania „Branobel“-s eTmoba.

nobelebis saxelTanaa dakavSi-

rebuli baTumis navTobter-

minalis daarsebac. iqve warmod-

genilia ebrauli warmoSobis

frangi navTobmagnatis rotSil-

disa da Tbiliseli somexis a.

manTaSevis saeqspozicio kuTxe,

aseve navTis bidoni, romelic

adasturebs msoflios 160-ze met

qveyanaSi daregistrirebuli sasaqonlo-savaWro niSnis „Shell“ kavSirs

baTumTan. XIX saukunis qalaqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gerbi, baTumis

navsadguris erT-erTi pirveli foto, sadac kargad Cans Zveli

baTumisaTvis niSandoblivi lampioni. aqve ganTavsebulia msgavsi Sinaarsis

sxvadasxva eqsponatebi

muzeumis meore sarTuli aWaris regionSi Cais kulturis ganviTarebas

da am saqmisTvis CineTidan specialurad sami wliT mowveul lao jin-jaos

Rvawls eTmoba, romelmac saqarTveloSi 30 weli dahyo da samSobloSi

dabrunebisas Tvalcremlianma ganacxada: `mivdivar, magram Cems guls da

suls saqarTveloSi vtoveb, risTvisac gixdiT guliTad madlobas~.

muzeumSi warmodgenilia lao jin-jaos piradi nivTebi.

darbazs amSvenebs Fferadi fotografiis erT–erTi didostatis sergei

prokudin gorskis feradi fotoebi, romlis Sesaxebac dRemde TiTqmis

98

araferi iyo cnobili qalaqis farTo sazogadoebisaTvis. garkveuli

mizezebis gamo mis Sesaxeb araferia naTqvami did sabWoTa enciklopediaSi.

prokudin gorskis didi wvlili miuZRvis fotografiis istoriaSi, aseve XX

saukunis 10-iani wlebis qarTuli realobis firze aRbeWdvaSi.

fotografiaSi eqskursias agrZelebs baTumSi moRvawe berZeni

fotografebis egorovisa da antonopulos fotoreproduqciebi, romlebic

maTsave fotosaxelosnoebs amSvenebda da karg reklamasac uwevda.

muzeumi teqnologiuri xasiaTisaa da aqcentirebulia baTumis

sameurneo-ekonomikur ganviTarebaze, samrewvelo obieqtebisa da maTi

mepatroneebis warmoCenaze, am kuTxiT sainteresoa „�. N�������� i� � '�“-is produqciis katalogi da saqmianobis geografiuli areali. es is kompaniaa,

romlis Senobasac baTumelebi dResac „cinkzavods“ uwodeben.

muzeumis erT-erT RirsSesaniSnav eqsponats warmoadgens kompania

«"���»-is mier damzadebuli keramikuli filebis fotoebi, romliTac

imdroindeli rkinigzis sadguris Senoba da Zveli qalaqis sadarbazoebi

yofila mopirkeTebuli. analogiuri filebi baTumis rig sadarbazos

dRemde SemorCa.

muzeumis SemecnebiT kuTxeebs Soris axlaxans adgili daimkvidra 1907

wlidan sakuTari savaWro niSnisa da originaluri etiketis mqone `danelia

da kompania”-m, romelic agrZelebs saojaxo tradicias da TaflSi

gafiltrul saeklesio Rvinos awarmoebs. mimdinare wels muzeums

sxvadasxva eqsponatTan erTad, Seemata knut hamsunis bareliefi, romelic

momavalSi daamSvenebs saeqspozicio kuTxes: „nobeliantebi saqarTveloSi“.

vizualur, saeqspozicio mxaresTan erTad muzeumi, Tavisi specifikidan

gamomdinare, gansakuTrebiT mimzidveli da sainteresoa informaciuli

TvalsazrisiT, romelTa umetesi nawili ucnobi iyo farTo

sazogadoebisaTvis. muzeumi, rogorc wesi, eweva samecniero-kvleviT

saqmianobas, TandaTanobiT mravldeba eqsponatebi, imarTeba sxvadasxva

TematikasTan dakavSirebuli RonisZiebebi da gamofenebi. muzeumi

TanamSromlobs saqarTvelos da mis gareT arsebul sxvadasxava

muzeumebTan, monawileobs respublikuri Tu saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis

samecniero konferenciebSi.

sainteresoa muzeumis saqmianoba samuzeumo pedagogikis dargSi. am

TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia baTumis xelovnebis saswavlo universitetTan

urTierToba, romlis studentebi muzeummcodneobis saswavlo kursis

praqtikul nawils gadian muzeumSi. samomavlod dagegmilia samuzeumo

saganmanaTleblo programebis Sedgena zogadsaganmanaTleblo

skolebisaTvis.

Tamar oragveliZe

baTumis teqnologiuri muzeumis

mecnier-TanamSromeli

99

Sinaarsi

lamara gulordava

aWaris muzeumis geologiuri koleqciebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

nugzar mgelaZe, goderZi totoCava

veSapis kulti samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi

da veSapoidebis Seswavlis istoriisaTvis (nawili II) . . . . . . . . 11

saSa lekveiSvili

qarTveli da ucxoeli mecnier-mkvlevarebi

aWaruli Cacmulobis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

goderZi totoCava

aWaris ganTavisufleba qarTul periodul presaSi

(„droebisa“ da „iveriis“ masalebis mixedviT) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

oTar gogoliSvili

ingliselebi baTumSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

oTar gogoliSvili

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

sagareo orientaciis problema (1918-1921 wlebi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

rusudan kobrava

Zveli baTumis quCebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

revaz uzunaZe

saydari (sofel erges warsulidan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

merab uzunaZe

gvaras cixe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

malxaz CoxaraZe

kriptoqristianoba parxalSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

nana qoriZe

muzeumis iTifaluri qandakebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

aleqsandre TiroSvili

Cemi mogonebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

mixeil alSibaia

wm. aleqsandre nevelis samxedro taZari baTumSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

rusiko kobrava

aWaris muzeumis daijesti _ 2009 weli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Tamar oragveliZe

Zmebi nobelebis saxelobis baTumis teqnologiuri muzeumi . . . . . . . 97

100

xelmowerilia dasabeWdad 20.01.2010

qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/8

SekveTa @#12, tiraJi 300

daibeWda Sps “GAMAprint”-is stambaSi baTumi, m. abaSiZis 35