music combination paper.doc

General findings on Music

When analyzing the unstructured transcripts, the theme that stood out to me was messages in lyrics. People

seem to like and dislike genres based on the message their lyrics display, such as positive and negative messages, and

whether or not they can relate to the lyrics. I opened NVivo, and imported the unstructured music transcript. Then, I

double-clicked on the transcript to be able to read and select text for hand-coding. I looked through the text until a theme

stood out to me. Once I found the theme on messages in lyrics, I highlighted theme-related quotes, and created nodes for

them. These are my nodes for messages in lyrics. One quote suggested that people like genres whose lyrics can be

understood and are relatable.

I feel like everyone has their own opinion about music, but I feel like just being able to understand the lyrics, and feel the beat, and feel a flow to it, I feel like that's what a lot of people look for in music, just because it makes them feel good and it kind of activates your mind a little bit. It makes you think and you make pictures in your head, and you can relate to it. I feel like people listen to music that they can relate to it. That's why I listen to rap, and not blue grass because that's what I can relate to.

Offensive lyrics and negative messages also seemed to determine whether or not a particular genre is liked. For

example, one quote said:

The type of music I like usually involves stories that people tell. I like honesty and music I don't like, I don't like the profanity or anything vulgar, so anything that is like that, usually hardcore metal or rap. I don't like that at all.

Similarly, another quote said:

I am not a huge fan of rap music, as the messages that it project to our younger individuals. The message sometime projects that of sex with multiple women and killing of police officers, who are public servants this bothers me greatly. Now, the rap music about making that money and drinking gin and juice I love very much. I love the beat that goes along with it. But the killing and the pimping of the hoes, that isn't my forte.

One quote said they like lyrics that tell a positive, relatable story:

Interviewee: Every country song tells a story, there are some songs were you are like ok this is swallow but the majority of country songs especially old country it all tells a story about something. Stories are relatableInterviewer: So you like the lyrics?Interviewee: The lyrics sure, yeah well go with thatInterviewer: Or is it how the say itInterviewee: It’s not necessarily how they say it, a lot of it is what they say it’s the morals that the stories encourage it’s the choices people have to make its people, you know its emotional, I like people I like analyzing people and country music has a lot of depth.

Now we want to ask you some questions about music. On which medium do you most often listen to music - traditional radio, streaming, personal mp3 -purchased, personal mp3 - pirated, cd, vinyl, or other- * what year were you born? Crosstabulation

what year were you born?Total1927-1987 1988-1992 1993-1996

Now we want to ask you some questions about music. On which medium do you most often listen to music - traditional radio, streaming, personal mp3 -purchased, personal mp3 - pirated, cd, vinyl, or other-

cd Count 11 4 5 20% within what year were you born? 5.5% 1.9% 2.4% 3.2%

Std. Residual 1.8 -1.1 -.7online radio / streaming Count 9 12 18 39

% within what year were you born? 4.5% 5.7% 8.5% 6.3%

Std. Residual -1.0 -.3 1.3online radio / streaming music service

Count 50 53 47 150% within what year were you born? 25.0% 25.4% 22.2% 24.2%

Std. Residual .2 .4 -.6other Count 10 10 13 33


Std. Residual -.2 -.3 .5personal mp3 Count 2 11 14 27


Std. Residual -2.3 .6 1.6personal mp3 - pirated Count 8 21 23 52


Std. Residual -2.1 .8 1.2personal mp3 - purchased

Count 11 23 42 76% within what year were you born? 5.5% 11.0% 19.8% 12.2%

Std. Residual -2.7 -.5 3.2traditional radio Count 97 74 50 221


Std. Residual 3.1 .0 -2.9vinyl Count 2 1 0 3


Std. Residual 1.1 .0 -1.0Total Count 200 209 212 621


Chi-Square Tests

Value dfAsymp. Sig. (2-

sided)Pearson Chi-Square 61.082a 16 .000Likelihood Ratio 64.949 16 .000Linear-by-Linear Association 2.667 1 .102N of Valid Cases 621a. 3 cells (11.1%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .97.

For these tables, we are looking at the relationship between age and preferred mediums used to listen to music.

When looking at the chi-squared table, we can see that the P-value is .000, which is below the .05 cutoff. This tells us

there is a very strong, statistically significant relationship between age and preferred medium on which music is listened

to.

When looking at the crosstabulation table, we can see that the row for traditional radio is significant because it has

a standardized residual of positive 3.1 for adults born between 1927 and 1987. This tells us that more adults in the oldest

age group prefer traditional radio than expected. Adults born between 1993 and 1996 had a standardized residual of -2.9,

meaning less prefer traditional radio than expected. We see that 48.5% of adults born between 1927 and 1987 choose to

listen to music on traditional radio than any other medium, while 35.4% of adults born between 1988 and 1992 and 23.6%

of adults born between 1993 and 1996 choose to listen to traditional radio. The results found in this row tell us that older

adults prefer traditional radio more than younger adults.

Another important row is the personal mp3 - purchased. We can see that adults born between 1927 and 1987

show a standardized residual of - 2.7, which means that less adults in this age group prefer to listen to purchased

personal mp3 music than expected. Adults born between 1993 and 1996 have a standardized residual of positive 3.2,

which means that more adults within this age group choose to listen to purchased personal mp3 music than expected.

We can see these results in the percentages, as well, which show that 5.5% of older adults born between 1927 and 1987,

11.0% of adults born between 1988 and 1992, and 19.8% of adults born between 1993 and 1996 chose personal mp3

purchase as their medium for listening to music. These results tell us that younger adults prefer listening to purchased

personal mp3 music more than older adults do.

It appears that older adults are more likely to listen to traditional radio and less likely to choose personal mp3 -

purchased than any other medium, and younger adults are less likely to choose traditional radio and more likely to choose

personal mp3 - purchased as their medium to listen to music. A possible reason for these results could technology. With

new age technology such as streaming radio, iPods, mp3s, etc., younger adults are likely to know how to use these types

of newer gadgets, while older adults don't know how to use this newer technology, therefore, find traditional radio easier to

use.

Music Listening Medium * Age

My first table was on the different music listening mediums different age groups preferred. This question was not

open-ended, therefore was not transcribed, so I was advised to complete research on how people of different age groups

generally spoke about music. To begin, I completed a word frequency query on both the “music – younger” and “music –

older” nodes that were pre-downloaded in the NVivo file provided on the course blogsite. The word cloud can be found

below, which gives a graphic representation of the words most used when discussing music.

What I found with this word cloud was that people talked about “rap” and “country” than any other genre; the word

“rap” had a weighted percentage of 1.44, and “country”, 1.01%. When I completed the hand-coding, these rates were

supported, as people across all age groups had a lot of opinions about rap and country, both negative and positive. Other

words that were used frequently were “grew” (.49%) and “understand” (.47%).

The main theme I found when hand-coding was that people of all age groups based their opinions of music based

on whether or not they could understand the lyrics. Below is a quote from an individual in the younger group:

Interviewer: And what about for, you said you dislike metal. What about that music do you dislike?Interviewee: It’s, for one, don’t understand what their saying. A lot of yelling and screaming.Interviewer: Yeah, it’s difficult sometimes huh?Interviewer: Yeah. Loud and obnoxious and don’t care or it.Interviewer: Not something you’d want to listen too?Interviewee: Nope.

Here is another quote from the younger group:

Me: Why don’t you like rap music?Interviewee: Because I don’t understand it. I cannot understand a word they’re saying.Me: So you don’t like it because you can’t really understand their lyrics?Interviewee: That’s right.Me: Maybe they’re talking too fast?Interviewee: Or when I do understand it I don’t like the language that they use.Me: How does it make you feel when you listen to it?Interviewee: I want to change it

From the older group, I also saw the same trend. One person from this group said, “Metal and all that is just

gibberish to me, I can't understand it.” While discussing metal and rap, another person from the older group said:

I feel like rap doesn’t really talk about anything in general at all. I don’t really connect with the lyrics and I don’t – something can’t understand on the recording- most of the time. Metal I don’t really understand, I like, don’t understand the words when they’re saying the words and the music is just loud.

Based on the quotes above, we can see that both groups seemed to dislike genres with lyrics they couldn’t

understand, either because they’re talking too fast or too loud.

A minor theme I found when hand-coding was that people talked a lot of about growing up with different music,

which caused them to like them today. One person from the younger group was given a list of several different genres,

and had the same, single answer for liking each one:

Respondent: Country Western, yes.Respondent: Because I grew up with it.Interviewer: Is that the only reason?Respondent: That’s the reason.Interviewer: You said you Big Band.Respondent: Grew up with it.Interviewer: Blue Grass?Respondent: Grew up with it.Interviewer: And Easy Listening?Respondent: Grew up with it

I'm going to read you a list of some types of music. Can you tell me which of the statements comes closest to your feeling about each type of music, do you like it very much, like it, have mixed feelings about it, dislike it, dislike it very much, or do you not

know much about it- [rap] * Interviewer: what is the gender of your interviewee- CrosstabulationInterviewer: what is the gender of

your interviewee-TotalFemale Male

I'm going to read you a list of some types of music. Can you tell me which of the statements comes closest to your feeling about each type of music, do you like it very much, like it, have mixed feelings about it, dislike it, dislike it very much, or do you not know much about it- [rap]

Dislike it Count 77 48 125% within Interviewer: what is the gender of your interviewee-

21.6% 15.7% 18.9%

Std. Residual 1.2 -1.3Dislike it very much Count 26 18 44

% within Interviewer: what is the gender of your interviewee-

7.3% 5.9% 6.6%

Std. Residual .5 -.5Don't know much about it Count 8 7 15


2.2% 2.3% 2.3%

Std. Residual .0 .0Like it Count 126 117 243


35.4% 38.2% 36.7%

Std. Residual -.4 .4Like it very much Count 29 49 78


8.1% 16.0% 11.8%

Std. Residual -2.0 2.2Mixed feelings Count 90 67 157


25.3% 21.9% 23.7%

Std. Residual .6 -.7Total Count 356 306 662


100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Chi-Square Tests


sided)Pearson Chi-Square 13.380a 5 .020Likelihood Ratio 13.440 5 .020Linear-by-Linear Association 2.553 1 .110N of Valid Cases 662a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 6.93.

For these tables, we are looking at the relationship between gender and opinions about rap music. When looking

at the chi-squared table, we find a P-value of .02, which is less than the .05 cut off. This value tells us there is a

statistically significant relationship between gender and one's opinion about rap music.

When looking at the crosstabulation table, the Like It Very Much row shows significant results. The females had a

standardized residual of -2.0, which was less than expected. This means that females are less likely to like rap music

very much. The males who said they liked rap music very much had a standardized residual of positive 2.2, which was

higher than expected. The percentages in this row correlated with the statistical residuals, with only 8.1% of females

saying they like rap music very much and 16% of males saying they like it very much. The results from this row tell us

that more males have a higher liking for rap music than females do.

Another important row is the Dislike It row. The standardized residual for females in this row was positive 1.2;

these results were more than expected and tell us that females are more likely to dislike rap music. The males that said

they disliked music had a standardized residual of -1.3, which means that males are less likely to dislike rap music than

expected. The percentages of females saying they disliked rap music was 21.6%, while 15.7% of males said they dislike

it. These results tell us that more females dislike rap music than males.

The results of these tables tell us that males are more likely to like rap music very much, while females are more

likely to dislike it. Possible reasons for these results could due to the lyrics in rap music. Rap music tends to be led by

males. Their lyrics tend to be aggressive, violent, and negative towards women, and male rappers tend to refer to women

in derogatory ways, such as calling them bitches and hoes. Men also use their offensive lyrics about women as a position

of power, displaying their dominance over women. Women may dislike rap music for these reasons.

Rap * Gender

My second table was on rap and gender. First, I completed a text search query for the word “rap” in the “music-

males” and “music-females” nodes that were pre-downloaded in the NVivo file provided on the course blogsite. I saved

each query as new nodes, “rap – males” and “rap – females”. I then completed a word frequency query on both the “rap –

males” and “rap – females” nodes combined, to allow me to view most and least common words used in quotes including

the word “rap”. You can see the word cloud below.

I found that the word “feel” was used frequently, with a weighted percentage of 1.01. People also used the word

“lyrics” a lot (weighted percentage of .61).

Next, I completed hand-coding within the “rap – males” and “rap – females” nodes I created to look for themes.

The main theme within the male group was rap’s ability to tell stories. One male said:

This is easy, I like rap because I like to hear lyrics, I like to understand lyrics, and I like my artists to be able to paint a picture in my head while I'm listening to the music. I feel like rap does the best job of doing that.

Another male felt the same way:

I want to say rap.Tell me why u like itI feel like sometimes how the words are put in like it really opens their expression like a story. I like how it tells stories of how they got there or how things were tough. And I think that is really interesting how they you could put your feelings into music. That's why I like it.You're saying rap is the only one that does that or mostly that does that?That it mostly makes more sense to me.

Another theme I found within both the male and female groups was song lyrics. While the males appreciated the

story the lyrics presented, I found that a lot of females had negative feelings about the messages portrayed in rap music.

One female said, “I don’t like rap because of the lyrics. I don’t like rap music because it degrades women.” Another

female had mixed feelings about rap, “I like some rap and there some others where their over the top and derogatory.” A

similar response was found with another female:

Interviewer: Okay, and why do you dislike rap?Interviewee: Cause all they talk about are money, hoes and bitchesInterviewer: Okay, I agree. Yeah, I dont like all of that. I dont like when they talk about like girls and vulgar stuff.

These findings supported the quantitative table I completed on rap and gender. Males tended

to have more positive opinions about rap music, while females seemed have more negative opinions

about it.

I'm going to read you a list of some types of music. Can you tell me which of the statements comes closest to your feeling about each type of music, do you like it very much, like it, have mixed feelings about it, dislike it, dislike it very much, or do you not know

much about it- [Latin] * How much education have you completed? Crosstabulation

How much education have you completed?

Totalhigh school or

less

2 year (associates/vo

cational) degree

bachelors degree or

moreI'm going to read you a list of some types of music. Can you tell me which of the statements comes closest to your feeling about each type of music, do you like it very much, like it, have mixed feelings about it, dislike it, dislike it very much, or do you not know much about it- [Latin]

Dislike it Count 58 24 20 102% within How much education have you completed?

21.2% 10.5% 17.9% 16.6%

Std. Residual 1.9 -2.3 .3Dislike it very much Count 7 9 6 22

% within How much education have you completed?

2.6% 3.9% 5.4% 3.6%

Std. Residual -.9 .3 1.0Don't know much about it

Count 32 30 8 70% within How much education have you completed?

11.7% 13.2% 7.1% 11.4%

Std. Residual .1 .8 -1.3Like it Count 104 89 30 223


38.0% 39.0% 26.8% 36.3%

Std. Residual .4 .7 -1.7Like it very much Count 36 36 20 92


13.1% 15.8% 17.9% 15.0%

Std. Residual -.8 .3 .8Mixed feelings Count 37 40 28 105


13.5% 17.5% 25.0% 17.1%

Std. Residual -1.4 .2 2.0Total Count 274 228 112 614


100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Chi-Square Tests


sided)Pearson Chi-Square 23.897a 10 .008Likelihood Ratio 24.497 10 .006Linear-by-Linear Association 6.395 1 .011N of Valid Cases 614a. 1 cells (5.6%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 4.01.

For these tables, we are looking at the relationship between education and one's opinion about Latin music. When

looking at the chi-squared table, we find a P-value of .008. This is below our cut off of. 05. Therefore, there is a

statistically significant relationship between education and one's opinion about Latin music.

When looking at the crosstabulation table, we see that the Like It row is important because it indicates that 26.8%

of individuals with an education of bachelor’s degree or more said they liked Latin music. This was less than expected, as

the standardized residual was -1.7. 39% of adults with a 2-year degree (associates/vocational) said they liked Latin

music. This resulted in a standardized residual of positive .7, which means more adults in this group are likely to like Latin

music than was expected. We can also see that 38% of adults with a high school education or lower said they liked Latin

music; standardized residual for these individuals was positive .4, which was more than expected. The results from this

row tell us that individuals at the highest education level (bachelor’s degree) are less likely to like Latin music, while

individuals in the lower-levels (2 year associates/vocational degree and high school or less) are more likely to like Latin

music.

Another significant row is the Dislike It row. Adults with a high school education or less had a standardized

residual of positive 1.9, which is more than expected. This means they are more likely to dislike Latin music. Individuals

with a 2-year associates/vocational degree had a negative standardized residual of -2.3, which was less than expected.

This tells us that these individuals are less likely to dislike Latin music. 17.9% of individuals with a bachelor's degree or

more said they disliked Latin music; their standardized residual was positive .3, which was insignificant. We see that

21.2% of individuals with an education of high school or less dislike Latin music and 10.5% of individuals with a 2-year

associates/vocational degree dislike Latin music. The results from this row tell us that individuals who have high school or

less educations are more likely to dislike Latin music than individuals with higher educations.

From looking at these results, we can see that the higher the level of education, the less likely someone is to like

Latin music. However, higher level education (bachelor's degree or more) did not show a significant result for disliking

Latin music. We can also tell that individuals with an education of high school or less are more likely to dislike Latin

music, and individuals with a 2-year associates degree/vocational degree are less likely to dislike Latin music.

Possible reasons for these results could boil down to race. Hispanics are more likely to like Latin music than

other race groups. We also know that Hispanics are less likely to achieve a bachelor’s degree than a White individual.

Therefore, a person with a bachelor’s degree or more is more likely to be White than Hispanic, which is why we are

seeing that these individuals are less likely to like Latin music. In the same token, lower-level educated individuals are

more likely to consist of minority groups, such as Hispanics, than Whites. We are seeing more 2nd, 3rd, and so on

generations of Hispanics today, and many are speaking English as a primary language, versus their older generations

who speak Spanish; some may not be learning Spanish at all. This language shift may be causing the results of this

population disliking Latin music.

Latin * Education

My next table was on Latin music and levels of education. To begin, I completed a text search query for the word

“Latin” in each of the music-education nodes that were pre-downloaded in the NVivo file provided on the course blogsite

(“some high school”, “high school”, “associates”, “bachelors”, and “grad school”). I saved each query as new nodes,

“Latin – some high school”, “Latin – high school”, “Latin – associates”, “Latin – bachelors”, and “Latin – grad school”. I

then completed a word frequency query on all of these new nodes combined. You can see the word cloud below.

This shows the most and least common words used in quotes including the word “Latin”. The first word that stood

out to me was the word “understand”; it had a weighted percentage of .79%. “Beat” was also used a lot, with a weighted

percentage of .50%, as well as “dance” (.37%).

Next, I began hand-coding each of the new nodes I created per education level. The main theme I found was

culture. People who liked Latin music responded said it was due to their culture/heritage. For example, one person who

had completed high school stated, “I like a lot of Latin music too just because I'm Hispanic, so I have a strong liking for

that type of music also.” Another person from this education level was asked, “Why do you like Latin?”, and responded,

“Latin because I am Latina.” This quote clearly supports the main theme, as this person provided her heritage as the only

reason she liked Latin music. A person with an associate’s degree had the following response:

me: So, why do you dislike country western so much?interviewee: Because it doesn't fall into my culture, I guess? I wasn't raised listening to it so I'm not attracted to it for that reason. me: So, you like Latin very much because it's more of your culture?interviewee: Yeah.

A person at the bachelor’s degree level was asked, “Like latin for example?” The response was, “Yeah, because

I'm mexican so. i like my spanish music.” This is another quote that solely responded heritage as the only reason for

liking Latin music.

When asked why they disliked Latin music, a person who had a bachelor’s degree responded, “Latin I don't like

because I am not a latin person and actually, I dislike other kinds of music other than latin, I'm not a latin guy.”

When I compare the hand-coding quotes I found to the quantitative tables I completed on Latin music and levels

of education, it supports the results that higher-level educated individuals are less likely to like Latin music than lower-

level. People with lower levels of education seemed to have a lot more positive opinions of Latin music. The lower-level

educated individuals also seemed to talk more about their Latin culture and heritage, which supports my hypothesis that

more Hispanics tend to fall into the lower-level educated group than higher-level. Therefore, lower-level educated

individuals are more likely to enjoy Latin music.

I'm going to read you a list of some types of music. Can you tell me which of the statements comes closest to your feeling

about each type of music, do you like it very much, like it, have mixed feelings about it, dislike it, dislike it very much, or do

you not know much about it- [Latin] * your race? Crosstabulation

your race?

Totalother Hispanic White

I'm going to read you a list of

some types of music. Can

you tell me which of the

statements comes closest to

your feeling about each type

of music, do you like it very

Dislike it Count 17 26 60 103

% within your race? 16.8% 8.1% 33.1% 17.1%

Std. Residual -.1 -3.9 5.2

Dislike it very much Count 4 6 11 21

% within your race? 4.0% 1.9% 6.1% 3.5%

Std. Residual .3 -1.6 1.9

Don't know much about it Count 23 8 38 69

% within your race? 22.8% 2.5% 21.0% 11.4%

Std. Residual 3.4 -4.7 3.8

Like it Count 22 157 38 217

% within your race? 21.8% 48.8% 21.0% 35.9%

Std. Residual -2.4 3.8 -3.4

Like it very much Count 7 83 3 93

% within your race? 6.9% 25.8% 1.7% 15.4%

Std. Residual -2.2 4.7 -4.7

Mixed feelings Count 28 42 31 101

% within your race? 27.7% 13.0% 17.1% 16.7%

Std. Residual 2.7 -1.6 .1

Total Count 101 322 181 604

% within your race? 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Chi-Square Tests

Value df

Asymp. Sig. (2-

sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 188.116a 10 .000

Likelihood Ratio 202.810 10 .000

Linear-by-Linear Association 27.852 1 .000

N of Valid Cases 604

a. 1 cells (5.6%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected

count is 3.51.

In these tables, we are looking at the relationship between race and one's opinion of Latin music. When looking

at the chi-squared table, we find a P-value of. 000, which is below the .05 cut off. This shows us that there is a statistically

significant relationship between race and one's opinion about Latin music.

Looking at the crosstabulation table, we see significant results across three rows. The first important row is the

Like It Very Much row. 25.8% of Hispanic individuals said they liked Latin music very much, which resulted in a

standardized residual of positive 4.7, higher than expected. This means that Hispanics are more likely to say they like

Latin music very much. White individuals also had a significant standardized residual of -4.7 due to only 1.7% of them

stating they liked Latin music very much. This was less than expected, and tells us that White individuals are less likely to

like Latin music very much. The individuals in the “other” race group had a standardized residual of -2.2., with 6.9%

stating they like music very much, which was less than expected. This means that people in race groups other than

Hispanic and White are less likely to like Latin music very much. From row tells us that Hispanics are more likely to say

they like Latin music very much than any other race group, and White individuals are less likely to say they like Latin

music very much than all other race groups.

We also showed significant results in the Like It row. Hispanics showed a positive standardized residual of 3.8,

which tells us that Hispanics are more likely to like Latin music than expected; 48.8% of Hispanics said that they like Latin

music. The White race group in this category had a negative standardized residual of -3.4, with 21% of them stating that

they like Latin music. The standardized residual for this group tells us that White individuals are less likely to like Latin

music than expected. Individuals in the “other” race group had a negative standardized residual of -2.4, with 21.8% of

them stating that they like Latin music; this was less than was expected, and means that (like White individuals), they are

less likely to say they like Latin music. The results from this row are similar to the Like It Very Much row, in that Hispanics

are more likely to like Latin music than any other race group, and White individuals are less likely than any other race

group to like Latin music.

Another row of significance was the Dislike It row. In this row, only 8.1% of Hispanics said that they dislike Latin

music. Their standardized residual was -3.9, lower than expected, meaning that less Hispanics are likely to say they

dislike Latin music. 33.1% of White individuals stated that they dislike Latin music. Their standardized residual of positive

5.2 was highly significant and more than expected. This tells us that White individuals are more likely to dislike Latin

music. The “other” race group did not show significant results, with 16.8% stating that they dislike Latin music and a

standardized residual of -.1, which was slightly less than expected. The results from this row tell us that White individuals

are more likely to dislike Latin music than any other race group. We also find that Hispanics are less likely to dislike Latin

music than any other race group.

The results of this table tells us that more Hispanics are likely to like Latin music very much, and less likely to

dislike it, while whites are less likely to like Latin music very much, and more likely to say that they dislike it. A reason for

these findings could be due to Hispanics more likely to speak Spanish. Since Latin music is usually in Spanish, Hispanics

are more likely to understand the lyrics. Therefore, they are more likely to enjoy Latin music more than other race groups

who most likely don't speak this language.

Latin * Race

My next table was on the Latin genre and race. To begin, I completed a text search query for the word “Latin” in

the “music-hispanic”, “music – other”, and “music-white” nodes that were pre-downloaded in the NVivo file provided on the

course blogsite. I saved each query as new nodes, “Latin-hispanic”, “Latin – other”, and “Latin-white”. Next, I completed

a word frequency query on the “Latin-hispanic”, “Latin – other”, and “Latin-white” nodes combined, to allow me to view

most and least common words used in quotes including the word “Latin” among all race groups. The word cloud is below.

By looking at this cloud, I found that the word “feel” was used frequently, at a weighted percentage of .79%.

“Grew” was also used at a weighted percentage of .50%. When I completed the hand-coding, these numbers were

supported, as people talked about the way Latin music made them feel. Also, a majority of people who liked Latin music

said they grew up with it.

One theme among all race groups was that Latin music was associated with dancing. A quote from the white

group was, “I like to dance to Latin music and exercise to Latin music and and that's all.” A quote from the Hispanic group

said:

Latin.What about it?I like it because it makes me want to dance and I like to dance.

Another person from this group said:

And with latin that brings me back with my parents, ya know. My mom…you know..my mom with the culture. My mom is from mexico and that also brings me back to when I was little, my mom was listening to Mexican music while she cleaned house. Whatever it is, I mean, I really like that. It also brings back memories and I like to dance cumbia.interviewer: like Selena! interviewee: selena!

A person from the other race group also commented about the dancing aspect. However, it contributed to this

person disliking the Latin genre:

Same with Latin music, I don't understand it, I might hear it all the time because I am around it and Hispanic people all the time, but I don't understand it and it makes me feel uncomfortable that I don't understand it or don't know well how to dance to it so there is an embarrassment that goes with it when I do listen to it because I don't understand it.

The quotes I found supported my tables, in that a lot of Hispanics had positive feelings about Latin music, versus

the amount of positive comments received from the white and other race groups. Hispanics seemed to be more in tuned

with the Latin genre.

I'm going to read you a list of some types of music. Can you tell me which of the statements comes closest to your feeling about each type of music, do you like it very much, like it, have mixed feelings about it, dislike it, dislike it very much, or do you not

know much about it- [easy listening] * what is your current marital status? Crosstabulationwhat is your current marital

status?Totalnot married married

I'm going to read you a list of some types of music. Can you tell me which of the statements comes closest to your feeling about each type of music, do you like it very much, like it, have mixed feelings about it, dislike it, dislike it very much, or do you not know much about it- [easy listening]

Dislike it Count 52 15 67% within what is your current marital status? 11.6% 10.1% 11.2%

Std. Residual .2 -.4Dislike it very much Count 11 4 15

% within what is your current marital status? 2.4% 2.7% 2.5%

Std. Residual -.1 .1Don't know much about it Count 151 26 177


Std. Residual 1.6 -2.7Like it Count 143 59 202


Std. Residual -.7 1.2Like it very much Count 13 12 25


Std. Residual -1.3 2.3Mixed feelings Count 80 33 113


Std. Residual -.5 .9Total Count 450 149 599


Chi-Square Tests

Value df

Asymp. Sig. (2-

sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 20.391a 5 .001

Likelihood Ratio 20.521 5 .001

Linear-by-Linear Association 6.063 1 .014

N of Valid Cases 599

a. 1 cells (8.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected

count is 3.73.

In these tables, we are looking at the relationship between marital status and opinions about easy listening music.

In the chi-squared table, we find a P-value of .001, which is below the cut off of .05. This tells us there is a statistically

significant relationship between marital status and one’s opinion about easy listening music.

The row with the highest significance was the Don’t Know Much About It row. 17.4% of married people said they

didn’t know much about easy listening music, which resulted in a standardized residual of -2.7, less than was expected.

This means that married people are less likely to not know much about easy listening music. 33.6% of non-married

individuals also said they didn’t know much about this genre. Their standardized residual was positive 1.6, which was

more than expected. This means that non-married people are more likely to not know much about easy listening. The

results from this row tell us that non-married individuals are more likely to not know much about easy listening music than

married individuals.

Another important row was the Like It Very Much row. Here, we find that 8.1 % of married individuals said they

liked easy listening music very much. They had a standardized residual of positive 2.3, which was higher than expected.

This means that married individuals are more likely to like easy listening music very much. 2.9% of non-married

individuals said that they like easy listening music very much. This resulted in a standardized residual of -1.3, which was

less than expected, meaning non-married individuals are less likely to like easy listening music very much. The results

from this row tell us that married individuals are more likely than non-married individuals to like easy listening music very

much.

The Like It row shows a significant result in the amount of married individuals saying they like easy listening

music. From our findings, we see that there is a standardized residual of positive 1.2 which consists of 39.6% of married

individuals stating they like easy listening music. This means that married people are more likely to like easy listening

music. 31.8% of non-married individuals stated they like easy listening music. This resulted in a -.7 standardized

residual, which is less than expected. This tells us that non-married people are less likely to like easy listening music.

The results from this row tells us that married people are more likely to like easy listening music than non-married people.

This table tell us that married individuals are more likely to either like easy listening music, or go on to say that

they like it very much, versus non-married individuals who also like easy listening music, but are less likely to like it than

married individuals. The “dislike it” and “dislike it very much” rows showed insignificant results. Therefore, we can gather

from this table that, regardless of marital status, more individuals are likely to like easy listening than not.

Possible reasons for why we find that more people like easy listening than dislike it is that easy listening is exactly

what it says…easy to listen to; it's not aggressive, typically inoffensive, and more of a mellow genre. As far as the findings

of more married individuals saying that they like easy listening music than non-married individuals, this could be due to

non-married individuals more likely to go out on the town and frequent clubs, bars, and party scenes. These settings are

more likely to play upbeat, popular music than easy listening.

Easy Listening * Marital Status

My last table was on easy listening and marital status. To begin, I completed a text search query for the words

“easy listening” in the “music-married”, “music – non married” nodes that were pre-downloaded in the NVivo file provided

on the course blogsite. For “non-married”, there was a node for divorced, widowed, cohabitating, etc., so I combined

those together for my text search for “non-married”. I saved each query as new nodes, “Easy Listening-married” and

“Easy Listening – non-married”. Next, I completed a word frequency query on the “Easy Listening-married” and “Easy

Listening – non-married” nodes combined, to allow me to view most and least common words used in quotes including the

words “Easy Listening” among married and non-married groups. The word cloud is below.

This cloud showed me that people used the word “easy” quite frequently, with a weighted percentage of 1.77%.

They also had several comments about lyrics. The word “lyrics” was used at a weighted percentage of .97%.

When I completed the hand-coding, the main theme I found was that this genre was recognized for its “easiness”

to listen to. A quote from the married group said:

Interviewee: Most of the reasons I don't like certain genres is because of the lyrics, like typical lyrics or I don't like screamo and loud, deafening sounds in my ear. So that's why I'm okay with the easy listening...It's easy to listen to. And I also don't like things where I can't understand what they're saying or there is no talking. I like having lyrics.Me: OK...interesting. What about types of music that you do enjoy listening to...why do you like those ones?Interviewee: Usually because I can relate to the lyrics, or enjoy them, or it's like easy music to listen to. ...It's not...

This person preferred the more laidback music from the easy listening genre versus other genres. Another person from

the married group stated:

I like easy listening music and stuff that's a little softer to the ear. I'm a little bit older. I used to like metal and rock a little bit more. But growing up and being an adult (i have a kid now), so I tend to dislike louder music and stuff with more noise. I like to get relaxed when I come home from a hard day of work and put on something that I can enjoy and, you know, kind of fall asleep to a little bit.

Easy Listening was also one of the genres of choice when a person had a bad day, as found in one quote from

the non-married group: “I on days that are harder, so easy listening and gospel, maybe even country music is able to

soothe that, a hectic day.”

The married group seemed to have generally positive feelings about easy listening music, in that they found it

relaxing and easier on the ears. Although, some people from the non-married group agreed that easy listening music was

easier to listen to, some actually viewed that aspect as a negative factor:

Interviewee- Easy listening is just not much in the way of music. It’s just like you kind of sit there and the music is background noise. Whereas music should be something that you listen to, to listen to. Interviewer- You don’t think there is much meaning with easy-listening?Interviewee- Right.

Another person from the non-married group stated, “Easy listening, I have mixed feelings about because sometimes I just

want something to relax to and sometimes, I don't want to relax; I want to listen to something aggressive, and I hate easy

listening.”

The quotes I found strongly supported the quantitative tables I completed. Married individuals seemed to like the

relaxing aspect of easy listening, while non-married individuals preferred more upbeat genres.

music combination paper.doc

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