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Category CCategory A

Explain how skeletal muscles provide

movement, heat, and posture. Are all of these

functions unique to muscles? Explain your

answer

The nervous system senses changes in body position and degrees of movement-

permitting integration of feedback loops that ultimately regulate the muscular contractions hat maintain posture and

produce movement. They are because the cardiovascular system maintains blood flow

in the muscles and the urinary and respiratory systems get rid of the body

waste produced in the muscles

(2)

The characteristics of excitability is shared by

what other system? Relate contractility and

Extensibility to the concept of agonist and antagonist discussed in chapter 10.

Digestive System, Lymphatic System, Muscular System and the Nervous System

are some examples of characteristic of excitability within the systems. Antagonist

and contractility are both about contracting or shorting a muscle to create movement while agonist and extensibility are similar but different agonist is like the perform a

specific movement and extensibility is being able to stretch out a muscle and being able

to be back in its normal stage. (2)

What structures are unique to skeletal muscle

fibers? Which of the structures involved

primarily in contractility and which are in involved

in excitability?

made of myofilaments, which are organized into sarcomeres, the functional unit of

contraction. myosin and the thin filaments are made up the three proteins, troponin,

tropomyosin and actin. It is the cyclic binding between myosin heads of the thick

filament and actin of the thin filaments, crossbridge formation, that allows of force

production or muscle shortening. (2)

Explain how the structure of the myofilaments is related to their

function.

Myofilament is the chains of primarily actin and myosin that pack a muscle fiber. These

are the force generating structures.

(2)

Explain how the sliding filament

theory allows for the shortening of a muscle fiber.

During contraction, myosin cross bridges pull the thin filaments toward the center of each sarcomere, thus shortening the myofibril and the entire muscle fiber.

Definition of sliding filament theory- model of muscle contraction in which sliding of thin filaments toward the

center of each sarcomere quickly shortens the muscle fiber and thereby the entire muscles

(2)

Compare and contrast the role of Ca++ in

excitation, contraction, and relaxation of a

muscle cell.

Muscle contraction begins with an electrical "go" signal from your brain. The signal stimulates the SR to open its calcium gates, flooding the myofilaments with calcium.

The sudden increase in calcium concentration sets off an energy-consuming chain reaction that causes the myofilaments to change shape and shorten. The

simultaneous shortening of thousands of microscopic myofilaments leads to muscle contraction. When the "go"

signal stops, the SR calcium gates close and calcium pumps quickly return the mineral from the myofilaments

to the interior of the SR. As the calcium concentration around the myofilaments falls, your muscle returns to a

relaxed state. (2)

People who exercise seiously are sometimes told to work a muscle until they "feel the burn". In terms of how

muscle is able to release energy, explain what is going on in the muscle early in

the exercise and when the muscle is "burning."

The burning feeling is the something we call micro tear. Micro tear is when you feel the

burn the micro fibers are tearing to get larger or smaller so they can contract the

muscle to shape the muscle. (2)

Describe the anatomical

arrangement of a motor unit. Contrast fine and gross motor

units.

Motor unit: The axon of an anterior horn cell, or the motor fiber of a cranial nerve, together with the striated muscle fibers innervated by its terminal branches.

Contrast: motor unit consist of one somatic motor neuron and the muscle fibers

supplied by its branches. (2)

Using fiber types, design a muscle for a marathon runner. and a different muscle for a 100-yard-dash Sprinter. Explain

our choice.

How can one person beat everyone in a marathon, but be left in the dust in a sprint? Strength, power and endurance may be due, in

part, to the distribution of the two different types of muscle fiber in a person’s muscles. Muscles are a mixture of two basic types of

fibers – fast twitch and slow twitch.

Fast twitch fibers can:

•develop greater forces

•contract faster

•contract without needing oxygen (anaerobic)

Slow twitch fibers:

•develop force slowly

•maintain contractions longer

•have greater aerobic capacity (with oxygen) (4)

Using fiber types, design a muscle for a marathon runner. and a different

muscle for a 100-yard-dash Sprinter. Explain our

choice.

4B CONTINUED…..

Different types of exercise use mostly different types of muscle fibers. Aerobic exercise (for example, running a

marathon) involves low levels of exertion over a long period of time. All the muscles are being used at well

below their maximal contraction strength, but for long periods of time.

On the other hand, anaerobic exercise (like weightlifting or sprinting) involves short bursts of higher intensity

contractions at a much greater percentage of their maximum contraction strength. (4)

Explain the meaning of a "unit of combined cells" as it relates to cardiac Muscle.

How does the structure arrangement affect its

function?

A unit of combined cells is a big group of incomplete cells that branch into each other to form a big continuous mass

of cytoplasm ( a syncytium). That all relates to Cardiac muscle and the structure arrangement affecting its

function, due to it special features of intercalated discs and branching which creates a continuous sarcolemma

(2)

Describe Rigor Mortis.

Rigor Mortis is literally the “stiffness of death”; the permanent contraction of muscle tissue after death caused by the depletion of

ATP during the actin-myosin reaction, preventing myosin releasing actin to allow

relaxation of the muscle.

(2)

Describe in detail the 4 factors that influence the strength of muscle

contractions

Motor Unit Activation

-A motor unit consists of an alpha-motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates.

Stimulation Frequency

-A single stimulus of the muscle fiber from the nervous system will produce a small amount of muscle force

Muscle Fiber Length

-our muscles have thin and thick filaments, which are organized into contractile units called sarcomeres. Within each sarcomere, thick filament proteins slide and bind to proteins in the thin filament during muscle contraction.

Contraction Speed

-Muscle contraction speed determines the force-producing capacity of your muscle. (3)

What are the phases of a twitch contraction?

What molecular events occur during each of

these phases.

Phase 1: latent period

- The impulse initiated by the stimulation triggers the release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm

Phase 2: contraction phase

- Calcium binds to troponin and the sliding of the myofilaments begins

Phase 3: relaxation phase

-all of the myosin- actin reactions in all the fibers have ceased

(2)

How does the treppe effect relate to the

warm-up exercises of athletes?

The treppe phenomenon is defined as the gradual increase in strength of contraction that can be observed in a series of twitch contractions that occur about one second apart. This is why athletes must warm up, because a muscle can contract more forcefully after having been contracted a

few times.

(2)