Multiphase Study on Fire Fighter Safety and the Deployment of Resources NIST Technical Note 1661...
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Transcript of Multiphase Study on Fire Fighter Safety and the Deployment of Resources NIST Technical Note 1661...
Multiphase Study on Fire Fighter Safety and the Deployment of
Resources
NIST Technical Note 1661
Issued April 2010
Residential Fireground Field Experiments
Project Objectives
Optimize a fire service leader’s capability to deploy
resources to prevent or mitigate adverse events that occur in a risk/hazard filled
environment.
www.firereporting.org
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Project Objectives
Residential Fireground Experiment
• Part 1 – Design appropriate fuel load
• Part 2 – Fireground tasks experiments
• Part 3 – Enhanced fuel load• Part 4 – Fire modeling
Part I: The Live Fire
NFPA 1403 compliance:• Fuel package characterized by full scale compartment
tests at NIST (NIST FR 4022) for desired size and repeatability
• Fire: Four pallets with excelsior for simulated interior/exterior environmental conditions
Part II: Time to Task TestsResponse:
• 3 Engines, 1 Truck, 1 Battalion Chief, 1 Aide– Crew sizes: 2, 3, 4, 5
Effective Fire Fighting Force (EFF)
Crew Size # Fire Fighters Chief and Aide On-Scene Total
2 8 2
3 12 2
4 16 2
5 20 2
10
14
18
22
Part II: Time to Task TestsExperiments:
• Total of 24 experiments on 22 fireground tasks
• 2 scenarios for each crew size
– Close stagger
– One-minute ladder truck lag
– One-and-a-half minutes lag for each subsequent engine
– Far stagger
– Two-minute ladder truck lag
– Two-and-a-half minutes lag for each subsequent engine
• Each scenario ran in triplicate
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Part II: Time to Task Tests
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Results: Time to Task Tests
Stop
at H
ydra
nt
Positio
n Eng
ine 1
Condu
ct S
ize-u
p
Engag
e Pum
p
Positio
n at
tack
line
Estab
lish
2-in-
2-ou
t
Charg
e Hyd
rant
Estab
lish
RIT
Gain/F
orce
Ent
ry
Advan
ce L
ine (
Wat
er o
n Fire
)
Deploy
Bac
k up
line
Advan
ce B
ack
up lin
e
Condu
ct P
rimar
y Sea
rch
Groun
d La
dder
s in
Place
Horz.
Ven
t. 2n
d Floo
r #3
Horz.
Ven
t. 2n
d Floo
r #2
Horz.
Ven
t. 2n
d Floo
r #1
Horz.
Ven
t. Gro
und
#2
Horz.
Ven
t. Gro
und
#1
Contro
l Utili
ties
(inte
rior)
Contro
l Utili
ties
(ext
erior
)
Condu
ct S
econ
dary
Sea
rch
Check
for F
ire E
xt. (
walls)
Check
for F
ire E
xt. (
ceilin
g)
Mec
hanic
al Ven
tilatio
n0:00:00
0:04:00
0:08:00
0:12:00
0:16:00
0:20:00
0:24:00
2-Person Crew
Stop
at H
ydra
nt
Positio
n Eng
ine 1
Condu
ct S
ize-u
p
Engag
e Pum
p
Positio
n at
tack
line
Estab
lish
2-in-
2-ou
t
Charg
e Hyd
rant
Estab
lish
RIT
Gain/F
orce
Ent
ry
Advan
ce L
ine (
Wat
er o
n Fire
)
Deploy
Bac
k up
line
Advan
ce B
ack
up lin
e
Condu
ct P
rimar
y Sea
rch
Groun
d La
dder
s in
Place
Horz.
Ven
t. 2n
d Floo
r #3
Horz.
Ven
t. 2n
d Floo
r #2
Horz.
Ven
t. 2n
d Floo
r #1
Horz.
Ven
t. Gro
und
#2
Horz.
Ven
t. Gro
und
#1
Contro
l Utili
ties
(inte
rior)
Contro
l Utili
ties
(ext
erior
)
Condu
ct S
econ
dary
Sea
rch
Check
for F
ire E
xt. (
walls)
Check
for F
ire E
xt. (
ceilin
g)
Mec
hanic
al Ven
tilatio
n0:00:00
0:04:00
0:08:00
0:12:00
0:16:00
0:20:00
0:24:00
3-Person Crew
Stop
at H
ydra
nt
Positio
n Eng
ine 1
Condu
ct S
ize-u
p
Engag
e Pum
p
Positio
n at
tack
line
Estab
lish
2-in-
2-ou
t
Charg
e Hyd
rant
Estab
lish
RIT
Gain/F
orce
Ent
ry
Advan
ce L
ine (
Wat
er o
n Fire
)
Deploy
Bac
k up
line
Advan
ce B
ack
up lin
e
Condu
ct P
rimar
y Sea
rch
Groun
d La
dder
s in
Place
Horz.
Ven
t. 2n
d Floo
r #3
Horz.
Ven
t. 2n
d Floo
r #2
Horz.
Ven
t. 2n
d Floo
r #1
Horz.
Ven
t. Gro
und
#2
Horz.
Ven
t. Gro
und
#1
Contro
l Utili
ties
(inte
rior)
Contro
l Utili
ties
(ext
erior
)
Condu
ct S
econ
dary
Sea
rch
Check
for F
ire E
xt. (
walls)
Check
for F
ire E
xt. (
ceilin
g)
Mec
hanic
al Ven
tilatio
n0:00:00
0:04:00
0:08:00
0:12:00
0:16:00
0:20:00
0:24:00
4-Person Crew
Stop
at H
ydra
nt
Positio
n Eng
ine 1
Condu
ct S
ize-u
p
Engag
e Pum
p
Positio
n at
tack
line
Estab
lish
2-in-
2-ou
t
Charg
e Hyd
rant
Estab
lish
RIT
Gain/F
orce
Ent
ry
Advan
ce L
ine (
Wat
er o
n Fire
)
Deploy
Bac
k up
line
Advan
ce B
ack
up lin
e
Condu
ct P
rimar
y Sea
rch
Groun
d La
dder
s in
Place
Horz.
Ven
t. 2n
d Floo
r #3
Horz.
Ven
t. 2n
d Floo
r #2
Horz.
Ven
t. 2n
d Floo
r #1
Horz.
Ven
t. Gro
und
#2
Horz.
Ven
t. Gro
und
#1
Contro
l Utili
ties
(inte
rior)
Contro
l Utili
ties
(ext
erior
)
Condu
ct S
econ
dary
Sea
rch
Check
for F
ire E
xt. (
walls)
Check
for F
ire E
xt. (
ceilin
g)
Mec
hanic
al Ven
tilatio
n0:00:00
0:04:00
0:08:00
0:12:00
0:16:00
0:20:00
0:24:00
5-Person Crew
Tim
e (h
r: m
in:
sec)
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Results: Time to Task Tests
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Part III: Room & Contents Fire• Focus areas
– Structural Tenability CO, CO2, O2
Temperature Smoke obscuration
– Impact on Victim Rescue– Fire Growth Rate– Arrival Time
Early arrival Late arrival
• Fuel Package– Living room configuration– Sufficient for flashover – Total of 16 experiments
Part III: Room & Contents Fire
Crew Size First Due Arrival Time
2-Person Early Arrival of First Engine (6.5 min) – close stagger
3-Person Early Arrival of First Engine (6.5 min) – close stagger
4-Person Early Arrival of First Engine (6.5 min) – close stagger
5-Person Early Arrival of First Engine (6.5 min) – close stagger
2-Person Later Arrival of First Engine (8.5 min) – close stagger
3-Person Later Arrival of First Engine (8.5 min) – close stagger
4-Person Later Arrival of First Engine (8.5 min) – close stagger
No Response (Baseline) N/A
Part III: Room & Contents Fire• Tasks Causing Fire Behavior Change
1. Forced entry of the front door2. Water on fire 3. Second floor burn room window ventilated 4. Second floor front window, near corner ventilated5. Second floor front window, near front door
ventilated6. First floor window beside the fire ventilated 7. First floor window #2 self-ventilated at flashover
• NFPA 1403 Compliance– Ventilation performed from outside– Suppression performed via remote monitor
Part IV: Fire ModelingNIST Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS)
1. Slow growth rate fire
2. Medium growth rate fire
3. Fast growth rate fire
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Results: Parts III and IV
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Utilizing the Findings
• Understand the Report • Based on Science• Education is Key• Tailor Presentation to Your
Audience• Customize Use of Data• Remember the Goal