Marine'Science:'''An'Introduc1on'

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"Science'is'the'pursuit'of'knowledge'and'understanding'of'the'natural'and'social'world'following'a'systema1c'methodology'based'on'evidence.“'B'Bri1sh'Science'Council'

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Describe'

Explain'

Predict'

KNOWLEDGE'='TRUTH'

Facts'

• Reliable,'Validated'• Explicit,'Opera1onally'&'Func1onally'Defined'

• Testable'• Systema1c'

UNDERSTANDING'

the'rela1onship'between'facts'

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The'Blue'Marble'

The'first'photo'of'Earth'as'seen'from'space.''Photo'taken'December'7,'1972,'by'crew'of'the'Apollo'17'shu`le,'at'an'al1tude'of'45,000'km'while'travelling'to'

the'moon.'' 5'

Earth:''only'known'planet'to'have'liquid'water'on'the'surface''

70%'of'the'surface'is'water'

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97%'of'water'is'in'the'oceans''

OCEANOGRAPHY'or'Marine'Science'''''''Systema1c'scien1fic'study'of'the'ocean''Goal:''Understand'processes'and'phenomena'

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Oceanography:''An'interdisciplinary'science'with'4'major'divisions'

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Geological Oceanography

Physical Oceanography

Chemical Oceanography

Biological Oceanography

Geological'Oceanography'

•  Geologic'history'of'the'oceans'•  Geology'of'ocean'basins'•  Coastal'morphology'&'

processes'

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Physical'Oceanography'

•  Physical'a`ributes'of'the'ocean'•  Mo1on:''Waves,'1des,'currents'

•  Physical'forcing'factors'

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Chemical'Oceanography'

•  Chemistry'of'the'ocean'

•  Chemical'cons1tuents'

•  Elemental'cycling'

Oceanic'Carbon'Cycle.''Source:'PMEL'Carbon'Group,'NOAA'

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Biological'Oceanography'

•  Marine'life'and'its'distribu1on,'produc1vity,'life'cycles,'and'ecosystems'

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Oceanography:''A'Brief'History'

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Ancient'explorers'

•  Egyp1ans'(~4000'BC):''shipbuilding'&'coastal'pilo1ng''•  Phoenicians'(1000'–'600'BC):''Mediterranean'explorers'

•  Austronesians'(~3000'BC):''migra1on'and'peopling'of'Southeast'Asia'and'Central'Pacific'islands'

•  Polynesians'(2000'–'500'BC):''Pacific'explorers'

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The'Austronesians:'The'Balangay'(sailboat)'

Primarily'used'for'trade:''cargo'Excavated'from'Butuan,'Agusan'del'Norte'Ships'date'back'to'320'AD''

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Oldest'preBhispanic'watercram'found'in'the'Philippines''15'm'long,'3B4'm'wide'Can'carry'60'to'90'people'

http://www.balangay-voyage.com/images/about-images/1-sketchofthebalangay.jpg

Polynesians:'Early'Pacific'explorers'

DualBhulled'canoes'Skilled'navigators'B Wave'ac1on,'currents'B Stars'B Bird'flight'B S1ck'maps''

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Ancient'contribu1ons:'''Greek'classical'knowledge'•  Aristotle'(384B322'BC):''Earliest'recorded'natural'

historian'–  Historia(Animalium':''1st'trea1se'in'marine'biology;'

•  Eratothesnes'(265B194'BC)'–  determined'the'circumference'of'the'Earth'without'

leaving'Egypt'(25,000'miles;'40,250'km)'

–  system'of'la1tude'&'longitude'

•  Ptolemy'(127B151'AD):''First'world'atlas'(Geographia)'–  map'of'the'en1re'Roman'world'showing'la1tude'&'

longitude'

Aristotle'

Eratothesnes'

The'world'according'to'Ptolemy'.' 19'

Middle'Ages'(500'–'1450'AD)'•  Fall'of'the'Roman'empire'

•  Viking'seafarers'(merchants,'warriors,'pirates)'–  TransBAtlan1c'voyagers;'trade'and'coloniza1on'–  Reached'North'America'(Vinland'='Newfoundland)'500'years'before'

Christopher'Columbus'

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Voyages'of'Discovery'(1500s'–'1600s)'

Search'for'resources,'new'&'be`er'trade'routes''

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Voyages'of'Discovery:''Search'for'new'trade'routes'1487:'Bartholomew'Diaz'rounds'the'Cape'of'Good'Hope'

1498:'Vasco'de'Gama'con1nues'further'eastward,'reaches'India'

1492:'Christopher'Columbus'reaches'the'Americas.'Original'des1na1on:'East'Indies'

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Voyages'of'Discovery:''Vasco'Nunez'de'Balboa'(1513)'

Balboa’s'route'to'the'Pacific.'''Image:'Wikipedia'

Vasco'Nuñez'de'Balboa'

First'European'to'reach'the'Pacific'Ocean'(then'South'Sea)'

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Voyages'of'Discovery:''Ferdinand'Magellan'sails'westward,'first'to'circumnavigate'the'globe'(1519B1521)''

Source:'www.jpub.com/oceanlink'

Set'out'with'265'men'in'5'ships.''Voyage'ended'with'18'men'onboard'1'ship,'Victoria((25.9(m(long,(6.7(m(wide).'

We#were#three#months#and#twenty#days#without#refreshment#from#any#kind#of#fresh#food.#We#ate#biscuit#which#was#no#longer#biscuit#but#its#powder,#swarming#with#worms,#the#rats#having#eaten#all#the#good.#It#stank#strongly#of#their#urine.#We#drank#yellow#water#already#many#days#putrid.#We#also#ate#certain#ox#hides#that#covered#the#top#of#the#yards#to#prevent#the#yards#from#chafing#the#shrouds,#and#which#had#become#exceedingly#hard#because#of#the#sun,#rain#and#wind.#We#soaked#them#in#the#sea#for#four#or#five#days,#then#placed#them#for#a#short#>me#over#the#hot#embers#and#ate#them#thus,#and#o?en#we#ate#sawdust.#Rats#were#sold#for#half#a#ducat#apiece,#and#even#so#we#could#not#always#get#them.##AMagellan#1521' 24'

Voyages'of'Discovery:'Sir'Francis'Drake'Circumnavigated'the'globe'on'a'single'expedi1on'(1577B1580)'

Source:'www.jpub.com/oceanlink' 26'

Early'Voyages'of'Scien1fic'Discovery:'18th'–'19th'century'

•  Expanded'geographic'&'scien1fic'knowledge'•  Necessary'to'maintain'mari1me'&'economic'superiority'

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Early'Voyages'of'Scien1fic'Discovery:'''

Capt.'James'Cook'

Capt.'James'Cook'Sails'the'Polar'Seas'

1768'–'1771:'HMS'Endeavor 'Charted'New'Zealand'&'Australian'coast'1772'–'1775:'HMS'Adventure'and'HMS'ResoluCon:''circumnavigated'the'

world,'eastward'along'60oS'1778'–'1779:'Pacific'Ocean,'Hawaiian'islands,'Bering'Sea'

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Early'Voyages'of'Scien1fic'Discovery:'''

HMS(Beagle'&'Charles'Darwin'(1831'–'1836)(

•  Mission:''hydrographic'survey'of'Patagonia'&'Tierra'del'Fuego'

•  Geology'&'Biology'of'the'South'American'coastline'•  Darwin’s'theories:'

–  On(the(Origin(of(Species((1859)(–  The(Structure(&(DistribuCon(of(Coral(Reefs((1842):((

theory'of'atoll'forma1on(

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Ocean'Science'Begins:'''

HMS(Challenger'(1873'–'1876)(

•  Mission:''Does'life'exist'in'the'deep'oceans?'

•  Naval'corve`e'refi`ed'with'laboratories,'winches,'sounding'scope'

•  New'era'in'ocean'explora1on':''Comprehensive'studies'–  Circumnaviga1on'

–  Sea'water'samples:''Chemical'composi1on'

–  Observa1ons'of'coastal,'oceanic,'and'deep'water'currents'–  Temperature'measurements'at'all'depths'

–  Nature'of'sedimentary'deposits'on'the'seafloor,'bo`om'topography'

–  Distribu1on'of'life'forms'at'all'depths'(5000'new'species)'

–  Data'took'some'20'years'to'analyze,'published'in'50'large'volumes'

•  First'to'sound'the'depths'now'known'as'the'Challenger'Deep''

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Modern'oceanographic'research'

•  Establishment'of'marine'ins1tu1ons'(Scripps,'WHOI)'

•  Mul1disciplinary'collabora1ons,'largeBscale'programs'

•  Technological'advancements'(instrumenta1on)'–  SCUBA'(Jacques'Cousteau'&'Emile'Gagnan,'1943)'

–  Submersibles'and'ROVs'

–  Satellite'technology'for'remote'sensing'

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Submersibles:'''Bathyscape'Trieste((1958B1966)'

•  35,797'm;'~11'km'(Challenger'Deep)'

The bathyscape Trieste (left). Walsh & Piccard inside the Trieste (right). 34'

Submersibles:'''Alvin((WHOI,'built'1964)'

•  2'passengers'to'a'depth'of'4.5'km'(3'mi.)'

•  Hydrothermal'vent'explora1ons'(1970s)'•  RMS'Titanic'wreck'(1986)'

Alvin, 1964 (www.who.edu)

35'Alvin, 1990.

ROVs'(Remotely'Operated'Vehicles)'''Jason/Medea((WHOI,'1988)'

Jason/Medea. Source: WHOI

•  Depth'of'10'km'(6'mi.)'

•  Images,'Sample'collec1on'•  Hydrothermal'vent'explora1ons'

•  Underwater'archaeology'

36'

Satellite'Technology:'''Studying'the'Ocean'from'Space'

•  Topex/Poseidon:''ocean'circula1on,'sea'surface'height'•  SeaWIFS:''Global'ocean'bioBop1cal'proper1es'(Ocean'Color)'

Ocean surface toopography taken by Topex/Poseidon. Useful for monitoring changes in ocean circulation to understand Earth’s climate

Source: www.mos.org

Sea Surface Temperature Ocean color indicates chlorophyll concentrations = phytoplankton & productivity

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Course'References'(available'at'MSI'library)'

•  Sverdrup'KA,'Duxburry'AC,'Duxburry'AB''(2005)'An'introduc1on'to'the'world’s'oceans.''New'York,'New'York:'McGrawBHill'Companies,'Inc.'514'p.'

•  Thurman'HV'and'Trujillo'AP'(1999)''Essen1als'of'Oceanography,'6th'ed.''Pren1ceBhall,'New'Jersey.''527p'

''

•  Nybakken'JW'and'Bertness'MD'(2005)''Marine'biology:'an'ecological'approach.''San'Francisco'CA:'Pearson'Educa1on,'Inc.''579'p.''

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