Ms. Susan M. Pojer & Miss RaiaMs. Susan M. Pojer & Miss RaiaMs. Susan M. Pojer & Miss RaiaMs. Susan M. Pojer & Miss Raia

Section 1: An Age of Ideologies

• Congress of Vienna– Uprooted the revolutionary seed– How?

Section 1: An Age of Ideologies• Conservatives

– Who were they?– What type of

government did they support?

– Who did they want to run business and the economy?

– What were their goals?

Section 1: An Age of Ideologies• Liberals

– Who were they?– What type of

government did they support?

– Who did they want to run business and the economy?

– What were their goals?

Section 1: An Age of Ideologies• Nationalism

– What is the definition of modern nationalism?

– How did it start in Europe?

• Where, why?

– What are the goals of modern nationalists?

– What are some negative effects of nationalism?

Section 1: An Age of Ideologies• Revolts Against the

Old Order– Balkans

• Why did the Serbians revolt against the Ottoman Empire?

• Key Leaders– Karageorge– Milos Obrenovic

• What did the Serbians actually achieve?

– Autonomy - definition

Section 1: An Age of Ideologies• Revolts Against the Old Order

– The Greeks• Why did the Greeks revolt against the Ottoman

Empire?• Why did the West assist the Greeks in

independence?• Where is the Concert of Europe?

Section 2: To the Barricades• French Revolutions of

1830 & 1848– Congress of Vienna

restored Louis XVIII to the throne

• Charter of French Liberties

– Two house legislature and allowed limited freedom of the press

– Ultraroyalists – extreme conservatives wanted to restore Old Order

– Battle of the ideologies - Liberals Vs Conservatives

Section 2: To the Barricades• July Revolution

– Causes: • Louis XVIII dies

brother Charles X takes throne

• Rejected charter – suspended the legislature, limited the right to vote, and restricted the press

• Liberals respond in Paris – barricades and uprisings – Rebels control Paris

• Charles X abdicates to England

Section 2: To the Barricades• July Revolution

– Radicals wanted a republic

– Moderate Liberals wanted a constitutional monarchy

– Chamber of Deputies (lower house of legislature) chose Louis Philippe as king

• Citizen King – owed his throne to the people

• Policies favored the middle class over the workers

• He extended suffrage but only for the wealthier citizens

Section 2: To the Barricades• French Revolution of 1848

– Causes: • Discontent: socialists – end of private property• Factories shut down, poor harvests

– February Days – Paris barricaded• Phillipe abdicates – liberal, radical and social leads – Second republic

(First was Napoleon Bonaparte)• Socialists wanted far reaching social and economic change that

would help Hungary workers• Socialists forced the government to set up national worships to

provide jobs for the unemployed

Section 2: To the Barricades• French Revolution of 1848

– June days• Upper and Middle class interests had won control

of the government• They saw workshops as a waste of time• Violence – liberal and socialist desires come to a

head – 1500 people killed in uprisings

Section 2: To the Barricades• French Revolution of 1848

– 1848 - National Assembly comes back and dominates government again

– Restore order, issues a constitution – strong president one house legislature

• Universal male suffrage

Section 2: To the BarricadesLouis Napoleon – appeared

to care about issues such as poverty

• 1852 – crowned Napoleon III (Napoleon II was “Napoleon” son – died never took throne)

– Wanted to restore the glory days of Napoleon Bonaparte

– Ruled in a time of economic growth

Section 2: To the Barricades• Spread of the Revolution

– What happened in the following places?

• Belgium

• Poland

• Italy

• Germany

– Frankfurt Assembly – first attempt to unify Germany

– Tried to write a constitution of r the whole land

– Should Germany be a republic or a monarchy – debated

– Assembly offered Frederick William IV the throne – HE REJECTED IT!

– Said it came from the people, “the gutter” not from German Princes

– 1849 assembly dissolved – Germany a mess

Section 2: To the Barricades• Why did most of the rebellions

fail?

• What caused most of these rebellions?

European European Empires: Empires:

1660s1660s

Section 3: Latin American Wars of

Independence

16c-18c: 16c-18c: New Ideas Brewing in New Ideas Brewing in

EuropeEurope

16c-18c: 16c-18c: New Ideas Brewing in New Ideas Brewing in

EuropeEurope

Causes of Latin AmericanCauses of Latin AmericanRevolutionsRevolutions

1. Enlightenment Ideas- writings of John Locke, Voltaire, & Jean Rousseau; Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine.

- Women held Tertulias

2. Creole discontent at being left out of government jobs and trade concessions.

3. Inspiration of American & 3. Inspiration of American & French RevolutionsFrench Revolutions

Declaration of Declaration of Independence, 1776Independence, 1776

Declaration of the Declaration of the Rights of Man & of Rights of Man & of the Citizen, 1789the Citizen, 1789

4. Weakness of Spain Under 4. Weakness of Spain Under NapoleonNapoleon

Napoleon on the MarchNapoleon on the March

Provides a model & a diversion!Provides a model & a diversion!

Latin American Revolutions!Latin American Revolutions!

Toussaint L’OuvetureToussaint L’OuvetureLeads a RevolutionLeads a Revolution

in Haitiin Haiti(1804) (1804)

MexicoMexico• 1810 – Father Miguel

Hidalgo– Creole Priest in the poor

parish of Dolores– Sept. 16 1810 called

people to prayer and called people to fight for independence and liberty– “el Grito de Dolores” the cry of Dolores

– After some early successes, the rebels began to face opposition

– A year after his speech, Hidalgo was captured and executed

MexicoMexico• Jose Morelos

– Another priest who picked up where Hidalgo left off

– Wanted to improve conditions for the majority of Mexicans, abolish slavery and give the vote to all men

– He too was captured and shot in 1815

• 1821 – Spanish rule is overthrown in Mexico

• Agustin de Iturbide – Creole helped overthrow Spanish viceroy– Emperor Agustin I – soon to be

overthrown by liberal Mexicans • Republic of Mexico

– Mexico will have to deal with internal struggles as well as interference from foreign powers

Central AmericaCentral America• Spanish ruled countries in Central America

declared independence in 1820• After the overthrow of the viceroy in Mexico,

local leaders set up a republic called: • United Provinces of Central America

– Short lived – fragmented into separate republics of Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador and Costa Rica

South America - PeruSouth America - Peru• Tupac Amaru – claimed

to be a descendant of the royal Incan family– Demanded that the

government end brutal system of forced Indian labor

– 1780 – Organized a revolt– Revolt crushed – leader

killed– Spanish King DID order

officials to look into the system and eventually abolish it

Simón Bolivar: Simón Bolivar:

The “Brains”The “Brains”of theof theRevolutionRevolution Creole leader of

the revolutions in Venezuela.

Spent time in Europe and the newly-independent United States.

Simón Bolivar Meets José Simón Bolivar Meets José de San Martinde San Martin

The “Muscle” of The “Muscle” of the Revolutionthe RevolutionBolivar Bolivar

coming from coming from the North.the North.

José de St. Martín José de St. Martín and and Bernard O’Higgins Bernard O’Higgins cross cross the Andes Mountains.the Andes Mountains.

Bolivar & San Martin Fight Bolivar & San Martin Fight for Independence!for Independence!

Bolivar’s AccomplishmentBolivar’s Accomplishment

Bolivar’s FailureBolivar’s Failure

After uniting Venezuela, Columbia, & Ecuador into Gran Columbia, he left to help free the rest of Latin America.

He died a year later, with his goal of uniting all of South America unfulfilled!

Brazil Freed from Brazil Freed from PortugalPortugal

The Portuguese royal family escaped Napoleon by fleeing to Brazil.

Pedro I set up a new, independent kingdom in 1821 when his father returned to Portugal.

Pedro II assumed full power after Pedro I abdicated his throne.

Independence Independence for Spanish & Portuguese for Spanish & Portuguese

Latin AmericaLatin America

By the mid-1820s, revolts create many newly-independent nations.

$ Toussaint L’Ouveture – Haiti

$ Bolívar, San Martín, & O’Higgins in: Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Peru, Bolivia, the United Provinces of Central America, and Gran Columbia!

LatinLatinAmerican American

StatesStatesAfter the After the

RevolutionsRevolutions

1. Life did not change for 1. Life did not change for most peoplemost people

Independence did not take away all the problems the countries faced while still colonies

If anything, problems got worse

2. No Unity!2. No Unity! Failure of Bolivar’s dream for a

united South America:

$ Many newly independent countries struggle with civil wars.

By 1830s, geographic factors (mts., the Amazon, etc.) plus cultural differences defeated attempts at unification.

$ Gran Columbia.

$ United Provinces of Central America.

3. Social Classes did 3. Social Classes did not changenot change

The Peninsulares will die out after independence

The creoles will take their place and exert control and misuse the lower classes

4. Democracy Did Not 4. Democracy Did Not ComeCome

• Colonies did have the know how to organize and put into place a working democratic government

5. Left Many Countries in 5. Left Many Countries in the Control of the Control of CaudillosCaudillos

WHY? – little experience with self government

WHO WERE THEY?:

$ BUT…Overthrew governments and took away basic human rights.

$ Some attempted to make improvements, but most just cared about themselves and their families and friends [nepotism].

$ Power changes usually occurred at bayonet-point [coup d’etats!]

6. Catholic Church 6. Catholic Church Supported Old System Supported Old System

Catholic Church owned most of the land in Latin America and wished to keep control of it.

7. Cash Crop Economies 7. Cash Crop Economies • Newly independent countries did not have their

mother countries to rely on for trade • Countries were not industrialized.• They only grew cash crops such as coffee,

tobacco, etc.• Cash crop economies are dangerous• If the crop should fail, the economy collapses• If people are only growing cash crops there will

be a lack of food

8. Economic 8. Economic DependencyDependency• Dependence on

foreign nations for capital and for economic investments.

• The nations are desperate for other countries to buy their goods

• What they have to offer is natural resources and therefore are dependent on the US and Britain for manufactured products

What is the Message?What is the Message?

Additional ProblemsAdditional Problems

3 Feuds among leaders.3 Geographic barriers.3 The social hierarchy continued

from the past. 3 Conservatives favored the old

social order.3 Liberals wanted land reform.