Motivation for SOAuosis.mif.vu.lt/~valdo/webs2015/WebServices.L07.pdf– # bits per word, parity...

Valdas Rapševičius Vilnius University

Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics

2015.05.28

Web Services Lecture VII

2015.05.28 Valdas Rapševičius. Webservices 1

Contents

• Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT) • Device

– Microcontrollers (MCU) – I/O Sensors – Interfaces – Wireless options – Power sources

• Aggregation – Protocols – Platforms


The Internet of Things

• Also called The Internet of Objects, refers to a wireless network between objects, usually the network will be wireless and self-configuring, such as household appliances. Wikipedia

• By embedding short-range mobile transceivers into a wide array of additional gadgets and everyday items, enabling new forms of communication between people and things, and between things themselves WSIS2005

• A number of technologies and research disciplines that enable the Internet to reach out into the real world of physical objects. IoT 2008

• Things having identities and virtual personalities operating in smart spaces using intelligent interfaces to connect and communicate within social, environmental, and user contexts. IoT in 2020


Connected Devices

Source: Cisco IBSG: April 2011


Hype Cycle 2015

Source: Gartner, August 2014


Gartner predictions 2014

• Gartner's 2015 predictions focus … closest attention to the Internet of Things (IoT), since it has introduced new concepts for identity management (every device interacting with users has an identity) and users and devices can have complex, yet defined, relationships.

• Further, as the smart wearables market continues to grow and evolve, Gartner predicts that by 2017, 30% of smart wearables will be completely unobtrusive to the eye

• Further predictions about the consumer devices market:

– By 2018, more than 25 million head-mounted displays (HMDs) will have been sold as immersive devices and virtual worlds will have transitioned from the fringe to the mainstream

– By 2016, biometric sensors will be featured in 40% of smartphones shipped to end users; – Through 2017, one-third of consumers in emerging markets will have never owned a Windows

device; – By 2018, more than 50% of users will use a tablet or smartphone first for all online activities – By 2018, 40% of enterprises will specify Wi-Fi as the default connection for non-mobile

devices, such as desktops, desk phones, projectors, conference room equipment – By 2020, 75% of smartphone buyers will pay less than $100 for a device – By 2018, more than half of all B2E mobile apps will be created by enterprise business analysts

using codeless tools; etc.

Source http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2819918


http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2819918

IoT Challenges

• Precision – Sensing a complex environment – Innovative ways to sense and deliver

information from the physical world to the cloud sensing

• Connectivity – Variety of wired and wireless connectivity

standards are required to enable different application needs sensing

• Power – Many IoT applications need to run for

years over batteries and reduce the overall energy consumption sensing

• Security – Protecting users' privacy and

manufacturers' IP; detecting and blocking malicious activity sensing

• Complexity – IoT application development needs to be

easy for all developers, not just to experts sensing

• End-to-end solution – IoT applications require end-to-end

solutions including cloud services sensing


D2S Layout

I/O, Sensor

MCU

M2M

MCU

M2M

M

2S

Server

M2M protocol

M2M protocol

IoT device IoT

Aggregator IoT Bus

Pow

er


Microcontroller (MCU)

I/O, Sensor

MCU

M2M

MCU

M2M

M

2S

Server

M2M protocol

M2M protocol

IoT device IoT

Aggregator IoT Bus

Pow

er


From: PIC Microcontrollers by Milan Verle

MCU Components


MCU: Types

• Architecture – Harvard (code & data use separate address space)

Small (old) MCUs, DSPs – Von Neumann (code & data can be mixed)

General purpose CPU & MCU – Modified Harvard (extension to mix data & instructions)

Most common MCU

• Instruction set – RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)

Most common RISC microprocessors are Alpha, ARC, ARM, AVR, MIPS, PA-RISC, PIC, Power Architecture, and SPARC

– CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) System/360, VAX, PDP-11, Motorola 68000 family, and AMD and Intel x86 CPUs


MCU: CPU

• Monitors and controls all processes inside the microcontroller

• Components: • Instruction Decoder

Recognizes program instructions and runs other circuits on the basis of that • Arithmetical Logical Unit (ALU)

Performs all mathematical and logical operations upon data. • Special function Registers (SFR):

• SP (stack pointer), • PSW (program status word), • A (accumulator, accessed via the SFR space as ACC) • B • DPL and DPH (16-bit register DPTR) • others


MCU: Registers

• Register Electronic circuit which can memorize the state of one byte

• Special Function Register Register that has a predetermined function. Their bits are connected (literally) to internal circuits such as timers, A/D converter, oscillators and others

• Input/Output Ports Registers connect to MCU pins to read/write data to external devices. Usually each I/O port is under control of another SFR


MCU: ROM

• Masked ROM Microcontrollers containing this ROM are reserved for the manufacturers. Program is loaded into the chip by the manufacturer. In case of large scale manufacture, the price is very low.

• One Time Programmable ROM (OTP ROM) If the microcontroller contains this memory, you can download a program into this memory, but the process of program downloading is a “one-way ticket”, meaning that it can be done only once. If an error is detected after downloading, the only thing you can do is to download the corrected program to another chip.

• UV Erasable Programmable ROM (UV EPROM) Both the manufacturing process and characteristics of this memory are completely identical to OTP ROM. However, the package of this microcontroller has a recognizable “window” on the upper side. It enables the surface of the silicon chip inside to be lit by an UV lamp, which effectively erases and program from the ROM.

• Flash memory The contents of this memory can be written and cleared practically an unlimited number of times, the microcontrollers with Flash ROM are ideal for learning, experimentation and small-scale manufacture. Because of its popularity, the most microcontrollers are manufactured in flash versions today.


MCU: RAM

• Random Access Memory (RAM) It is used for temporary storing data and intermediate results created and used during the operation of the microcontroller

• Electrically Erasable

Programmable ROM (EEPROM) The contents of the EEPROM may be changed during operation (similar to RAM), but remains permanently saved even upon the power supply goes off (similar to ROM). Accordingly, an EEPROM is often used to store values, created during operation, which must be permanently saved.


MCU: Oscillator

• The internal oscillator circuit is used to generate the device clock. The device clock is required for the device to execute instructions and for the peripherals to function.

• Usually frequency is pre-scaled 1/100, 1/200, etc.

• MCU options – Internal oscillator – External oscillator

• Types:

– RC Oscillators – Crystal Oscillators – Negative-resistance Oscillators – Tuned Circuit Oscillators


MCU: Counters

• Automatically inc/decr SFR

• If available – possible to use pre-scalers

• When point is reached – Interrupt – Execute procedure

• Real-time Counters (RTC)

• Watchdog Uses external oscillator to reset program


MCU: Analog-to-Digital Converter

• Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) are used to communicate with digital circuits in a manner that goes beyond simple threshold triggering

• Converts an analog signal into a series of binary numbers, each number being proportional to the analog level measured at a given moment

• Used in data-acquisition systems, digital sound recording, and within simple digital display test instruments (e.g., light meters, thermometers, etc.)


I/O Components (Sensors)

I/O, Sensor

MCU

M2M

MCU

M2M

M

2S

Server

M2M protocol

M2M protocol

IoT device IoT

Aggregator IoT Bus

Pow

er


Sensors

• Sensors act like Inductors Capacitors Resistors

• Value changes in proportion to physical stimuli

• Types: • Analog • Digital


I/O Components

Sensors • Accelerometer / Movement • Atmospheric Pressure • Color Sensor • Compass, Gyro & Magnetometers • Digital Potentiometer • Electricity • Flex / Force • Gas Sensors • GPS • Light / Proximity / IR • Liquid / Flow • Medical • Motor • Temperature / Humidity • Time • Touch Sensors • Others

Manual Input

• Button • Switch / Jumper

Output

• O/LED (array, bar) • LCD display • Sound • Motor / Servo • Other


Analog Sensor to MCU

I/O, Sensor

MCU

M2M

MCU

M2M

M

2S

Server

M2M protocol

M2M protocol

IoT device IoT

Aggregator IoT Bus

Pow

er


Analog Sensor Interfaces

• GPIO (General Purpose I/O) pins • Sensors as Switches • Analog sensor:

– On board MCU ADC (recommended) – Discrete ADC

• Digital sensor: – Serial interfaces (next slides)

MCU

MCU

MCU


Component Serial Interfaces

I/O, Sensor

MCU

M2M

MCU

M2M

M

2S

Server

M2M protocol

M2M protocol

IoT device IoT

Aggregator IoT Bus

Pow

er


Serial Interfaces (1)

• 1-Wire

– 1 wire (DATA) + ground – Master and slaves – Up to 16 kbit/s

• I2C (TWI, 2-Wire)

– 2 wire (SCL, SDA) + 2 power – Master and slaves – Up to 400 kbit/s

• SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)

– 4 wire (SCLK, MOSI, MISO, SDA, SS) – Master and slaves – Up to 80 Mbit/s


Serial Interfaces (2)

• Serial (Transistor Transistor Logic, TTL)

– Fixed bound rates (110 to 256000) – # bits per word, parity bit, # of start and end bits (8N1) – Timing is critical

• Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter

– A piece of computer hardware that translates data between parallel and serial forms – The "universal" part means that it can be configured to support many different

specific serial protocols. The term is generic, and does not represent a specific standard. At minimum it means that it has a TX and an RX line, which sends a serial data stream and receives a serial data stream.

UART D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 R/W CLK INT

RX

TX

Control I/O

Data Bus

Para

llel Serial


M2M protocols

I/O, Sensor

MCU

M2M

MCU

M2M

M

2S

Server

M2M protocol

M2M protocol

IoT device IoT

Aggregator IoT Bus

Pow

er


D2A/D Protocols

• WWAN – 4G, 3G, GPRS

900 MHz, 1800 MHz, US: 850 MHz, 1900 MHz

– WiMAX (802.16 standard) 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz, 3.5 GHz

• WLAN

– WiFi (802.11 standards) 2.4 GHz

• WBAN

– IEEE 802.15.6 2.4 GHz

• WPAN – Bluetooth incl. Bluetooth Low

Energy (BLE, SMART) V4 – ANT, ANT+

2.4 GHz – Zigbee / 802.15.4

868 MHz, 2.4 GHz – NFC (Near Field

Communication) 13.56 MHz

– INSTEON – Z-Wave

902 to 924 MHz – Wireless USB

3.1 to 10.6 GHz – Infrared Data Association

(IrDA)


ISM Radio Bands

Frequency range Example

6.765 MHz 6.795 MHz RFID

13.553 MHz 13.567 MHz NFC

26.957 MHz 27.283 MHz Citizens Radio

40.660 MHz 40.700 MHz Toys

433.050 MHz 434.790 MHz Amateur radio

902.000 MHz 928.000 MHz Amateur radio

2.400 GHz 2.500 GHz WiFi, Bluetooth, …

5.725 GHz 5.875 GHz WiFi

24.000 GHz 24.250 GHz Vehicle radars

61.000 GHz 61.500 GHz

122.000 GHz 123.000 GHz

244.000 GHz 246.000 GHz

• Band - portions of the radio spectrum

• The industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands are radio bands reserved internationally for the use of radio frequency (RF) energy for industrial, scientific and medical purposes other than telecommunications

• In recent years the fastest-growing uses of these bands have been for short-range, low power communications systems

• IoT


Power Source

I/O, Sensor

MCU

M2M

MCU

M2M

M

2S

Server

M2M protocol

M2M protocol

IoT device IoT

Aggregator IoT Bus

Pow

er


Batteries

• Convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy

• Batteries – Primary (irreversible) – Secondary (rechargeable)

• Characteristics – Voltage (V) – Capacity (Ah) – Discharge rate (C-rate)

• Tens of types • Hundreds of sizes

– IEC, ANSI, industry


Energy Harvesting

• Biomechanical – Pedal, knee bend, …

• Piezoelectric – Mechanical strain

• Pyroelectric – Temperature change

• Thermoelectrics – Temperature difference

• Ambient-radiation – RFID

• Photovoltaic – Solar

• Others


Aggregator Protocols

I/O, Sensor

MCU

M2M

MCU

M2M

M

2S

Server

M2M protocol

M2M protocol

IoT device IoT

Aggregator IoT Bus

Pow

er


D2S protocols

• Device data must be collected and sent to the server infrastructure (D2S) • Real-time publish-subscribe IoT protocol • Must connect thousands of devices

• Generic

– TCP/IP – HTTP (Restful API)

• Specialized

– CoAP (RFC 7252 Constrained Application Protocol)

• REST model for small devices – MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport)

• a protocol for collecting device data and communicating it to servers (D2S) • real-time publish-subscribe IoT protocol • On top of TCP/IP

– XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol) • Previous Jabber • a protocol best for connecting devices to people, a special case of the D2S pattern, since people are connected to the servers • XML, HTTP, TCP/IP

– DDS (Data Distribution Service) • a fast bus for integrating intelligent machines (D2D) • OMG M2M middleware

– AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol) • a queuing system designed to connect servers to each other (S2S) • On top of TCP/IP • Different formats


CoAP

• http://coap.technology/ • Debugging URL: http://coap.me • CoAP is based on the wildly successful REST model

Servers make resources available under a URL, and clients access these resources using methods such as GET, PUT, POST, and DELETE

• Asynchronous over a datagram-oriented transport such as UDP – The CoAP messaging model is based on the exchange of messages over UDP between

endpoints – Uses a short fixed-length binary header (4 bytes) that may be followed by compact binary

options and a payload


http://coap.technology/

http://coap.me/

CoAP Examples


D2S Examples


Service Bus

I/O, Sensor

MCU

M2M

MCU

M2M

M

2S

Server

M2M protocol

M2M protocol

IoT device IoT

Aggregator IoT Bus

Pow

er


IoT Platforms

• Functions – Routing

• To other servers (S2S) • To analysis programs • To people • Back to devices (S2D)

– Analysis (BigData) – Visualization – Monitoring – Control

• Vendors

– Microsoft Azure IoT services – Google Cloud – Oracle’s Internet of Things platform – Carriots – TIWIConnect by LSR – Realtimeio – … many others

Source: TIWIConnect


Iot Platform Examples (1)


Iot Platform Examples (2)


Conclusions

• Subject is complex – IT, electronics, radio,

subject, … • Constant flux

– New devices, components, protocols, …

• Promises are high – Wearables – Smart home – Smart city – Smart manufacturing – Health care – Automative – Retail


Motivation for SOAuosis.mif.vu.lt/~valdo/webs2015/WebServices.L07.pdf– # bits per word, parity...

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