Most accurate

Adding a grid Latitude

Orientation

Maximum

Minimum

Significant values

Longitude

Great Circles Which are great

circles, latitude or longitude?

Magnetic declination True (geographic)

North Geomagnetic

North

Mercator Pros Cons

Gnomonic Pros Cons

Conic Pros Cons

TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

Check out your favorite topo map Topo maps

Making a cross section1) Line strip up with target cross section path2) Make small “tic” marks where each contour

line touches the edge of your paper strip.3) Label each mark with the elevation of the

matching contour line4) Number the lines on your paper starting at

the top with one number higher than the highest number on your strip and going down to one lower than your lowest number

5) Put your strip along the lines on the paper marking dots on the matching lines

6) Smoothly connect the dots

Rough approximation of method9200____________________9000____________________8800____________________8600____________________8400____________________8200____________________8000____________________7800____________________

Making a topo map from measured elevations

NOTES: 10 ft contour line is easiest, have students start with highest point then higest line is multiple of ten just below that highest number, Lines tend to be circles within circles even if they run off the page, lines separate numbers above that of the line from those below, label lines to keep track. Notice no 40 line since never go below 40 ft. Real maps tend to be made from a few measure points plus an understanding of the “lay of the land”. This process mimics that.

Topo Tales write a story as if you were taking a trip along the land portrayed on the map.

Need:1) Starting elevation2) Uphill or down3) Steepness4) Scenery5) Ending elevationBe creative but make sure your story

is consistent with the map