Mosquito-borne disease in the United States Renée Huth, D.P.T. Ph.D. Student, Walden University...

Mosquito-borne Mosquito-borne disease in the disease in the United StatesUnited States

Renée Huth, D.P.T.Renée Huth, D.P.T.Ph.D. Student, Walden UniversityPh.D. Student, Walden University

PUBH 8165-1: Environmental PUBH 8165-1: Environmental HealthHealth

Instructor: Dr. David AndersonInstructor: Dr. David Anderson

Term 3, Year 1 Term 3, Year 1

Purpose of Presentation

Health Professionals & Health Educators will be able to:

Describe how vector borne diseases are transmitted.Name 3 mosquito–related diseases within the United States and resulting symptoms. Describe 3 environmentally mindful practices each of us can do to reduce the risk of exposure, thereby reducing the incidence or impact.Share knowledge gained with 3 others to “Pay it forward”.

Overview

• Arthropod borne (Ar-bo-viruses)insects

mosquitoesfleaslicebiting flies bugs

arachnids mites ticks

Virginia Department of Health. (2012) Vector-borne disease control. Virginia.gov. Retrieved from http://www.vdh.state.va.us/epidemiology/DEE/Vectorborne/

Arbovirus Transmission Cycle

Food, Space, Breeding

sites

Predators

Vertebrate Host

Weather and Climate

and Pathogens

Primary or Accessory Vector

Incidental hosts

Virus

Pupae

Vector

Adults

Terrestrial

Aquatic

Larvae

Virus

Eggs

Weather and

Climate

Food, Space, Breeding

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008). Arboviral zoonosis transmission cycle. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/arbor/schemat.htm

Exposure/RiskBeing outdoors– Occupations– Recreation

Low income areasThose who are > 50 or < 2 years of ageHandling birds which are infectedCDC(2011) reported there is a very low risk from blood transfusions and organ transplants

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011, April 18). West Nile Virus: What you need to know. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/wnv_factsheet.htm

Mosquito-transmitted diseases in the U.S.

West Nile (WNV)Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE)

LaCrosse encephalitis (LAC)St. Louis encephalitis (SLEV)

Malaria No More. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.malarianomore.org/malaria?gclid=CICFo4uU5K0CFcnc4Aod4jPutA.

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health. (2011, February 16). Meningitis and Encephalitis Fact Sheet. USA.gov. Retrieved from http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/encephalitis_meningitis/detail_encephalitis_meningitis.htm

West Nile virus (WNV) Neuroinvasive Disease Incidence reported to ArboNET, by state, United States, 2011 (as of January 10, 2012)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). West Nile Virus. Statistics, surveillance, and control. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/Mapsincidence/surv&control11IncidbyState.htm

West Nile Symptoms

• Emergency Symptoms: high fever, headache, neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions, muscle weakness, vision loss, numbness and paralysis.

• Monitor symptoms: fever, headache, and body aches, nausea, vomiting, and sometimes swollen lymph glands or a skin rash on the chest, stomach and back.


Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector Borne Diseases. (2008, October 9). West Nile Virus diagnostic testing. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/wnv_diagnostictesting.html

Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Neuroinvasive Disease Cases Reported by

Year, 1964-2010

Moore, C.G., McLean, R.G., Mitchell, C.J., Nasci, R.S., Tsai, T.F., Calisher, C.H., …& Gubler, D.J., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases (1993). Guidelines for Arbovirus surveillance programs in the United States. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/arbor/arboguid.pdf

Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE)

Infects birds, horses and humansSigns and Symptoms:

Mild: fever, general flu-like muscle pains, and headache (adults) Severe: coma and death in severe cases (children under 1 year most at risk)


California Serogroup Virus Neuroinvasive Disease Average

Annual Incidence by County, 1996-2010

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011, September 9). California Serogroup Virus Neuroinvasive Disease* Average Annual Incidence by County, 1996-2010. La Crosse Encephalitis. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/lac/tech/virus.html


LaCrosse encephalitis (LAC)

Most of the 100 cases per year diagnosed in the U.S. are children under 16 years of age.

Signs and symptoms (rare): – Mild: vomiting, headache, fever,

and lethargy – Severe: seizure, coma, and

permanent neurologic damage


St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Neuroinvasive Disease Cases Reported by State, 1964-2010

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011b, June 13). St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Neuroinvasive Disease Cases Reported by State, 1964-2010. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/sle/technical/epi.html#casesbystate

St. Louis Encephalitis (SLEV)

The CDC (2011a) reported an average of 102 cases annually (range 2-1,967) between 1964 and 2009.Cases are typically in late summer in temperate weathered areas of the country.Signs and symptoms: 7-10 days – Mild: headache and fever (children)– Severe: confusion and disorientation,

tremors, and coma (elderly)One exception: convulsions (very young)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011a, June 13). Saint Louis Encephalitis. Epidemiology & geographic distribution. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/sle/technical/epi.html#casesbystate

Environmentally mindful prevention

Personal Environment

Community

Making a “world” difference

Personal & Ambient environment-limited biting and breeding

PersonalStay indoors (dusk and dawn).When outdoors:

Wear long, loose and light-colored clothing. DEETLimit perfumes, scented soaps and lotions-better yet shower after.

Travel planning

Ambient EnvironmentClear roof, gutters and downspout

screensDo not allow water to collect and

stagnate Clean birdbaths, fountains, and wading

pools weekly. Trim grass regularly.

Illinois Department of Public Health. (n.d.). Prevention & control. Questions and Answers about Spraying for Adult Mosquitoes. Retrieved from http://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/factsheets/fog.htm

Moeller, D.W. (2011). The scope. In Author (Ed.), Environmental Health (4 th Ed.), (pp.1-22). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Turner, S.L., Li, N., Guda, T., Githure, J., Carde, R.T. & Ray, A. (2011). Ultra-prolonged activation of CO2-sensing neurons disorients mosquitoes. Nature, 474,87–91. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10081

Community level

U.S. Vector Surveillance based on CDC guidelines (1993) examples:

Monitoring rainfall and temperatureTesting vertebrates (Cs. Melanura for EEE prevention) Community fogging efforts, pesticides



Global Environmental Efforts

• As practitioners, stay vigilant to questionable symptoms.

• Increase natural predators of mosquitos.

• Reduce pollution to reduce global warming.– Consider alternatives to chemicals such as pesticides and household

cleaners– CO2 emissions-seek alternative fuel sources and ways to limit use of

electricity

Knowlton, K., Solomon, G., Rotkin-Ellman, M. & the Natural Resources Defense Council. (2009). Mosquito-Borne Dengue Fever threat spreading in the Americas. Fever Pitch. National Resource Council Defense Paper. Retrieved from http://www.nrdc.org/health/dengue/files/dengue.pdf

Shuman, E.K. (2011). Global climate change and infectious diseases. International Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2(1), www.ijoem.com

Trevedi, B.P. (2011, October 24). The wipeout gene (Preview). Scientific American. Retrieved from http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-wipeout-gene

Think global, act local.Think global, act local.

ChallengeChallenge

Additional Resources• For more information on Vector Borne Diseases:

– Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector Borne Diseases. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/index.html

– World Health Organization, Vector Borne Diseases. http://www.who.int/heli/risks/vectors/vector/en/index.html

• For more information on what you can do to reduce mosquito population and alternative means to protect yourself:

– U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Pesticides and Mosquito control. http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/health/mosquitoes/mosquito.htm

– Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Environmental Public Health Medicine, Division of Environmental Health. http://www.doh.state.fl.us/environment/medicine/arboviral/index.html

– Journal of Pesticide Reform. http://www.jesbragroup.com/images/Journal_of_Pesticide_Reform_-_GERANIOL.pdf

Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Environmental Public Health Medicine, Division of Environmental Health. (n.d.). Mosquito-borne Diseases in Florida. Retrieved from http://www.doh.state.fl.us/environment/medicine/arboviral/index.html

Cox, C. (2005, Fall). Plant based mosquito repellents: Making careful choice. Journal of Pesticide Reform, 25(3). Retrieved from http://www.jesbragroup.com/images/Journal_of_Pesticide_Reform_-_GERANIOL.pdf

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008). Arboviral zoonosis transmission cycle. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/arbor/schemat.htm

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009, October 16). La Crosse Encephalitis. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/lac/tech/virus.html


Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011, June 10). Eastern Equine Encephalitis. Epidemiology & geographic distribution. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/EasternEquineEncephalitis/tech/epi.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011a, June 13). Saint Louis Encephalitis. Epidemiology & geographic distribution. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/sle/technical/epi.html#casesbystate

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011b, June 13). St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Neuroinvasive Disease Cases Reported by State, 1964-2010. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/sle/technical/epi.html#casesbystate

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010, August 16). Eastern Equine Encephalitis.. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/easternequineencephalitis/

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011, September 9). California Serogroup Virus Neuroinvasive Disease* Average Annual Incidence by County, 1996-2010. La Crosse Encephalitis. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/lac/tech/virus.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012, January 10). West Nile Virus. Statistics, surveillance, and control. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/Mapsincidence/surv&control11IncidbyState.htm

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector Borne Diseases. (2008, October 9). West Nile Virus diagnostic testing. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/wnv_diagnostictesting.html

Cox, C. (2005, Fall). Plant based mosquito repellents: Making careful choice. Journal of Pesticide Reform, 25(3). Retrieved from http://www.jesbragroup.com/images/Journal_of_Pesticide_Reform_-_GERANIOL.pdf

Illinois Department of Public Health. (n.d.). Prevention & control. Questions and Answers about

Spraying for Adult Mosquitoes. Retrieved from http://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/factsheets/fog.htm

Knowlton, K., Solomon, G., Rotkin-Ellman, M. & the Natural Resources Defense Council. (2009). Mosquito-Borne Dengue Fever threat spreading in the Americas. Fever Pitch. National Resource Council Defense Paper. Retrieved from http://www.nrdc.org/health/dengue/files/dengue.pdf

Malaria No More. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.malarianomore.org/malaria?gclid=CICFo4uU5K0CFcnc4Aod4jPutA.

Moeller, D.W. (2011). The scope. In Author (Ed.), Environmental Health (4th Ed.), (pp.1-22). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.



References

Shuman, E.K. (2011). Global climate change and infectious diseases. International Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2(1), www.ijoem.com.

Trevedi, B.P. (2011, October 24). The wipeout gene (Preview). Scientific American. Retrieved from http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-wipeout-gene


U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2005, December 1). FDA Approves First Test to Screen for West Nile Virus in Donors of Blood, Organs, Cells and Tissues. FDA News Release. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2005/ucm108523.htm

Virginia Department of Health. (2012) Vector-borne disease control. Virginia.gov. Retrieved from http://www.vdh.state.va.us/epidemiology/DEE/Vectorborne/

World Health Organization (WHO). (2012). West Nile virus. Fact Sheet. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs354/en/index.html

Mosquito-borne disease in the United States Renée Huth, D.P.T. Ph.D. Student, Walden University...

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