Morphology and the Lexicon

8/3/2019 Morphology and the Lexicon

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MORPHOLOGY


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WINTERTemplate

What is aword?

01


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W o r d

Special phonetic properties

Some words bear stress others do not

Some words are set off intonational cues butothers are not

pronuntiation

Meaning / form

Pronuntiation / form

meaning


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The hunters chased a fox

A

fox

was chased by the hunters


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H u n t e rse rs

Erhunts serhunt


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Hunt-er s-

wordMinimal

meaninful units

of language

morphemes

morphemes Arbitrary signs


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02

Wordstructure


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1

MORPHEME


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3

MORPHEMES


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03

Wordformation


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N =happiness N=worker

V AF V AF

happy ness work er


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In this process a new word is created from a basethrought the addition of an affix,and it also changes the

category and or the meaning of the base to which it

applies.

English Derivational Affixesverb + able = adj (able to be

xed)

FIX + ABLE = FIXABLE

noun + less = adj ( without X)

penny + less = penniless

prefix + adj + suffix =

noun

un + happy + ness =

happiness


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PREFIXES SUFFIXES

un usual care less

mis pronounce child ish

pre departure marx ismdis respect red ness

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES

dis loyal tyun happy ness

dis agree able

WORD FORMATION BY AFFIXES


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COMPOUNDING:Is the creation of new words out of several existing

ones,in which independent words can accur together to form a

compound word.

SOME TYPESOF COMPOUNDS

NOUN +

NOUNchain-smoker

landlord

snail mail

ADJECTIVE +

NOUNhigh chair

blackboard

wildfire

PREPOSITION+N

OUNoverdose

underdog

underarm

VERB +

NOUNgo-cart

swearword

scarecrow

ADJECTIVE +

ADJECTIVE

re- hot

icy-cold

bittersweet

NOUN + ADJECTIVE

sky blue

earthbound

skin-deep

PREPOSITION +

VERB

oversee

overstuff

underfeed

COMPOUNDIG AND MULTIWORD UNITS


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sailboatsailboat rigging

sailboat rigging desing

sailboat rigging desing training

sailboat rigging desing training institute

COMPOUNDS ARE NOT

LIMITED TO TWO WORDS


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- bathroom

- ape-man

- high chair

- community center finance commitee

-The third

-and fourth

-grade teachers

met with the parents.


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Compounds consists of

- a head (the right element,carrying the

principal meaning)-a modifier(the left element)

Ex.

Highhead

modifier

Chair


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STRESS PATTERN

- a greenhouse = place where we grow plants(compound noun)

- a green 'house = house painted green (adjective andnoun)

-a 'bluebird= type of bird (compound noun)- a blue 'bird= any bird with blue feathers (adjective

and noun)

- a highchair=a special kind of chair that babies sitin.(compound noun)

-a high chair= some chair that happens to behigh(adjective and noun)


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MEANINGOF COMPOUNDS

Consider the contrast between the compounds:

- alligator shoes(shoes made of alligator hide)

- horseshoes(are iron shoes for horseshooves)

- salt pile(pile made of salt)

- saltshaker(is not a shaker made of salt)- apron string (kind of string)

- string apron (kind of apron)


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04

Other word

formation

processes


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Blending

Is the process of combining 2 separateforms to produce a single new term.

Smog = smoke + fog


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Brunch = breakfast + lunch

Because = by + cause

Cellophane = cellulose + diaphane

Motel = motor + hotel

Telethon = telephone + marathon

Workaholic = work + alcoholic

Goodbye =

God + be (with) + ye

O'clock = of (the) + clock

Emoticon = emotion + icon


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Clipping

When a word of more than one syllable is

reduced to a shorter form.

Doc

(Doctor)


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Fan (Fanatic)

Sitcom (Situation comedy)

Exam (Examination)Gym (Gymnastics)

Math (Mathematics)

Lab (Laboratory)


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Backformation

A word of one type is reduced to form

another word of a different type.

Television Televise

(noun) (verb)


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Donate Donation

Babysit Babysitter

Editor Edit

Sculptor Sculpt


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Conversion

Its the creation of a word from an existing

word without any change in form.

Adjectives to nouns


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Adjective:CLEAN

To

the verb:

TOCLEAN


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Noun Verb

Access To access

Can To can

Host To host

Salt To salt

Google To google


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Acronyms

A word formed from the initial letters of a

name or by combining initial letters or parts

of a set of words.

UNESCO

United Nations Educational, Scientific, andCultural Organization


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ONU

OTAN

UNICEFFMI


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05

Additional

formations


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COINAGE

Is the invention of new words

Example

Aspirin,nylon, zipper, kleenex, teflon and

xerox

BORROWINGS

There are borrowings whose form is changed so

that they look like native words in the borrowing

language. Is a word or phrase adopted from one

language into another


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Words whose form has

changed:

Words which remain the same:

Example:

*Computadora ----- Computer

*Cultura------------- Culture* Difcil---------------- Difficult

* Vagn---------------- Wagon

* Enciclopedia---- Encyclopaedia

Example:

*Software--------------- Software

*Color------------------- Color* Zebra ------------------- Zebra

* Doctor------------------ Doctor

* Piano ------------------- Piano


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Borrowing examples

Word Origen

Memorandum Latin

Alcohol Arabic

Boss Duch

Croissant French

Yogurt Turkish


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Inflection


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Is a morphological process that modifies a

words form in order to mark the

grammatical subclass.The inflection

doesnt change the gramatical category of

the word to which it applies so it does not

create new words


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English inflectional affixes

Morphology and the Lexicon

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