Morpheme & Morphology

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GROUP 4


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The study of the structure and form of words inlanguage or a language, including inflection,

derivation, and the formation of compounds.

MORPHOLOGY


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A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in thegrammar of a language.

A single word may be composed of one or moremorphemes.

MORPHEME


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One morpheme = boy

Two morphemes = boy + ish

Three morphemes = boy + ish + ness

Four morphemes = gentle + man + li + ness

Five morphemes = un+system+atic+al+ly

(the word unsystematically can be analyzed into 5separate morphemes).


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Every morpheme is either a base or an affix.

An affix can be either a prefix or a suffix.

e.gCat is the base morpheme, and s is a suffix.


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MorphemeAffix

a morpheme that comes at the beginning (prefix) orthe ending (suffix) of a base morpheme.

Note: An affix usually is a morpheme that cannotstand alone.

Examples: -ful, -ly, -ity, -ness. A few exceptions areable, like, and less.

Prefix

an affix that comesbefore a base

morpheme. The in inthe word inspect is a

prefix.

Suffixan affix that comes

after a basemorpheme. The s in

cats is a suffix.

Base

a morpheme that givesa word its meaning.

The base morpheme catgives the word cats itsmeaning: a particular

type of animal.


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Single morphemes (monomorphemic) & can standalone as words.

Example : drink, cat, butter

FREE MORPHEME


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Morphemes which cannot occur on its own as anindependent (or separate) word.

Example : Trans- and mit in transmit

Affixes (prefix, suffix) are all bound morphemes.

BOUND MORPHEME


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Prefixes Bound morphemes which occur

only before other morphemes.Examples:

un- (uncover, undo)dis- (displeased, disconnect),pre- (predetermine, prejudge)

Suffixes Bound morphemes which occur

following other morphemes.Examples:-er (singer, performer)-ist (typist, pianist)-ly (manly, friendly)


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Derivational Morpheme

The morpheme that added with affixes such that it

change the meaning of words or the part of speech orboth.

Functions


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Inflectional Morpheme The morpheme that can only be suffix and create a change

in the function of word. 8 types of inflectional morpheme: s (possessive) s (plural) s (3rd person present singular) ing (present participle)

ed (past tense) ed (past participle) en (past participle) est and er (superlative and comparative degree)


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Morphemes

Freemorphemes

Lexicalmorphemes

work, house,kind

Functionalmorphemes

and, if, or,but

Boundmorphemes

Derivational

morphemes

-er, -ness, -ly

Inflectionalmorphemes

-ed, -er, -est


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adding a derivational affix, thus changing the

syntactic category.

e.g orient > orientationDerivation

extending a morpheme from one syntactic categoryto another.

e.g chair(N) > chair(V)Categoryextension

combining two old words to make one new one

e.g put-downCompound

inventing a brand new word.

e.g Kodak

Root creation

(antonomasia)

a foreign words is assimilated to native forms

e.g cucuracha (Spanish) > cockroach (English)Folk etymology

WORD FORMATION

PROCESSES


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shortening a word

e.g hamburger> burgerClipped form

two words smooched together

e.g smoke +fog > smogBlend the letters of a title become a word

e.g radar Radio Detection And Ranging

Scuba - Self-Contained Underwater Breathing ApparatusAcronym

a little like clipping

e.g television > TVAbbreviation

e.g hamburger< HamburgProper name

Morpheme & Morphology

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