Monitoring and Control of Energy Consumption in Municipal Public ...

Monitoring and Control of Energy Consumption in Municipal Public Buildings over the Internet (ENERinTOWN)

Programme area: SAVE,VKA4.2Status: Finished

Coordinator: Name:Mr.GuillermoBasañez-UnanueOrganisation: EVE,EnteVascodelaEnergía,SpainE-mail: [email protected]: +34944035600Partners: INEGA(Spain); LDK(Greece) TEA(Ireland) IST(Portugal) ADEME(France) LEI(Lithuania) AREAL(Portugal) ZREU(Germany AI(Italy)Website: http://www.enerintown.org

Objective: Establishgreatercontroloverenergyconsumptioninmunicipally-ownedbuildings.

Benefits: Addressingtheneedforpreciseknowledgeregardingenergyconsumptioncurvesandtrainingstaffontheeffectivemanagementofenergy.

Keywords: Continuousconsumptionmonitoring,technologyprocurement,publicbuildings,energyefficiency,demandsidemanagement,municipalities

Duration: 01/2006–07/2008Budget: €721,050(EUcontribution:50%)Contract No: EIE/05/118/SI2.419653

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ii | Monitoring and control of energy consumption in municipal public buildings over the internet Publishable Result-oriented Report

Contents1. Executive Summary 1

2. Background and Introduction 2

3. Energy Monitoring: Technology and Implementation 4

3.1 Introduction 4

3.2 HardwareandConnections 5

3.3 SoftwareOptions 14

3.4 ImplementationSteps 15

4. Training and Promotion of Energy Management in Municipalities 16

4.1 NetworkofEnergyManagers 16

4.2 EnergyTraining 17

4.3 EnergyProcurementGuide 18

4.4 PromotionandDisseminationofEnergyManagement 20

5. Implementation of Energy Saving Measures & Monitoring Effectiveness 21

5.1 Introduction 21

5.2 Energysavingmeasures(proposedandimplemented) 22

5.3 Countriesoverview 26

5.4 ResultsofImplementationofActions 29

6. Results & Conclusions 31

Appendix1:CaseStudies 37

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iv | Monitoring and control of energy consumption in municipal public buildings over the internet Publishable Result-oriented Report

The ENERinTOWN project ran from January 2006 to June 2008 and aimed toaddressthreekeybarriersinmunicipalenergymanagement:

Lackofknowledgeinenergymanagementtechniques

Lackofenergyconsumptiondata

Experienceinimplementationoflowcostenergysavingmeasures

StandardMunicipalenergymanagementagreementsweredrawnupineachofthepartnerslanguages(availablefromwww.enerintown.org).Theprojectfocusedthenonthetrainingofmunicipalenergymanagers.10Trainingcoursesweredeliveredto46energymanagersacross32municipalitiesineightmembercountries.Trainingcoursesinseverallanguagesareavailableinadditiontothe200pageguideonenergymanagementinthepublicsectorarealsoavailableonthewebsite.Inadditiontothis,casestudiesweredevelopedtoaidtheenergymanagersunderstandingofenergysavingtechniques.

Theenergymonitoringpartoftheprojecttriedtoestablish lowcostmeasuresofmonitoring energy consumption in municipal buildings using existing networks.Thisprovedasignificantchallenge.Whiletherewereandarecurrentlysystemsthatuse capital and operationally expensive GSM, the aim was to understand what ispossiblewithoutGSMbasedsystems,orhowtolowerthecostofthesystems.GoodcollaborationwithITsystemmanagersinadditiontoprogressivemeteringcompaniesisessential.Allthedifferentoptionsareoutlinedinchapter3ofthisreport.

Significant savings were achieved in the project with both knowledge and dataavailabletotheenergymanager.CasestudiesonallthesefacilitiesareavailableontheENERinTOWNwebsite.

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1. Executive Summary

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ENERinTOWNisaIntelligentEnergyEuropeprojectthatcommencedinJanuary2006andlastedfor30months.It’saimsweretoestablishgreatercontroloverenergyconsumptioninMunicipalbuildingsby:

Monitoringtheenergyconsumptionovertheinternet

Traininglocalpersonnelaboutenergyefficiencyactions

ImplementingEnergysavingactions

Providingforfuturerolloutofsimilarprojects

EVE - Ente Vasco de la Energia

Spain

Inega - Instituo Enerxético de Galicia

Spain

LDK - Consultants Engineers and Planners

Greece

Tipperary Energy Agency Ltd.

Ireland

IST - Instituto Superior Técnico

Portugal

ADEME - Agence De L’Environment Et De La Maitrise De L’Enegie

France

LEI - Lithuanian Energy Institute

Lithuania

AREAL - Agencia Regional de Energia e Ambiente do Algarve

Portugal

ZREU - Zentrum für rationelle Energieanwendung und Umvelt GmbH

Germany

Ambiente - Italia srl Instituto di Ricerche

Italy

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Theprojecthasbeencarriedoutbythefollowingtenpartners:Theprojecthasbeencarriedoutbythefollowingtenpartners:

2 Background and Introduction

� | Monitoring and control of energy consumption in municipal public buildings over the internet Publishable Result-oriented Report

Intheresidentialandservicessectors,informationonenergyconsumptioniscommonlyonlyprovidedonamonthlyoreventwo-monthlybasis.Frequently,therecipientoftheinformationhasnobenchmarkthatmightallowthemtodecidewhethertheirconsumptionlevelsarenormalorexcessive.Therearetwogapsorbarrierswhichneedtobeaddressed.Ontheonehand,asystemthatwillprovidehigher-quality,moredetailedinformationonamorefrequentbasis.Andontheotherhand,thesystemshouldhavethecapacitytoanalysetheinformationreceivedandactontheparametersavailabletocorrectpossibledysfunctions.

Thisschemewascentredexclusivelyonpublicbuildingsandactedasapilotprojectwhereanypossibleerrorswereidentifiedandironedoutbeforetacklingthemuchmorefragmentedresidentialandcommercialsubsectors.

Theprojectwascarriedoutincloserelationshipwithmunicipalauthoritiesinterestedinbetterenergymanagementoftheirpropertiesandconsumptioncentres.Thisprojectcoveredalargenumberofbuildingswithdifferentuses,throughasingleinterlocutor,i.e.theowner,thetowncouncil.

Themainobjectiveof theprojectwastoreduceenergyconsumptioninmunicipalpublicbuildingsthroughcontinuousmonitoringovertheInternet,introductionoflow-costmeasuresandestablishmentofminimumstandardstobemetbynewamenitiesandbuildings.

Toachievethisobjectivethefollowingspecifictasksweresetup:

Toperformcontinuousremotemonitoringofelectricityandnaturalgasconsumptionin100publicbuildingsrunbytheselectedmunicipalauthorities.

TocreateacomputertoolthatwillgathertheinformationsuppliedbythemeasuringequipmentovertheInternet,anduseittogenerateconsumptiongraphsbyperiods,comparisonsbetweenbuildings,municipalitiesorregions,triggeringalarms,etc.

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Tocreatethefigureofthemunicipalorregionalenergymanagerastheofficerwithmaximumresponsibilityformonitoringenergydemandfrompublicbuildings,andproposingandimplementinglow-costmeasures.

Toapplylow-costawareness-enhancingmeasures.

Toprepareaguidethatwillgivehelpandguidanceforlocalmanagersinacquiringequipmentanddesigningproperties,usingcriteriabasedonenergyefficiencyanduseofrenewableresources.

Toachievethegoalofreducingenergyconsumptioninpublicbuildings,aconsumption-monitoringsystemwasestablished.Thedatawerecontinuouslyrecordedtoshowtrendsandallowcomparisonofcurvesbetweensimilarbuildings,thusmakingitpossibletoidentifyareasofpotentialimprovementintermsofthetypeofinstallationandusagehabits.

Theprojectincluded:

Developmentandinstallationofconsumption-measuringsystemsconnectedviatheInternettotheregionalconsumptionmonitoringcentre;

Creationofthefigureofthemunicipalenergymanager;

Applicationandassessmentoflow-costmeasures;

Creationofamunicipalguidetoprocuringequipmentanddesigningbuildingsusingenergycriteria;

Establishmentofanambitiousprogrammeofdisseminationofresults.

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3.1 IntroductionAsdescribedintheproject,theaimofthetechnicalpartoftheworkwas:

togetaccurateinformationaboutinstantelectricityandgasconsumptionatthelowestpossiblecost

toprovideeasy-manageableandeasy-readableinformationtobeusedbylocalenergymanagers

Somepartsofthisprocesswereeasy,otherswerequitedifficult,asisoutlinedinthefollowingsection.

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3 Energy Monitoring: Technology and Implementation


3.1.1 Data acquisitionTheprojectplannedtodesignanelectronicdataacquisitionandstoragecard.Whenpartnerslaunchedtheproject,theylearnedthatthisdesignwasnotnecessary,becauseconvenientdataloggerswerealreadyavailableonthemarket.

Partnershadtochoosebetweentwomainwaystoacquiredata:

replacingoldmetersbynewelectronicones;thissolutionisexpensiveandrequiresanexternalsubcontractorwhoisauthorisedtoworkonelectricalandgasnetworksandabletoauthorisedtoreplacemeters;neverthelessitprovidesmeterswhichcanbeeasilymonitoredthusdataacquisitionissimplifiedinthiscase,throughdirectconnectionsbetweenmetersanddataloggers

Installing,onexistingmeters,specialdevicesabletokeepinformationaboutinstantenergyconsumptions;thesespecialdevicesareopticalreadersandmagneticpulsessensors;thesedevicescanbeimplementedlocally(noneedofparticularprofessionalinsurance,whicharerequiredtoworkonenergynetworks).thesedevicesmustbecarefullyinstalled,inordertoprovidegooddata.

Thispartoftheworkwasdifficultbecauseofthevariedtypesofelectricityandgasmeters,andthesafetyregulationsinplacewhenworkingonelectricityandgasnetworksandmeters.Thefollowingpartofthisreportshowsresultsandlessonslearnt.

3.1.2 Data transmissionTherewereseveraldifferentmeansoftransmittingdatabetweenmetersandservers:

localTCP/IPallalongthetransmissionsystem,

localTCP/IPforapartoftheinternaltransmission,andGSMfortheexternal,

radioandlocalTCP/IPforinternaltransmission,andGSMfortheexternal,

wifiandPLCforlocaltransfers(notusedintheproject),

Alltheseoptionshaddifferingcapitalandongoingcostsassociatedwiththem.

Thepartnersoftheconsortiumhadtochoose,ineachcase,thebestmixoftechnologies,andthebestvalueformoney.Thisfactexplainsthegreatvarietyofdifferentsolutionsimplemented.

OneoftheproblemfacedbypartnerswassecurityissueswithexternalinternetaccessonTCP/IPinternalnetworks.Theyhadtodealwithnetworksadministratorsinordertofindifitwaspossibletoallowexternalmonitoringofmeteringdevicestobeconnectedthroughsecuredprotocolsandauthenticationsprocedures.

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3.1.3 Data analysis and displayTheENERinTOWNproject,grantedbytheEC,plannedtodevelopspecificsoftware.Atthebeginningoftheproject,theconsortiumfoundthatconvenientsoftwareandserviceswerealreadyavailable.Theseservicesandsoftwarerequiredfees.So,ananalysisoffunctionsandcostshadtobedone.Inordertofindthesolutionwhichbestfitteditsownneeds,eachpartnermadeitsownparticularchoice.

Nevertheless,apartneroftheconsortium,ADEME,choosetofollowthefirstprojectanddecidedtohaveaspecificsoftwarepackagedeveloped,inordertomakeitavailableforallpartners,andalsotoallEuropeanmunicipalitiesthroughopensourcelicencesoftware.Thefollowingpartofthisreportshowsresultsandlessonslearnt.

Alltheseissues,andthemanydifferentwaystorespond,explainthewidevarietyofsolutionsimplemented.Theyarepresentedbelow.

3.2 Hardware and Connections


3.2.1 Meters3.2.1.1 Electricity meterIngeneraltherearetwosortsofelectricitymetersinuseacrossthepartnerscountries,analoguecountersanddigitalcounters.

3.2.1.1.1 Analogue electric metersThesearestillwidelyspread,areveryrobustandareeasilytoreadoff.Thedisadvantageisthatthesecountersarenotsuitableforremote-metering.Forthisreasonthesecountershavetobereplacedwithdigitalmeters.

Typesofanaloguecounters:

Electricalworkatlowpower,upto26kWaregenerallyFerrariscountertype

ElectricalworkathighpoweraregenerallyFerrariscounterwithcurrenttransformer.Thecurrenttransformerstransformhighcurrentsintolowercurrents,whichareeasiertomeasure.Thisisexpressedinaratiosuchas1:50,whichmeansthattheresultofthemeasurementhastobemultipliedwithafactorof50.(Consumptionvalue10kWhofthecounterisactually500kWh)

3.2.1.1.2 Digital countersThereisalargerangeofdifferentenergysupplymeters,currenttransformerratiosanddataacquisitionsystemsItisthereforenecessarytoestablishthecorrectcalculatingalgorithminthecounterorthedata-logger.Forinstancethereare3000impulsesperkWhbysomeelectricalmeters,others5pulsesperkWh.Theseimpulsealgorithmdiffersfrommanufacturertomanufacturer,sitetosite,thereforetheadjustmentshavetobedonebythedata-loggerorviathesoftware.AfurtherdevelopmentistheM-Buscounter,whichdoesnotdisplaytheimpulsestomeasurethedata,butcounterreading.Thisdatanolongerhastobecalculatedincombinationwithacalculatingalgorithm,butisabletobeleddirectlytothecorrespondingdatabase.

3.2.1.2 Natural-gas meters3.2.1.2.1 Analog countersWithnatural-gas-counters,fourchambersarefilledwithgasperiodically.Thecontentisregisteredandthegasisledtotheexit.

Theenergy-supply-companiesoftenusecalibratedmechanicaccounting-counters.Astheyaremechanicalcounters,theyhavetoberecalibratedatintervalsofafewyears.Mechanicalnaturalgas-countershavetobeequippedwithapulsegeneratortoallowtheautomaticreadoutofthemeterdata.Impulsesperm3naturalgascandifferatdifferentcounters.Forthisreason,theimpulseshavetobedeterminedviaacalculating-algorithm.Furthermorethenatural-gas-constellationindifferentcountriesisalsodifferent,becausethenaturalgascomesfromdifferentsources.Thisshouldalsobetakenintoaccountattheconversionoftheenergy-demandintokWh.

3.2.1.2.2 Digital countersDigitalCountersarenotwidelyused.Thereareseveraltechniquestodeterminetheenergydemand.

Forinstancewithsilicontechnology,themeteringprincipleisalreadywidelyusedintheautomotivesectortodeterminetheairflowintoanengine,hencehowmuchfuelshouldbeinjected


toachievebalancedcombustion.Thegeneralprincipleoftheseisaheatingelementwithtemperaturesensorsonbothsides.Atpassivestatebothsensorsdeliverthesamevalue.asairorgasflowsoveroneofthesensors,thewirecoolsdown,henceit’sresistancewilldecrease.Thisdecreaseinresistanceismeasuredandaflowratecanbedetermined.

3.2.2 Electricity and Gas Meter Data Acquisition 3.2.2.1.1 Data transmission via impulsesImpulsesignalsareeasytomanipulateandreadandarethestandardmethodoftransmissionfrommeters.Theimpulsesaretransmittedfromthemetertothedata-logger,wheretheyareconvertedinmeterreadingsviaacalculating-algorithm.Thecounter-pulsesarebinarysignals(0,1).Thetimingissetupaccordinglytotheconsumption.Thepulse-generatingcouldhappenviaaswitch(mechanical),light-barrier(optical),orviaapproximation-induction(electrical).Thelengthofthedata-transmission-lineis1.5mmaximum.Ifbiggerdistanceshavetobeovercome,repeatershavetobeintegrated.

3.2.2.1.2 Data transmission via S 0 signal-inputAnS0signal-inputisapotential-freecontact.Thesignal-voltageisprovidedfromthedata-loggerexternal.Thetiminghappensviathecounterandtheclockedsignalisprocessedinthedata-logger.Thelinelengthsarelimitedtoabout100m.

3.2.2.1.3 Data transmission M - Bus (Meter Bus)Thesearenotimpulses,butcountedmeasurements.Thecountersconvertimpulse-valuesintocountedmeasurements,andtransmitthemtothedata-logger.Upto250enddevicescanbeattachedtoeachchannel.Themaximumlinelengthsdependonthesupplierandcanbefrom100mto400m.RequirementsarecounterswithanM-Busoutput.

3.2.3 Transmission of the impulses and data from the meter to the data-logger

Primarilythedatatransmissionisabletobecarriedoutviaradio,directcopper-cables/powerlinecommunication

3.2.3.1.1 Data transmission via radioThesesystemsarespreadwidelyandofferacost-savingalternativetothedatatransmissionviawiring.Thissystemconsistsofatransmitterandareceiver.Thesedevicesareoperatedviasolarorviabatteries.Thetransmissioniscarriedoutviaradiowaves,therangeisca.1.5kmto15km.Duetothisflexibility,thissystemcanbeusedinspecificbuildingsaswellasinbiggerbuildingcomplexes.

3.2.3.1.2 Data transmission via copper-cablesThis possibil ity represents one of the most used datatransmission.Atthestageoflayingthecables,it’sessentialtoensurethathereisnoexternalinterference(induction-voltages,

electrostaticfieldsetc.)whichcoulddisturbthesignalspresentinthecables.Thisisavoidedbyshieldingthecablesandseparationofthedata-cables.Afurtherproblemisthelimitedcable-lengthswhichcandifferaccordingtothetransmissionmethodandthedimensioningofthecables.Theadvantagesarethesophisticatedwiring-techniquesandthecheaperongoingcost.

3.2.4 Transmission of data to central energy management system

3.2.4.1.1 Using a local PC InthismethodthemeterserialportisconnecteddirectlybycabletoalocalPC.ThislocalPCsendsthedatathoughtheinternetoremailtothecentralenergymanagementsystem.Thisisatechnicallysimplemethodandacost-effectivewayofusinganexistingPC.

3.2.4.1.2 Land line telephone modem ThismethodisusedwidelyinEurope.However,itcanbedifficultfindingadedicatedphonelineonsomesites.Therearetwodifferentsubdivisionsyoucanuse,analoguelineorISDN-line.Thefirstoneisslower,thesecondmoreexpensive.Bycallingalocalnumberofacompanytelephonenetworkandforwarditinthiscompanyphonenetwork,largerdistancescanbemanagedatacheaperprice.

3.2.4.1.3 TCP/IP over Internet and VPN connectionThishastheadvantagethatdistanceisnoobjectandtherearenocallcharges.However,itisoftendifficultdealingwithI.T.departments,particularlywhenaccessfromoutsidethelocalauthority’sintranetisrequired.Oncecommunicationisestablished,itisoftenlaterdisruptedbythecontinual“choppingandchanging”bytheI.T.department(IPaddresses,serveroperatingsystems)asitstrugglestocopewiththeconstantlychangingrequirementsofthesitesthatmakeupalocalauthorityestate.

3.2.4.1.4 GSM Thisisthemostexpensiveoptionbuthastheadvantagethatitistotallyindependentofanyothernetworkonsite.AdedicatedGSMmodulewouldbeinstalledwithaSIMcardonan“incomingdatacallsonly”tariff,andaPCequippedwitheitheralandlinemodemorastandardmobilephonecouldbeusedtodialitup.


3.2.5 Description of solutions by partnerDuringtheimplementationofmeteringandmonitoringsystemsduringtheENERinTOWNproject,severaltechnicalandnon-technicalproblemsarosefromtheinstallationandoperationofelectricityandgasmeteringandmonitoringsystems.Someproblemswerecommontoallpartners,othersdifferfromcountrytocountry,andothersstilldifferbetweenmunicipalitiesinthesamecountry.Themainreasonswerethelackofstandardsforautomaticmeteringtechnologyforenergymanagement(includinghardwareandsoftware),noharmonisationofproceduresinutilitiestoallowaccesstoexistingmeters,difficultiesinusingtheInternetfordatatransmission,andothernon-technicalproblems,suchasthenumberofentitiesinvolvedintheentireprocessofinstallingandoperationofthesystems.

Partnerswerefreetoselectthebesttechnologicalsolutionthattheycouldfindintheircountries.Thenextsectionspresentinformationonthebarriers,solutions,lessonslearnedandfinalmonitoringsolutionimplementedineachpartnercountry.

3.2.5.1 FranceADEMEoptedfortenderingtheinstallationofmeteringsystemsandforthedevelopmentofanopen-sourcesoftwaretool.Thisopensourcesoftwarepackageincludesbasicenergyanalysisfunctions,suchasreadingloadcurves,andbenchmarkingbetweensimilarbuildingtypes.

3.2.5.2 GermanyZREUinGermanyhavebeeninvolvedinsuccessfulprojectsusinganenergymanagementsystemfordistantreadingofelectricity,heat,gasandwatermeters,featuringdataanalysisandautomatedgenerationofenergyconsumptionreports.TheResourcesavingprojectinthecityofGeislingenwasthebasisforthedevelopmentoftheENERinTOWNproject.Thisprojectwasdevelopedfor80facilitiesintheCityofGeislingen.

TheGermanenergymanagementsystem isanInternetbasedelectronicsoftwaretooldevelopedbyanassociatecompany.Thiscompanywasinchargeofalltheinstallationofthehardwareandsoftware.Thesoftwaretoolautomaticallycollectsdatafromheat,electricityandwatermeters.Itallowsforthecontinuousmonitoringofresourceconsumption,thecalculationofbenchmarksandtheautomatedgenerationofenergyconsumptionreports(monthlyandannual).

ThenocostandlowcostmeasuresidentifiedinthecityofGeislingenduringthefirsttwoyearsreducedby15%energycosts,andwereabout€340,000.Intheyearsbeforetheprojectstartedtheannualcostforheating,electricity,water/wastewaterandwastecollectionamountedto€1,700,000.


3.2.5.3 GreeceDuringtheinstallationofthemeteringandmonitoringsysteminGreekmunicipalbuildings,LDKfoundsometechnical,marketandadministrativebarriers.

Thetechnicalbarrierswerebasedonthefactthatnotallthebuildingsareconnectedtothenaturalgasgrid.Theprojecthadaclearobjectiveofmonitoringgas,andthereforethislimitedtheselectionofmunicipalbuildingsfortheENERinTOWNproject.Itwasnecessarytoinvolvetheregionalgasutilityinordertoacquireinformationonthetypeofconnection,levelofcompletion,typeofequipmentusedaswellasarrangementsthathavetodowiththeoperationofthegasnetwork(i.e.accesstositeswheregasmetersarephysicallylocated).

Thephysicalinstallationofthehardwareinsomebuildingsrequiredextensivewiringtheinteriorandexteriorofthebuilding,whichincreasedthecostandtimespendontheinstallationofthesystems.Alterationoftheinstallations,inthelightthatthenewarrangementstointegratethemeteringsystem,hadtobediscussedcarefullywithbuildingmanagers.Somewereagainstanyalterations,becausetheywereafraidofinstalledequipmentinterferingwiththecontinuityandqualityofserviceofthefacilities.

Availableelectricitymetersforlowvoltageinthelocalmarketdidnotincludecommunicationcapacitibilitiesandpowerfactormeasurements.Thisisduetothenatureofexistingtariffsforthistypeofelectricitysupply.Harmonisationofcommunicationprotocolsbetweenmeters,dataloggersandsoftwarepackageswaseitherimpossibleorotherwiseexpensive.Thetechnologyprovidersthathaveturn-keymeteringandmonitoringsystemsarenotrepresentedinGreece.

Therewerealsosomeadministrativebarriersintheimplementationoftheproject.TheOctober2006elections,andthechangeofCouncilofficialsresultedinasignificantandunexpecteddelayintheprojectimplementation.

Thefinaltechnicalsolutionfollowsacentralisedphilosophyinordertooptimisecostoverindependenceofoperation.Meteringelectricityandgasdataarestoredintheelectricitymeter,registersarethentransmittedtoalocalPC,andthentoacentralinternetserverlocated.Onceallsetsofdataareaccumulatedintotheserver,adatatransferapplicationrunsbetweenitandthedatawarehouseoftheenergymanagementsuiteviaasinglecommunicationchannel.Theadvantageofthisoptionisminimisationofcostsfordata-transferasonlyoneproprietarysoftwarewillbepurchased.Nevertheless,thiscentralisedoperationhasacertaindegreeofriskbecauseoncethesinglecommunicationchannelfails,communicationofallthemeteringpointscanbecompromised.


3.2.5.4 IrelandInIrelandtheapproachwastousemanydifferentsolutionsinordertohaveadetailedunderstandingofthepossibilitiesgoingforward.Theapproachwastousedataloggersatthepointofenergyuseandtransmitviathemostcosteffectiveoravailablesolution.Forthe12buildingsthefollowingmethodshavebeenemployed:

GSMforremotesites(4sites);

Landlinesforsitesnotconnectedtotheinternet(3sites);

VPNconnectionthroughtheinternet(2sites);

ServertologgerviaIP,automaticemailfromservertootherserver(3sites).

Severalissueswereencountered:

Itwasdecidedtouselocaltechnicalstafftoensurefutureknowledgeofthesystemsandtoincreasetheirtechnicalunderstanding.Thisledtomanyproblemsduetolackofinstallerskills.

Supplierofequipmenthadneverworkedwithnon-experts;

Datacommunicationviafirewalls;

SomeITstaffdidnotconsiderthisprojectascoreworkanddidnotprioritisethework,slowingtheconnectionprocess;

Newuntestedloggerwithintegralemailfunctionwastried;gettingthecorrectelectronicinterfacewiththeITsystemswasachallenge.

ThetechnicalsolutiontobeemployedinthefutureconsistsoftheuseaGSM-basedpre-assembledunitthathasallthefacilitiesconnectedthroughit.Thiswouldmeanaslightlyhigherequipmentcost,butaloweroveralllabourcost.Itwouldalsoensurethattheinstallationofenergymonitoringisseenasapositivestepratherthanahassle.Afterthedataiscollectedinthecentralserver,anInternetbasedproprietarysoftwarepackagewillbeusedfordataanalysisandreporting.

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3.2.5.5 ItalyFormeteringelectricityconsumptionthechoicewastousedigitalcounterwithcurrenttransformer.Acurrenttransformerisatypeof“instrumenttransformer”thatisdesignedtoprovideacurrentinitssecondarywindings,whichisaccuratelyproportionaltothecurrentflowinginitsprimarywindings.Inthiswayitwaspossibletomeasurehighintensitycurrent.

Tomeasurethethermalenergyconsumptionofthebuildingsthemainproblemswasthatgasmetersaregenerallytoooldanditisnotpossibletochangethemorusepulsetransmitters.Soitwasdecidedtomonitorthethermalenergygivenbytheplantandtousetherealthermalenergyefficiencytofindgasconsumption.

AnotherproblemwasconnectiontotheInternettransmissionsystems.TheInternetconnectionsaretoofarfromthethermalandelectriccounters.Forsomebuildingsdiggingworkswerenecessary,andthisincreasedtheintrusionoftheinstallationofthesystems,andthecosts.ItwasdecidedthatGSMcommunicationwasthemostsuitablefortransmittingdatafromthemeterstothecentraldataserver.TheanalysissoftwarechosenistheEnergyBrainfreedistributedwiththeelectricitymetersthatwereselected;itcanalsomanagethermalenergydata.

3.2.5.6 LithuaniaFordatacollectionElectricityandHeat/GasmetersareconnectedthroughtheM-Businterface.Dataisacquiredbythesoftwarepackage“ConnectyEtherMeter”device,whichcollectsthereadingsfromallthemetersandmakesthemavailabletroughtheLAN(localareanetwork).DatamonitoringisperformedusingastandardWebbrowser.Everyuserisauthorized.Permissionsarepersonalisedforeachuseranddevice.Usercanaccessonlytodevicesandtheirpropertiestowhichhehasappropriatepermissions.

3.2.5.7 PortugalISTandAREALthetwopartnersinstitutionsoftheprojectinPortugal.ISTinstalledmonitoringsystemsinfourfacilitiesintheLisbonMetropolitanArea–AlmadaandOeirasmunicipalities.AREALinstalledmonitoringsystemsin12buildingsinsixmunicipalitiesintheAlgarveregion.

AlthoughalltheselectedbuildingshaveInternetaccess,themunicipalitiesITdepartmentswerenotverykeeninallowingadirectconnectiontothebuildingLANandrouter.Anothertechnicalbarrierconcernedthelargedistancesbetweenmeters,andbetweenmetersandInternetaccesspoints.InsomebuildingsitwouldbenecessarytoinstallextensiveandcostlycablingworkstoconnectthemetersandtoaccesstheInternet.So,oneofmainchallengeswastofindacost-effectivetechnicalsolutionthatsolvedbothproblems:limitedInternetaccessfordatatransmissionandtheintrusivecablingneededforconnectingthemeteringequipments.Anotherdifficultywasthefactthatsomegasmetersdidnothavepulseoutputs,andthegassuppliercompanywasnotwillingtoreplacethegasmeters.Additionally,thepartnersfoundthatsomebuildingsdidnothavegasmeters,thishappenedinAlgarveregion,wherebuildingsusepropanegas,storedinlargetanks.Thecostofinstallingnewmeterswasextremelyhigh,sothepartnershadtoabandonthisoption,andinalternativetherewillbeaweeklymanualreadingofgasmeterswithoutpulseoutputandofthelevelofgastanks.

ISTandAREALdecidedtoprepareajointtender,inordertoincreasethenegotiationcapacity.Fivesolutionswerereceivedfrom4companies.Thechosentechnicalsolutionofthemeteringandmonitoringsystemconsistsintheinstallationofelectricitymeterswithextradatachannelanddatalogger,apulsereaderandwireless/radiotransmitterofgasusepulsestotheelectricitymeter.Nocableconnectionbetweenelectricityandgasmeterisnecessary.Theelectricitymeterbuilt-inGSMmodemtransmitsdatatoaserverdatabase.TheanalysisofdataisdonethroughInternetbasedenergymanagementsoftware.Thewebmonitoringsystemisavailable24-hoursadayontheInternet.TheproprietaryenergymanagementsolutioniscommerciallydevelopedbyaPortuguesecompany,andisavailableworldwide.

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3.2.5.8 SpainInGaliciaregion,INEGAinstalledmonitoringsystemsin12facilities in5Municipalities(SantiagodeCompostela,Maceda,Meaño,MonterrosoandLaxe)

FormonitoringelectricityusenewelectricitymeterswithextrachanneldataloggingcapabilityandLANmodemwerebought.These3-phaselowvoltagemeterswerelimitedto80Acurrent.Theobjectivewastoconnectthepulseoutputofthegasmeterstotheelectricitymeterandstoreitindataloggerextrachannel.However,insomebuildingstherewasnonaturalgasuse,onlyoil.SoINEGAhadtobuyandinstalloilmeters.

Thereweresometimeconsumingproblems,concerninginternaladministrativestepstogetthenecessaryauthorisationsforinstallingthemetersandforconnectingthemtolocalInternetrouters,andfortransmittingdatafrommetersusingtheexistinginfrastructure.Anotherproblemwerethelargedistancesbetweenmeters,andbetweenmetersandInternetaccesspoints.Therequiredwiringwasquiteexpensiveandintrusive.

INEGA’sinhousedevelopeddataacquisitionsoftware-MEDCOMPLUS,onlyhadthecapabilitytoconnectwiththemetersbymodem,sosoftwarehadtobemodifiedtoallowconnectiondirectlythroughLANnetwork.Theinhousedataanalysissoftware–SIGEST,wasonlypreparedforelectricitydataanalysis,andthereforeextramodelsforgasandoilconsumptionanalysishadtobeincluded.

IntheBasquecountry,EVEselectedthetechnicalmeteringanddatatransmissionsolutionsadaptedtothebuildings.ConcerningcommunicationsovertheInternet,theuseofthemunicipalities’internalnetworksraisesaseriesofproblemsofaccessibilityintheinternalLANbutnotallI.T.managerswerewillingtoco-operate.Itwasthereforeproposedthatasadefinitivesolutiontotheseproblems,wouldbeaspecificVPN(VirtualPrivateNetwork)adoptedfortheactionsofmonitoringenergyconsumptioninthebuildings.

InthecaseoftheBasquecountry,theinvolvement/coordinationofdifferentagentsintheproject(metermanufacturer,softwarecompanyfordatatransmission,utility,localauthorities,companiesinchargeofthecommunicationssystems(Internet),wasfoundtobeverytimeconsuming.Thesolutionwouldbetohaveasingleagentresponsibleforprovidingthemonitoringserviceortechnicalsolutionfortheentiresystem,ensuringcontinuousdatatransmissionfromthemeterstothecontrolcentre.EVEtechnicalsolutionispresentedinthenextsection.


3.2.5.9 Case-study: Metering and monitoring technical solution implemented in the Basque country

Anewelectricitymeterwasinstalledinallthebuildings.Thisnewelectronicmeterhasadataloggerwithanextrachannelforstoringgaspulses,andlandlineandTPC/IPmodem.Pulsetransmitterswereinstalledingasmeters,andisolatedswitchamplifiershavebeenplacedbetweenthegasmeterandtheelectricitymeter.Gasmeterswithnopulseoutputhavebeenreplacedbytheutility.DataistransmittedthroughtheInternettothedatabaseserver.AnInternetbasedsoftwareisusedtoanalysemetereddata,triggerexcessiveconsumptionalarmsandforautomaticallyreportingandbenchmarking.

3.2.5.10 Case-study: Metering and monitoring technical solution implemented in France

Datagiveneach10mnbyopticalmeterreadersaretransmittedbyshort-distanceradiotothelocalserverconnectedtothelocalTCPIPnetwork.ThisLinuxserverconfiguresandstoresdatasonitsownharddisk.

Onceaday(atnight),thelocalLinuxserversendsthedatastothemainserver.Fromthisserver,datasaresentonceadaytotheADEMEserver,tobepresentedtousersthroughtheopensourcesoftware(seeWP4D1).


3.3 Software OptionsThesoftwaresystemsemployedforthedisplayofenergydatahadthecommonpuroposeofinterrogatinglargeamountsofenergyconsumptiondatatodisplayeasttounderstandenergyusagetrendsinagraphicalornumericmanner.

Somecommonfeaturesofthesetools:

Graphicalinterfacefordisplayingdata

Energyconsumption,costreporting

Reportingmoduleswithauto-emailingofreportsetc.

Historicalcomparisonsbeforeandafteranevent(suchasimplementationofasavingsproject)

Allowancetoaddextranon-energyrelateddatastreamseitherthroughmonitoringorfromadataset.Forexampleexternaltemperaturedegreedaystoplotversusgasconsumption.

WebbasedorstandalonePCbasedinterface

Dataintegritywarningsandfiltering

Calculatedenergymeters.

ENERinTOWN Developed system: PROFILENERAt the beginning of the project, the partners of theENERinTOWNprojectresearchinordertofindalreadyexistingsoftwareavailableformunicipalities.

Somesoftwarewasfound,butallwereproprietarysoftwarewhichrequiredalicencefeetouse.Therefore,ADEMEdecidedthatthesoftwareoftheFrenchpartofthisENERinTOWNprogrammehadtobefreelyavailableforallmunicipalities.Itwasdecidedtodevelopanopen-sourcesoftware,tobereleasedunderpublic license,asplanned intheENERinTOWNproject.

During Apri l 2008, ADEME uploaded the softwareonadedicatedinternetsite.ThelinkisavailableontheENERiNTOWNsite.

Dataistransmittedat10minuteintervalsbyopticalmeterreadersandthentransmittedbyshort-distanceradiotothelocalserverconnectedtothelocalTCP/IPnetwork.ThisLinuxserverconfiguresandstoresdataonitsownharddisk.

Onceaday(atnight),thelocalLinuxserversendsthedatatothemainserver.ThedataispresentedtousersthroughtheopensourcesoftwarecalledPROFILENER.

Thissoftwarecanbereachedbytwoways:

1-Throughwww.enerintown.org,thenMonitoringsystem/ADEMEMonitoringsystem

2-Directlyatthefollowingaddress:http://ademe-dms2e.eu/eit_log/

Avisitorloginisavailable:“visiteur”,password“dusoir”

ThesourcecodeofthesoftwareisavailableuponrequestfromADEME.

Furtherdetailonotherproprietarysystemscanbefoundonthewebsite

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3.4 Implementation StepsInordertohavethecompletemeteringsystemsupandrunning,thefollowingstepshadtobetaken:

Implementationofnewmetersormeterreaders.

Installationofdatainputsinthebuildings.

Installationoflocaldatastorage.

Configurationiflocaldataloggersandservers.

Configurationofinternalandexternalnetworks

Installationoftransmissionsystemsthroughlocalnetworks(moreoftenTCP/IP),afterdealingwithlocalnetworksadministrators.

InstallationoftheConsumptionControlandManagementCentre.

Implementationoftheconfigureddataonthemainwebserver,inordertobeseenthroughdedicatedsoftware.

Initialisationofdatatransmission

Firstrunofthedatauploadandtestoftheprocedure,tocheckifcorrectdataisonline.

Energyconsumptiontestsandvalidationofthewholedataprocessing

Comparisonbetweendatagivenbyenergymetersanddatagivenbysoftware(e.g.onedayconsumption).

Analysissoftwarelaunch

Finaltestofallfunctionsandinformationgivenbythesoftware.

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4 Training and Promotion of Energy Management in Municipalities

4.1 Network of Energy ManagersTheprojecteliminatedtheproblemoflackofknowledgeatthemunicipallevelbycreatingthefigureoftheLocalEnergyManageratamunicipalorpan-municipallevel.

Thefigureofthemunicipalenergymanagerwascreatedinthetowncouncil,inordertoensurethattheresultsobtainedareproperlyinterpretedandtimelymeasuresareadoptedtoimproveconsumptionfigures.Wherethemunicipalitywastoosmalltojustifyhavingapersonexclusivelyforthispurpose,therewasadistrictenergymanagercoveringseveralmunicipalareas.

Thesepersonsareinchargeof:

Managingtheconsumption-monitoringsysteminstalledinthemunicipalbuildings.

Identifyinganomaliesanddeviationsthroughcomparisonwithsimilarbuildingsorwithpreviouslyestablishedstandards.

Searchingandproposingtheadoptionofimprovements,forwhichpurposeheorshewillusethetechnicalsupportoftheregionalenergyagencyandtheexperienceofothermunicipalitiesinsimilarmeasurestothatproposed.

Thismanager’sworkisnotlimitedtomonitoringconsumptioninthebuildingsselectedundertheENERinTOWNproject.Hisorherareaofactivityincludesallenergyaspectsthatdependonthetowncouncil.Theprojectpartnersorganizedtrainingcoursestothemanagersintheirgeographicalarea,includingsubjectssuchas:

Basicprinciplesofoperatingtheenergyinstallationsofbuildings.

Themonitoringsystem.

Themunicipalenergymanagementtool.Detectionofanomaliesanddeviationsinconsumptionfigures.

Typicalenergysavingmeasuresinmunicipalities(buildings,publiclightingandtransport).

ThisfigureiscontainedintheCollaborationFrameworkAgreementsbetweenthedifferentMunicipalCouncilsandtheprojectpartners.InArticle2(Actions)paragraphb)StaffTraining,isincluded:

“TheMunicipalCouncilagreestodesignateaMunicipalEnergyManager.Thispersonwillberesponsibleforcarryingoutthesupervisionofthemonitoringoftheselectedbuildings,aswellasforidentifyingtheanomaliesanddeviationswithrespecttothepreviouslyestablishedreferenceconsumptions.Thispersonwillalsoberesponsiblefortheanalysisofthepossibleintroduction

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Network of Irish energy managers, Politicians, senior officials and European partners

Oneoftheobstaclestoimplementingmeasuresforimprovingenergyconsumptioninmunicipalbuildingsisoftenthatthereisnobodyatmunicipallevelwithsufficientknowledgetoassess,proposeanddecideonactionsintheenergyfield.Asuccessachievedbytheprojectisthecreationofthefigureofthemunicipalorregionalenergymanagerastheofficerwithmaximumresponsibilityformonitoringenergydemandfrompublicbuildings.46energymanagersarenowinplaceacross32municipalities.


ofenergyconsumptionimprovementmeasures.TheMunicipalEnergyManager,willhavetoattendatrainingcoursegivenbytechnicalstaff,regardingtheuseofthecomputerapplicationswhicharenecessarytomonitortheenergyconsumptionofthemunicipalpremises,aswellasregardingthespecifictechnicaltrainingwithregardtoenergysavingandefficiencyissuesandtotheuseofrenewableenergysources.Theaforementionedtrainingwilltakeplaceatpartnerheadquartersandwilllastapproximately20hours.”

The specific functions of the Energy Manager on theENERinTOWNprojectareshowninthefollowingtable:

Management and Coordination

Management and coordination of monitoring systems at selected buildings

Receiving alarms

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Identification of Energy Saving Measures

Identification of anomalies and deviations detected as a result of the analysis

Proposing energy saving measures in buildings to study

Proposing energy saving measures in the other municipal buildings

Generate a report together with the project partner, including the measures to take

Generate a report together with the project partner, including the results

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Training

Attending training courses

Attend the workshops organized around the project

Be in communication with other managers to share experiences

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Dissemination

Involvement in the work of disseminating the results•

4.2 Energy TrainingTheseEnergyManagersweretrainedbytheregionalenergyagencyandformedthenetworkwhichwillseektoreplicateanysolutionssuccessfullyimplementedinsomemunicipalitiesinalloftheothers.Thisnetworkreceivedcontinuoustutelagefromtheprojectpartner,whichtrainedthemanagersandoffertechnicalsupportwhenrequired.

Theorganizationofthecourseisbasedonfivechapters:

Regulations:Giveanoverviewoftheinternationalandnationalstrategicplansandlegislationsonenergy,energysaving,renewableenergy,climatechange,etc.

Dataorganization:Giveanappropriateknowledgeonthecreationofdatabasesasstartingpointtomanageenergyinformation.

Energyaudit:Provideappropriateinformationonhowtoperformenergyauditasatooltohaveadetailedknowledgeaboutenergyconsumptionandpossibleenergysavingactions.

Actions:Describethemainactionstobeimplementedaboutenergysavingandrenewableenergyuse.

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Economictools:Supplyknowledgeoneconomicevaluationregardingenergysavingandenergyefficiencyprojects.

Training Course in the Basque Country

Thetopicsoutlinedaboveconstitutearoadmaptohaveacomprehensiveknowledgeaboutthemainstepstodevelopaproperenergymanagementsystem.Eachchapterisdividedintothefollowingsections:

Keytargets

Contents

Subjects

Foreachchapteratimeschedulingisgiven,splittingthecourseinhourlyunits.Thetotalamountofhoursthatisplannedcorrespondsto18,leavingacoupleofhoursforabasicexplanationofthedatamanagementtool.

Chapter Hours

Regulations 1 - European regulation 1

2 - National regulation 1

Data organization 1 - Energy database 3

2 - Spreadsheet for an energy database

2

Energy audit 1 - Introduction 1

2 - Methodology - data collection 2

3 - Methodology - calculations 1

4 - Tools for energy audit 1

Actions 1 - Buildings 1

2 - Appliances 1

3 - Heat and power production 1

Economic tools 1 - Economic analysis 1

2 - Economic indicators 1

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Energy Efficient Procurement Guide A Guide to Procuring Equipment and Designing Buildings Using Energy Efficiency Criteria

Energy Efficient Procurement G

uide A Guide to Procuring Equipm

ent and Designing B

uildings Using Energy Efficiency C

riteria

Tipperary Energy Agency LimitedCraft Granary,Church Street,Cahir,Co. Tipperary

T: 353 (52) 43090 F: 353 (52) 43012 E: [email protected] W: www.tea.ie

9163 AIEA Enerintown Guide CoverPage 1 26/06/2008 14:52:04

4.3 Energy Procurement GuideDuetothe lackofknowledgeonenergy issues inmostmunicipalenergymanagers,aspectssuchasaesthetics,deliveryperiodandpricearesometimesgivenprioritywhenawardingcontractsforequipmentordesigningnewpublicbuildings.Thiswayofoperatingnotonlydoesnothelpsaveenergy;insomecasesitactuallyhinderstheprocess.Itisnotdifficulttofindrecently-constructedbuildingswhosedesignshavenottakenintoaccountcriteriaofmaximumpassivesolarenergyuseorevensomewhichhavenotallowedforthefutureinstallationofsolarpanelsontheroof.

Somemunicipalmanagersopenlystatethattheyneedsupportinestablishingwhatcriterianeedtobemetbyequipmentsuchaspubliclightingandvehiclesforrefusecollectionandthemunicipalpoliceforce–intermsofmaximumenergyefficiencyandharnessingrenewableresources–.

Toresolvethisproblem,aguidewaselaboratedwithadviceandminimumtechnicalspecificationswhichshouldbeappliedwhenpurchasingequipment(vehicles,lightfittings,trafficlights,boilers,etc.)andtheminimumrequirementswhichshouldbedemandedintheplanningofnewpublicbuildings.

Spanish Version of the Guide

Editions of the Guide in the languages of the project partners


Thecontentsoftheguideareshowninthefollowingtable:

A. GUIDE TO PROCURING EQUIPMENT

Technical and administrative specifications

Equipment catalogue

Traffic lights

Street Lighting (Design criteria, Choosing equipment)

Building indoor lighting (Design criteria, Choosing equipment, Lighting regulation and control systems, Maintenance)

Office automation equipment (Recommendations for the acquisition of computer equipment)

Boilers and air conditioning equipment (Design criteria, Choosing equipment)

Official vehicles, refuse collection and public transport (Light vehicles, Lorries and buses, Maintenance)

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B. BUILDING DESIGN

Project contract

Design phases

Building orientation

The thermal envelope (Facades, Openings, Roofing, Horizontal divisions, Interior partitions)

Heating and hot water equipment (Central heating systems, Energy optimization measures, Central heating systems control, Improving boiler performance, Boiler room ventilation, Energy sources, Hot water for sanitation)

Refrigeration equipment (Classification, “Free-cooling” and cold accumulation systems, Recovering heat from cooling equipment condensation

Ventilation (Recovering heat from ventilation air)

Artificial illumination installations (Lamps, Adjustment and control equipment, The importance of colour, Choosing lamps)

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Viability analysis

Active solar energy systems

Central or urban heating systems

Cogeneration systems

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Project viability report

Construction phases

C. BUILDINGS CATALOGUE

Sports facilities


Thermal envelope

Heating and hot water equipment

Refrigeration equipment

Ventilation

Artificial illumination installations

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School complexes


Thermal envelope


Refrigeration installations

Ventilation


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Office buildings


Thermal envelope


Refrigeration installations

Ventilation


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4.4 Promotion and Dissemination of Energy ManagementItisplannedtobegincarryingoutdisseminationtasksfromtheoutsetoftheprojectandcontinuewiththemevenaftertheprojecthasbeencompleted.Theseactivitiesareoftwotypes,accordingtothetwotypesoftargetaudienceidentified:Municipalauthoritiesandsocietyatlarge.

In the caseof themunicipal authorities, theproject isdisseminatedinamorepersonalisedfashion,throughsmallpresentationsandmeetingswhichareintendedtoinvolvethecouncilsintheprojectoratleast,givetheminformationontheresultsobtainedwhichmightbeappliedintheirfacilities.

Societyatlarge,consistinginthiscaseofownersandmanagersofproperties,areinformedofthescopeoftheproject,thesolutionsadoptedandtheresultsobtained,inordertoenhanceawarenessthatwillleadtoadditionalsavingsintheresidentialsector.

Theactivitiesinclude:

Websitefortheproject,withgeneralinformationontheactionscarriedoutandtheresultsobtained,withapassword-protectedlinktotheconsumptionmonitoringsystem.

DisseminationofENERinTOWNatotherwebsites.

Presentationoftheprojectinvariousforums,forexample:SustainableDevelopmentandCleanEnergyOpportunitiesforIsraelandGreekMarket,heldinAthens,March2008.PresentationatImprovingEnergyEfficiencyinCommercialBuildingConference2006(IEECB’06).PosteratECEEE2007SummerStudy.PresentationatImprovingEnergyEfficiencyinCommercialBuildingConference2008(IEECB’08)PresentationofENERinTOWNpapersatconferencesENERTECH2007,Athens,October2007.PresentationatEnergieeffizienz+Bestand,KlosterBanz,BadStaffelstein,February2008.PresentationattheGreenEnergyconference–SustainableenergySolutionsandopportunitiesinTipperaryinMay2008.

Visitstomunicipalcouncilstopresenttheprojectandseektheirdirectorindirectinvolvementinit.

Informationpanelsontheprojectinstalledinthebuildingsthatarebeingmonitored.

Multitudeofreferencesinnewspapersinseveralcountries,includingradioandtelevisioninterviews.

Shortpublicationwiththeresultsthathavebeenobtainedbyadoptingimprovementsindifferenttypesofbuildings.ThispublicationwasgiventomunicipalcouncilsthathavenotparticipateddirectlyintheENERinTOWNproject,inordertoencouragethemtoreplicatetheimprovementsadopted.

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Example of information panels in Ireland, the Basque Country, and Greece

Summary results sheets in Galician and English


5 Implementation of Energy Saving Measures & Monitoring Effectiveness

ENERinTOWN addressed this problem through theinstallationofenergymeteringandmonitoringsystemsforidentificationofenergyprofiles.Atotalnumberof98energymonitoringsystemswithinternetcommunicationfeatureshadbeeninstalledinselectedbuildingsineachparticipatingcountry.Theimportanceofmonitoringwasvitaltotheprocessofenergyevaluationofbuildingsthroughtherecordedenergyconsumptionprofiles.Throughthisprocessofdatagatherandprocessing,energyconsumption-relatedinformationbecameeasilyretrievedandreadyforfurtherevaluationtowardstheenergyefficiencyimprovementactionsmeasure.Addressingenergyconsumptionofthebuildings,hasenabled-inaway-theenergymanagerstogetvaluableinformationonenergysavingopportunities,withouttheneedofcarryingoutdetailedenergyassessmentsoneachbuilding,whichinturnwouldhavetobebasedoneachcountry’stechnologicalstatusandavailablelocalexpertise.

Adefaultmonitoringperiodpriortotheidentificationofenergyefficiencyimprovementscomprisedthemajorpartoftheprojectimplementationschedule.Thismonitoringperiodwassplitintotwoparts:thefirstoneservedthepurposesofmakingadecisiononwhichpossibleenergyefficiencyactionwouldbeinthedirectionofreducingenergyconsumption,whilethesecondpartcomprisedthemonitoringoftheeffectsoftheimplementedenergysavingactionstotheconsumptionprofilesofthebuildings.

Anumberofbarriers,however,ofatechnical,marketandprimarilyadministrativenaturehaveposeddelaystotheimplementationofthemonitoringsystemsandthusshiftedmonitoringperiodsbackwards.Intheirmajority,barriersencounteredwerefoundtobequitecommonwhilesomeotherdifferedfromcountrytocountryorevenbetweenparticipatingmunicipalitieswithinthesamecountry.Thebarriersweremostlyonadministrativelevelalthoughinsomecasestechnicalproblemswereencounteredfocusingmostlyondatacommunicationmattersandlackofstandardizationforautomaticmeteringtechnologyforenergymanage-ment(hardwareorsoftwarematters).Althoughthissituationdeepenedthelevelofresearchforpossibleworkableandcosteffectivesolutions,andwidenedtheportfolioofpossiblesolutions,itinevitablyforcedareductiontothescheduledmonitoringperiodlimitingitatthemostextremecases,tothetimetechnicallynecessaryforsafeenergyprofiling,dependingthebuildingtypemonitored.

Theexperiencegained,throughtheprocessofidentifyingandimplementingenergyefficiencyactions,ispresentedherewithintheformofacomprehensiveanalysisperparticipantcountry.

Maceda Town hall before and after implementation of actions (INEGA)

5.1 IntroductionENERinTOWNaimedtoaddresstwomajorobstaclesdetectedwithregardtoenergymanagementofmunicipalbuildings.Ononehand,theseconcernedtheneedtoestablishgreatercontroloverenergyconsumptioninmunicipally-ownedbuildings,byprovidingasolution,whichwouldenabletheacquisitionofdetailedknowledgeonconsumptionfigures.Ontheotherhand,andcomplementarytothefirstaction,theprojectaimedtoestablishthecapacityofqualifiedmunicipalpersonnelchargedtomonitorenergyconsumptionandproposeimprovementactions.

Inpublicbuildingsownedbythemunicipal,regionalorevencentraladministrations,informationonenergyconsumptionisusuallyprovidedonamonthly,bi-monthly,orevenonaquarterlybasis.Furthermore,typicallytherecipientoftheelectricityandgasbillinginformationhasnoinformationortrainingonhowtoanalysetheenergydatacollected.

Swimming pool in Ireland showing the before (red) where equipment was not switched off at night, the green after timers have been installed.


5.2 Energy saving measures (proposed and implemented)Aftertheinitialphaseofenergyprofile’sidentification,aconsultationphasefollowed,inordertoinvolvethestakeholders(projectpartnerandmunicipalenergymanager)toevaluateenergysavingopportunitiesonbuildings,basedontheirenergyprofiles,andsetaframeofmeasurestobefinallyproposeddependingonthetypeofthebuildingandtheavailablebudgetlimitationsineachcase.

Themeasuresproposedineachcasewerefocusedonelectricitysavingsandheatenergy(fuel)savings.Dependingonthetypeofbuilding,electricalorthermalenergysharestothetotalenergyconsumptionofthebuildingswasdiversified.Thissituationdemandedinthemajorityofcasesacomprehensivecost/benefitanalysistobeperformedonacasebasissubjecttothedomesticenergyprices.Subjecttotheaforementioneddecision-makingprocessthemostpromisingenergysavingmeasureshavebeenfinallypresentedtothebuildings’end-userspriortotheirimplementation.

Subjecttoprimarilybudgetaryconstraints,butalsobytechnicallimitations,inmostofthecasesonlyno-costorlow-costmeasureswereimplementedandgreatdealofeffortwasputonbehaviouralchangeofend-usersthroughworkshopsandseriesofmeetingswithend-usersortechnical/maintenancepersonnelofthefacilities.Inparticular,behaviouralchangemeasurescomprisedthemostpromisingdomainforenergyefficiencyimprovementsfortwomajorreasons.Ononehand,intheirmajoritythistypeofactionsdonotrequireanup-frontinvestmentandontheotherhandsincethebuildingswerenothistoricallypartofanyenergymanagementprogramme,nocostmeasurescomprisedtheobviousareaforenergysavings.

Asaresulttothisabove-describeddecisionmakingprocess,themeasuresproposedandimplementedasperbuildingtypehavebeenconcentratedinasingletableforcomparison.Thetableshowsinsummary,thetypeofenergysavingmeasuresproposedwithintheprojectforeachtypeofthebuildingsinvolvedinallcountries.

Itisworthytomentionthatdespitesomeoftheproposedenergysavingmeasuresbeingoutofthescopeoftheprojectduetoseveralfactors(i.e.budget,technicalcomplexity,etc.),energymanagersinmanycasesshowedgreatinterestinkeepingthemtotheiragendaforfutureconsiderationandevaluation.Thisdevelopmentcanbeconsideredasanindirectsuccessfactorinthesenseofshowingthatthecreationofcapacitymayentailfuturebenefitsthatsurpassthedurationofasingleprojectandtriggeraculturalshifttobedisseminatedfurtherfollowingtothecompletionthepresentinitiative.


Building Type Proposed energy saving measures Implemented energy saving measures

School Boiler replacement

Windows and insulation retrofitting

Movement sensors and clock switches for lighting control

Insulation of heating piping system

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Optimization in lighting usage

Optimization of heating controls (early start/stop)

Luminaires replacement

Cleaning of luminaires and radiators

Use of radiator thermostats

Optimization of equipment usage

Energy saving awareness campaign

Reminding stickers for energy efficient behaviour

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Swimming Pool/sports centre RES system for Domestic Hot Water (DHW)

Pump audits


Replacement of luminaires

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Pool cover

CHP unit


Optimization in pumping system usage

RES system for DHW

Cleaning of luminaires


Power factor correction system

Movement sensors and clock switches for lighting and air conditioning control.

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Office block Movement sensors for lighting control

Luminaires replacement


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Optimization of lighting usage

Removal of excess lighting

Optimization of heating controls (early start/stop)



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Town Hall Movement sensors and clock switches for lighting control


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Optimization of heating control





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Pumping station Replacement of old motors


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Variable Speed Drives (VSD)

Timers on pumping controls

Optimization of pump controls (speed, start/stop)

Exploitation of night rates

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Waste water / Water treatment facilities


Pump replacement

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Pump audits

Optimization of controls


Usage of biogas fuel for CHP

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Building Type Proposed energy saving measures Implemented energy saving measures

Museum Optimization of control of heating system

Luminaires retrofitting

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CHP unit for electricity production in conjunction with pool

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Library / Conference room/ Socio-cultural

Movement sensors and clock switches for lighting control


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Old people’s home Movement sensors and clock switches for lighting control


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Other type

(tourist office, theatre)

Movement sensors and clock

Switches for lighting control

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Thetableabovecomprisesavaluabletoolillustratingthetrendstowardsenergysavingmeasuresadoptedbytheconsortiummembersineachcountry.Thecategorisationofthebuildingshasbeenperformedwithaviewtoprovideaclearpictureofthedifferentframeofmeasuresproposedforeachcase.Itisevidentthatmostmeasuresconvergedacrosstheparticipantsinspiteofthedifferentiationsattributedtotheeffectsofambientenvironment(i.e.climate,daylighthours,etc.),theusageandtheinherentpeculiaritiesofeachbuildingtype.

Thetablefollowingcomprisesalistofthe3mostsuccessfulmeasuresimplementedforeachbuildingtype.Thesemeasuresareaccountedforthegreatestamountofenergytobesavedwithineachoftheirrespectivebuildingcategory.


Building type Top 3 of most effective measures

School Energy saving awareness campaign

Optimization in lighting and heating controls usage and control


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Swimming Pool/sports centre Pool cover


RES system for Domestic Hot Water needs (solar thermal)

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Office block Energy saving awareness campaign


Optimization of lighting and heating controls

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Town Hall Energy saving awareness campaign

Optimization of lighting and heating usage


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Pumping station Variable Speed Drives (VSD)

Timers on pumping controls

Optimization of pump controls (speed, start/stop)

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Waste water / Water treatment facilities


Pump audits

Optimization of controls

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Museum Optimization of equipment usage


CHP unit for electricity production

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Library / Conference room/ Socio-cultural




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Old people’s home Optimization in lighting and heating controls usage and control



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Other type

(tourist office, theatre)




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Withregardtothebuildingstockbeingsubjecttotheprocessofmonitoringandimplementationofenergysavingmeasures,themajorityofthebuildingswereschoolsandswimmingpools,whiletherestofthemcomprisedmainlytownhallsandoffices.Therestofthebuildingswereofdiversetypeasreferredonthetableabove.Theanalysisofthesituationineachparticipatingcountryandthemeasuresimplementedineachcasearepresentedinthefollowingsection.


5.3 Countries overviewEachcountryparticipatinginENERinTOWNcomprisedadistinctcasewithinaframeworkofpredefinedrequirements,whichwereinherentcharacteristicsoftheinitiative.Thelatterincludedthescopeofstudy,whichweremunicipalbuildingsandthetechnologythathadtobeutilisedforcommunicationovertheinternet.InthisframeseveralsimilaritieshavebeenidentifiedacrosscountriesowedtosingleEUmarketenvironment,butalso,certainspecificitieshavealsobeenevidentmostlyduetoparticularlocalenergyconservationlevelofawareness,administrativepractisesandotherfactors.

Abriefanalysisofeachparticipatingcountry’sexperienceontheimplementationofenergyefficientmeasuresinthescopeofENERinTOWNandthemainbarriersconfrontedarepresentedbelowwithaviewtoillustratethecommonfeaturesanddifferentiatingfactors,aswellas,theworkdonetowardthealleviationofthebarriersanddifficultiesandtheultimatelyenergysavingstrategiesfinallyadopted.Appendixonecontainsacasestudyfromeachpartner,afurtherseventyfivecasestudiescanbefoundonwww.enerintown.org

ZREU participated to ENERinTOWN with an advisory role. A similar - preceding to ENERinTOWN - project has been conducted by ZREU in buildings of German municipalities aiming to energy and water savings. In that frame the main role of ZREU in the former was to be a multiplier of previously developed know-how and acquired expertise to the rest of the ENER-inTOWN consortium members.

The German representative Josef Konradl said “The model of energy management we are using has been very successful, we facilitated the process of transfer of know-how by two work-shops and a number of case studies. The information and data provided proved very helpful for the success of ENERinTOWN.”

ZREU Zentrum für rationelle Energieanwendung und Umwelt Blumenstrasse 24 93055 Regensburg GERMANY

www.ZREU.de [email protected] +49 9414641914

In total 24 buildings of several types were participating in the project. EVE and INEGA participated jointly representing Spain in the project. The building types participating to the project were schools, town halls, office blocks, elderly people homes, swimming pool/sports centres and other types of municipal buildings.

The Spanish representative Guillermo Basanez said

“The so-called “Energy Week” concept brought considerable behavioural shift to the users and altered once and for all the consumption profiles of the buildings in which it has been implemented. Interest by municipalities is growing and plans for further integration of the system with new users are already under discussions.”

Pablo Rodriguez Regueira Mining Engineer, Energy Planning Area INEGA (Instituto Enerxetico de Galicia) r/ Avelino Pousa Antelo 5, 15703 Santiago de Compostela (Spain)

Phone: (34) 981 54 15 44 Email: [email protected]


In Ireland 12 buildings of various types were selected to participate to the ENERinTOWN project. The buildings selected and delivered by TEA were office blocks, schools, swimming pools/leisure centres and waste water/water treatment facilities along with pumping stations.

The Irish representative Paul Kenny said “Once we had real data on our energy consumption, we could install cost effective control systems to minimize head loss in pumping systems and to maximize night rate pumping. This saved 35% in cost terms from our energy bill. With Irelands wind resource, more load balancing action like this will make wind energy easier to integrate on to the grid.”

Paul Kenny B.E MIEI Senior Energy Consultant, Tipperary Energy Agency. Craft Granary, Church Street, Cahir, Co. Tipperary

Tel: +353 (0)52 43090 Fax: +353 (0)52 43012 www.tea.ie [email protected]

In Greece 12 buildings were selected to participate to the ENERinTOWN project. The building types selected were schools, swimming pools/sport centres and town hall.

The Greek representative Mr. Nikos Tourlis said:

“Good housekeeping (no-cost) measures comprise the first priority in cases where Energy Management procedures are not present and bring considerable benefits. For savings beyond that margin, technical expertise and managerial commitment should co-exist in a structured and effective Energy Management Programme. Beneficiaries intent to keep on using & learning by the system, while integrating with an upcoming national municipal energy management programme (Exoikonomo).”

Nikos Tourlis Energy Consultant LDK Consultants Off 21, Thivaidos St. GR-145 64, Kifissia, Ath-ens

tel: +30 210 8196700 fax: +30 210 8196709 Email: [email protected]

Totally 18 buildings participated in ENERinTOWN project from various Portuguese municipal authorities. IST and AREAL worked jointly representing Portugal in the project. The buildings were of the following types: schools, office blocks, swimming pools/sports centres, libraries.

The Portuguese representative Walter Martins detailed how the project faced technical challenges with regard to the diversity of fuels (i.e. LPG use). Behavioural response of the building users was promising and the activities and results of the project were widely disseminated across Portugal.

Walter Martins Gestão Energetica e de Projectos Edificio do Centro de Estudos da Natureza Estrada de Albufera - Apartardo 1317 8125-507 Vilamoura

Tel: (+351) 289310880

Paulo Martins Gestão Energetica e de Projectos Edificio do Centro de Estudos da Natureza Estrada de Albufera - Apartardo 1317 8125-507 Vilamoura

Tel: (+351) 289310880


The number of 12 buildings was introduced in the ENERinTOWN project on behalf of Italy and AI. The buildings were schools, and the moni-toring system had been installed in all of them.

The Italian representative Antonio Siciliano was impressed how the Implementation of no-cost measures incurred considerable savings. He said “The interest in exploiting the capabilities of the monitoring system remain strong and further low-cost actions will follow on from the project.”

Antonio Siciliano Via Carlo Poerio 39 20129 Milano

tel. +39.02.27744.227 [email protected] tel. +39.02.27744.1 fax: +39.02.27744.222 [email protected] http://www.ambienteitalia.it

For Lithuania, LEI selected 12 buildings to participate in the ENERinTOWN project. These buildings were schools, office blocks and a socio-cultural centre.

The Lithuanian representative Juozas Savickas said that Implementation of the system was challenging in the technical field but it has yielded significant experience particularly with regard to thermal energy metering.

Juozas Savickas Senior Research Associate Lithuanian Energy Institute 3 Breslaujos str, LT-44403 Kaunas, Lithuania

Phone: +370 37 401844 Email: [email protected]

In total 12 buildings of several types were participating in the project. Schools and sports centres were the most usually type of buildings selected for the project.

The French representative Dominique said:

“Hardware (meters) and software integration appeared to be the main challenges to the implementation but valuable information on a diverse portfolio of buildings and climatic conditions resulted out of the implementation phase. France, is particularly active in the building sector but energy profiles will also be used for further analyses on energy market issues (tariffs, green certificates, etc).”

Dominique Fourtune Public Sector Energy Manager ADEME-DMS2E 38 ter av. de la Libération BP 20259 87007 Limoges cedex

Phone: (33) 555 10 27 49 Email: [email protected]


5.4 Results of Implementation of Actions ENERinTOWNaddressedachallengingsectorofadministrativeauthoritieswithregardtoenergyefficiencyconcentratingonthemunicipalorregional-ownedfacilitiesaimingtocreateamomentumtowardsthealignmentofthatsegmentofadministrationtotheEUpoliciesonenergyefficiencyandGHGemissionsreduction.Towardsthisdirection,monitoringofselectedtypesofbuildings-thatrepresentthevastmajorityofpublicbuildingsfoundwithintheEU-helpedinadoptinglowandno-costmeasuresandinevaluatingtheresultsofthemeasuresimplemented.Theprojecttargetsweremetandthesavingswereinmostcaseswellwithintheprojectedsavingsforeachbuildingtype,whileincertaincasestheyhaveexceededtheexpectations.Thisdevelopmentcomprisesanimportantresultshowingtheusefulnessofenergymanagementtoolsforenergyconsumptionmonitoringbutalsothenecessityoftheexistenceofthefigureoftheenergymanagerwhoplaysakeyroleintheeffortofreducingenergyconsumption.

Anotherimportantaspectprovedintheproject,wasthesimilarframeofmeasuresproposedandimplementedbytheentitiesinvolved,foreachtypeofbuildings,showingthatamongsttheEUcountriessimilarbehaviouralcharacteristicsofthebuildingusersneedtobechanged.DuetothestructureandnatureofENERinTOWN,theenergysavingmeasuresframeproposedwereoflowtono-cost,butneverthelessthiswasnotarestrainingfactortothenumberofmeasuresproposed,andalsotothedegreeofinnovationneededtobedeployedonbehalfoftheconsortiummembers,whichcameupwithadiversityofideasallwithinasimilarframe.

Innovation,commitment,andpersistence,werealsorequiredaselementstowardsthealleviationofseveralbarriersthatemergedduringtheimplementationphaseineachcountry.Althoughthedifferentculturalandtechnologicalbackgroundofeachcountrywasastartingpoint,mostofthebarriersweresimilarthusleadingtoaseriesofconclusions,pointingtothedirectionoflackofcommitmentbyhighleveldecisionmakers,andlackofpublicawareness.Theadministrativebarrierswerecommontoallparticipatingcountries.Someofthemwereduetothelackofawarenessoverimportanceofenergysavingofendusers.Thisrequiredaprocessofcontinuousmeetingswithendusersalongwiththeenergymanagersthuscausingdelaysinsomecases.Anotherimportantadministrativebarrierwasthelackofstrongcommitmentofeitherkey-persons(energymanagers)orthemunicipalitydecisionmakersthusresultinginshiftingthepriorityoftheprojectbackwardsascomparedtothebusiness-as-usualtechnicalprojectsofthemunicipality.Coupledwiththeabsenceofclearincentivesforenergysavings(i.e.lowenergyprices,lackofregulations),administrativebarriersaffectedsignificantlytheimplementationandinsomecasescauseddelays,whichinturnresultedtoashortermonitoringperiodovertheenergyconsumptionbehaviourofthebuildingsinwhichenergysavingmeasureshavebeenimplemented.

Asfarasthetechnologicalbarriersareconcerned,themainissuesevolvedweremostlyduetoproblemswithregardtothedatacommunicationstandardsordataexchangeandthelackofturnkeysolutionsfornon-industrialpurposes,whichrequiredsignificantintegrationeffortandtestingpriortothepointofconsideringthemonitoringsolutiontobeconsideredstable.Thistrial-and-errorprocedureinwhichtheprojectteamwasinvolvedduringtheimplementationandverificationofthemonitoringsystemswastimeconsuming,eveninthecasewereaturn-keysolutionwasselected.

DuringtheimplementationofENERinTOWN,possiblebarrierswerereportedtootherparticipantsduringtheco-ordinationmeetingsinaprocessofconsultationwithaviewtoprovidesolutionsthroughjointeffort.Inmanycases,thisprocesstookeffectandreciprocaladvice,aswellas,exchangeofknow-howbetweentheinvolvedpartnersthathadbeenemployed.Severalproblemsdealtbysomeoftheconsortiummembers,werestudiedbytherestthusavoidingthem,andtheflowofinformationwithintheENERinTOWNconsortiumwaseasedbythedocumentexchangesuite,whichwassetupasearlyastheinceptionphase.Atthenationallevel,partnersestablishedanetworklinkingvariousinvolvedpartiescreatingthusanimportantcriticalmassforfuturecollaborationandfurthermarketdeployment.

TheprospectofenergysavinginpublicbuildingsasshownfromENERinTOWN,comprisesastrongpotential,andprovidedthatsufficientfinancialresourcesarepresenttheresultsachievedcanbemultipliedoverothermemberstateswhichareunderwayofdefiningorimplementingtheirnationalstrategiesinresponsetotheEUcommitmentsforenergyefficiencyandGHGemissionsreduction.Nevertheless,asalsoprevailsbythesofarexperience,strongcommitmentfromboththedecision-makingandend-usersidesisaprerequisitetoafuturesimilaraction.Tothisend,capacitybuildingactivities(continuoustrainingandawarenesscampaigns,etc.)shouldbesupportedbyregulatorymeasuresandfundingmechanisms.


6 Results & Conclusions

Theresultsandconclusionsobtainedaftertheprojectarethefollowing:

1 Municipalities and Energy:The municipal authorities have little or no knowledge or concern regarding energy-related aspects.Energyisnotapriorityformunicipalgovernments,andthereforeactionsgearedtowardsefficientenergyuseatmunicipallevel,areseenmoreasaninconveniencethanasanimportantactionthatneedstobetaken.Therearevariousreasonsforthislackofinterestinenergyamongmunicipalgovernments.Ontheonehand,economicaspects.Energycostsdonotcurrentlyrepresentalargeenoughoutlayformunicipalauthoritiestoforcethemtostartworryingaboutitandintroduceenergysavingmeasures

A staff shortage in the town council.Perhapsanotherresultofthelackofinterestinenergyisthattherearenoexpertpersonnelinthemunicipalauthorityoranyonedevoted,evenpart-time,toanalysingtheenergysituationofthemunicipalbuildings.ThisshortagehasbeenevidencedintheorganisationofthecoursesformunicipalenergymanagersheldaspartoftheENERinTOWNproject.Whenlookingforthestaffwhoweretoreceivethetrainingineachofthemunicipalitiesinvolvedintheproject,weranintothefirstproblem:theappointmentofthesepersonsbythemunicipalhead(mayor).Insomecases,thepeopleappointeddidnothaveasufficientlytechnicalprofiletounderstandthescopeoftheactions;inothercasestheylackedthenecessaryauthoritytopursuethesavingmeasuresproposedintheENERinTOWNprojecttotheirlogicalconclusion;andfinallythepeopleappointedbythemayorhadnorealinterestintheproject.Andaswehavementionedthroughoutthisfinalreportthekeytosuccessoftheprojecthasreallybeentofindtherightpersoninthetowncounciltotakeontheroleofmunicipalenergymanager(MEM):Onapositivenote,duringexecutionoftheprojectweclearlydeterminedtheprofileandattributesagoodMEMneedstohave,andwiththatlessonwewillcontinuetheactionbegun,whichwehopeovertimecanbeextendedtoalltheothermunicipalitiesintheregion.

Lack of real involvement by the politicians responsible for energy.Theactionstobeimplementedinthemunicipalitiesinmostcasesrequireactionsthatextendtootherdepartments,andthereforerequireanauthoritythatcanonlycomefromthehigherechelonswithinthecouncil.IfmayorandcouncillorsdonotagreeontheprojectstheMEMsuggestsneedtobecarriedout,itwillbeimpossiblefortheenergy-savingactionstobefullyimplemented.Forthisreason,themunicipalofficersarealsoaveryimportantfeature.

2 Methodology:ENERinTOWN is a methodology, and the proposed methodology works. ENERinTOWNbeganasaprojectwithaverytechnicalaspect,inthesensethatitinvolvedinstallingtechnologicallyadvancedequipment.Thetechnologyappearedtobethedifferentiatingfeatureoftheproject(useofadvancedenergymeters,communicationsystems,datamanagementsoftware,theInternet,etc.).Howeversomethingwhichwasnotenvisagedatthebeginninghasprovedtobethegreatlessonoftheproject.Themethodology,measure-analyse-implementsavingmeasures-re-measure-restartcycle,hasprovedtowork.Furthermore,themostinterestingthingisthatitistheMEMsthemselveswhorealisethemselvesthatthesystemandthemethodologyarevalid.Asaresultofthisdemonstration,moreandmoremunicipalitieshaverequestedtojointheprogrammethatwillcontinuetheENERinTOWNproject.


3 Technology:The technology necessary to monitor exists on the market, although the specifications do not match those of the project.Inotherwords,therearevariousmethodsforcarryingouttheactionsofmeasuring,accumulating/storingtheinformation,sendingtheinformationtothemanagementcentres.Howevernoonesolutioncoversallpossibilities:insteadeachofthetechnologiesonthemarketadaptstoadifferentsituation.Giventhewiderangeoftypesofbuildingstobemonitoredwhichmaybeencounteredinamunicipality,thecommunicationsolutionshavetobeadaptedpracticallybuildingbybuilding,greatlyobstructingcoordinationoftheprojectineachregion.Asaresultofthedevelopingmarket,thereareanumberofconsultanciesandengineeringcompaniespreparingenergymanagementtoolsandsolutionsformunicipalities.MunicipalitieshaveaclearideaoftheirEnergyConsultancyneedsandthemarketplayersarenowreadytofulfilthoseneeds.

Complete system supplied by a single manufacturer:Asinglemanufacturershouldsupplyandinstalltheentiresystem,andberesponsibleforensuringcompatibilityofallthecomponentsintheassembly.

4 Data Acquisition:The energy was read predominantly from utility meters,someextrameterswereinstalledoralreadyavailablewhereutilitiesdidnothavepulseoutputsavailable(12%),orwheretheseoutputswereveryexpensivetoget(24%).Theadditionalmeterswereeitherstandardutilitytypemeters,ordevicesthatconvertedaledflashtoapulseorreadanumberfromautilitymeter.Datacollectionwascompletedbyeitheradatalogger(64%)oraPCbaseddataloggingcard(36%).


5 Data Communications:Communication from the point of collection of the data to the database or end use was completed in a variety of different methods.GSMwasmostpopularasitisreliableandquicktoinstall,TCP/IPinconjunctionwithauto-emailwasalsopopularasithasnorunningcosts.Phonemodemsandradiocommunicationswerealsoused.Onthedownsides:GSMisexpensivetorun,TCP/IPcanbedifficulttoinstall,andphonemodemscanbeinterferedwithduetouseruse(calldivert/fax/answeringmachine).SimplemethodsofcommunicationslikeGSMandRadio,whilebeingmoreexpensivetorun,arebothmorereliableandcostlesslabourtoinstall.AccesstoITsystemsarerestrictedanddifficult.

6 Cost of the monitoring system:Thevarietyoftechnologiesandthedifferentcircumstancesateachofthedifferentsitesmakesitdifficulttodeterminefromafinancialperspectivewhichofthemethodologiesselectedisthemostcost-effective.Theselectionofthecommunicationsmethodology(i.e.LAN,MODEM,GSM,Radio,etc.)dependsonvariouscriteria,amongwhichtheeconomiccriterionisnotthemostimportant.

Thecostsvariedsubstantiallyfromoneoftheconsortiummemberstoanotherduetoregionaldifferences,forexamplethechargetoconnectapulseoutputfromautilitymetervariedfrom€100to€2,000dependingonthecountryandthemetertype.


7 Analysis: SoftwareThe analysis of data has to be made by a software tool. Mostusershaveeitheraninternal(18%)orwebbased(64%)proprietarysystemforanalysisbutusuallydownloadedthedatatoastandarddataanalysisprogramthattheywerefamiliarwithtocompletetheanalysis(e.g.MSEXCEL).

Local supplier:Itisagoodideaforthesoftwaretobefromalocalsuppliertoavoidproblemsrelatedtothedistancebetweenthesupplierandthecustomer.

Energy managers demand simple, user-friendly softwarethatwillallowthemtoanalyseandcomparedata.Priorityneedstobegiventosimplicityovercomplexsoftwarewithlotsoffunctions.

8 Savings: Acrossalltheconsortiummemberstherewerealargenumberofsavingsprojectscoveringallthemainenergyusingtechnologiesinuse.Asummaryoftheenergysavingsaredetailedbelow,foramoredetailedaccountoftheenergysavingsvisittheEner-in-TownWebsiteonwww.enerintown.org.Asaresult,itwouldbeevidentfromallpartnersthatthesesavingsareonlythefirststepforeachofthebuildingsconcerned,anditisevidentthatitisanexcellentfirststep!

Thepotentialforsavingsinmunicipalinstallationsishuge.TheENERinTOWNprojecthasshownthatthereisvastpotentialforenergysavinginpublicinstallationsandbuildings.There’snothingridiculousabout50%savingsintheelectricitybill.Insomeofthebuildingsstudied,(andunderveryspecificweekendconditionsetc.)savingshavebeenachievedofupto50%inaday).Thisspectacularfigureisnotimpossibletoachieve.Aswehavementioned,thissavingwasachievedunderveryspecificcircumstances,butitisnonethelessevidenceofthevastpotentialthatexists.Thispotentialopensthedoortovariouspossibilitiesforthemunicipalauthoritieswhichwebelievetobeveryappealing.Theseincludethecreationofaconsultancymarkettorealisethispotentialforsaving.Theseadvisorscouldbefinancedeitherthroughpaymentsfromthemunicipalgovernmentorviasharedsavings.Thefactthatthepotentialforsavingissogreatandtherangeofactionstobecarriedoutisrelativelysmall(theenergysavingmeasuresareverysimilarwhateverthebuilding),makesthismarketparticularlyattractive.Atthesametime,monitoringofenergyconsumptionbytheMEMopensupthepossibilityforthetowncounciltoprocureitsenergyinblocks(insteadofinsmallpartsorbybuilding),thusachievingcostsavingsthrougheconomiesofscale.Thisistherefore,afieldformunicipalauthoritiestoexplore,wheretheycanachieveadditionalbenefits.

Basedonthestudyofthedatamonitoredandontheinformationgatheredontheworkingandcharacteristicsofthebuildingsparticipatingintheproject,thesearetheaspectsthatwerefocusedon:


1. Consumption Habits:Monitoringofpowerconsumptionhabitsoftheparticipatingbuildingsbyorganising“EnergyWeeks”.Theseareexample-settingweeksintendedtoencouragegoodelectricityconsumptionhabits,withtalks,stickers,e-mailsandposters.Theprincipleisthatiftheuserscansaveenergyduringthe“EnergyWeek”bymodifyingtheirpowerconsumptionhabits,theycandothesametherestofthetime.Identificationoftheareaaffectedbyeachswitchinaroom,inareaswithseveralswitches.Thismeasureisonlyofuseinroomswithmorethanoneswitch.Ensuringbaseload(nightload)wasreducedusingbehaviouralandautomatictimecontrols.

2. Heating: EstablishmentoftheminimumtimesettingneededtoheattheroomEstablishmentoftheminimumtemperatureneededtoachievethenecessarycomfortconditionsintheroomIntroductionofcontrolandmonitoringequipmentOtherspecificneedsforeachbuilding

3. Lighting: Introductionofmoreefficientbulbsandlightfittingstosatisfythelightdemandsintheroomsinthebuildings,dependingonthespecificneedsofeachoneIntroductionofmonitoringequipmentOtherspecificneedsforeachbuilding

9 Energy manager:The energy manager is a key figure in municipal energy management. His/herpresenceisindispensableinallmunicipalenergysavingprocesses.He/sheisanactivepartofthemunicipalcorporationandmanyoftheactionstobecarriedoutbythemanagerrequiredirectsupportfromthemunicipalcorporation.Continuoustrainingoftheenergymanagerinmattersrelatedtoenergyefficiencyisessential.

10 Organizational matters with municipalities:Strong commitment by the public administration in order to manage the monitoring systemanditsresultsinaneffectiveway,besidetheattentionthathastobetakenregardingtechnicalaspects.Itisnecessarythatallservicesrelatedtobuildingmanagement(includingthoserelatedtopersonnelmanagementinsuchbuildings)areinvolvedintheaction,eachonegivingitscontributionaccordingtotheneedsderivedfromtheresultsofthemonitoring.

Coordinationwithsomeoftheprojectstakeholdershasbeendifficult,especiallywiththepoliticalsectionofthemunicipalauthorities.Energyisnotapriorityforpoliticians.Energyisnotsomethingvisible,anditisthereforenotconsideredapriorityexceptonrareoccasions.Thishasmeantthatinsomeregionstherehavebeendelaysasaresultofpoliticalchanges.Insomecasestheprojectcentresonthepeopleinthetowncouncilwiththehighesttechnicalprofile.Inanycase,theinvolvementofthepoliticiansinthetowncouncilisentirelynecessary,sinceinallcasesresponsibledecisionmakingisrequired(measuresandchangesthatfavourenergysaving)althoughtheymusthavethesupportofthetoppeopleinthemunicipalauthority.Thereforealthoughitisadifficultsectortodealwith,theirinvolvementisofkeyimportance.

a.

b.

c.

a.b.

c.d.

a.

b.c.


Appendix 1: Case Studies Client MunicipalityofDerio

Initial situation Energysquanderingduetounsuitablehabitswereidentified:LightsarenotswitchedoffafterleavingroomsOfficeequipmentisnotswitchedoffattheendofthedayExcessiveuseoflifts

Realisation model Anawarenessenhancementweek,knownasthe“EnergyWeek“wasorganizedduringwhich:

Properhabitsareinstilledforresponsibleelectricityconsumptionamongtheusersoftheinstallations,sothattheyonlyconsumethepowerthatisstrictlynecessary.Suitablehabitsarefollowedduringoneweek,andEVEmonitorsconsumptionfiguresusingtheMunicipalManagementToolMMT.Thesavingsobtainedduringtheweekarecalculated.Benchmarksaresettoactbeusedasatargetforsubsequentweeks.

Steps:1. Establishment,togetherwiththeenergymanager,ofthestrategytobefollowed

inthe“EnergyWeek“foreachbuilding2. Provisionofawarenessenhancementmaterial(posters,stickers,brochures,etc.)3. PreliminaryvisittothedifferentinstallationsbyEVEtechnicianspriortothe

EnergyWeekinorderto: a. explaintouserswhattheEnergyWeekconsistsof b. instilgoodpower-consumptionhabitsamongusers4. VisitbyEVEtechniciantothedifferentinstallationsduringtheEnergyWeekto

checkonproperhabits.5. DailystudyofdataobtainedduringtheweekusingtheMunicipalManagement

ToolMMT6. Informationsenteachdaytotheenergymanageronthesavingsachievedsothat

usersknowhowtheEnergyWeekisgoingandcanintensifyproperhabitsifnecessary.

7. Presentationofagifttoeachoftheusers(CLFbulb)ifthetargetshavebeenmet

8. Basedonthefiguresobtainedduringtheenergyweek,benchmarksaresetthatwillserveastargetstobemetinsubsequentweeks

9. WeeklymonitoringandcontrolofconsumptionfiguresusingtheMunicipalManagementToolMMTtotrytoachievethebenchmarksavingfiguresoftheEnergyWeek

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Measures implemented Habitstobefollowedbyusersandtaskstobecarriedoutbyenergymanagerswere

established. 1. Habits to be followed during the Energy Week by users: Lighting: Switchoffthelightwhenit’snotneeded

Switchoffthelightonleavingeachroom Switchoffthelightattheendoftheworkingday Usenaturallightasmuchaspossible Inroomswithvariousswitches,lightonlytheareayouare

using Computer: Switchoffthemonitorwheneveryou’reawayfromthe

computer(breaks,meetings,etc.)Activateenergy-savingmonitorswitch-offoptionSwitchoffthecomputeraltogetherattheendoftheday,alwaysrememberingtoswitchoffthescreen

Printer: Switchofftheprinterentirelyattheendtheworkingday Photocopier: Presstheenergy-savingbuttonwhenyou’vefinishedmaking

photocopies Lift: Donotuseunlessstrictlynecessary 2. Tasks to be carried out in the Energy Week by the energy manager: Nameoneormorepeoplebyareasortimesineachbuildingtobeincharge

ofmakingsurethathabitsarefollowed. Informallusersofthebuildingofthehabitstobefollowedduringthe

energyweek:cleaningpersonnel,municipalpersonnel,cooks,etc. Providingincentivesforuserstosave Makesurethatonlytheelectricitythatisstrictlynecessaryisconsumed,by

ensuringcompliancewithgoodhabits. Handoutmaterial:brochures,posters,stickers: Activateenergysavingoptionsincomputers,printers,photocopiers,etc. InstallENERinTOWNwallpaperoncomputers Makealistofappliancesthatshouldbeturnedoffattheendofeachday Dotheroundsattheendofeachdaytoseewhetherappliancesonthelist

havebeenswitchedoffResults SavingsobtainedduringtheEnergyWeekascomparedtoanaverageweek:34%

(Averageweek:figurebasedonconsumptionduring10previousweeks,notincludingabnormallyhighorlowvalues.)

TrendsinconsumptionfiguresinweeksfollowingtheEnergyWeek.(Green:Benchmarkvalue)


Municipality of Geislingen, GermanyClient CityofGeislingenObject data Theprogrammewasdevelopedfor80facilitiesintheCityofGeislingen:Town

halls,Administrativebuildings,Fire–house,Schools,Kindergartens,Gyms,etc.Initial situation AnnualcostsofthecityofGeislingenforenergy,water,wastewaterandwaste

disposal:approx.€1,700,000.Estimatedsavingpotential:10–15%Baselineaverageannualconsumptionofthepreviousthreeyears2001,2002and2003withtemperaturecompensationFreefinancialresources(achievedthroughenergysavings)aredistributedbetweenZREUandthecityofGeislingenasamotivatingincentiveandfortheimplementationoflowcostenergysavingmeasures.

Ecological aim:savingofenergyandresources(water,wastewater,municipalwaste)andthereforeapositiveimpactontheenvironmentEducational benefits:buildingoccupantscontributeinpracticeandgetacquaintedwiththepositiveeffectsofenergyandresourcessavingEconomic advantages:savingoffinancialresources;emergingfreeresourcesareusedtoimplementfurtherenergysavingmeasures(mainlylowcostmeasures-revolvingfund)

Realisation model Formationofenergyteams/electionofenergymanagersforthesupervisionof:roomtemperatures,airinglightingthermostaticvalvessuggestionsforimprovementco-ordinationofon-siteactivities

ActivitiesOnsiteinspectionsParticipants:buildingauthority,caretaker,headofbuilding(e.g.headmaster),pupilenergymanager,ZREUObjectspecificreportsincl.recommendationsZREUpreparescatalogueforprioritylow-cost/now-costmeasuresTrainingofenergymanagers,caretakersandpupilenergymanagersParticipants:buildingauthority,caretakers,headsofbuildings(e.g.headmasters),pupilenergymanagers,ZREUUserinformationMaterialsforlessons,checklists,circulars,monthlyenergyreportAnnualRSPcompetitionBestschool,bestprojectwork,bestcaretaker

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Measures implemented DataCollectionandEnergyManagement

Heat,electricityandwatermetersfordigitaloutputInternetbasedelectronicmanagementsystemwithautomaticdatacollectionMonitoringofconsumptionFastreactiontofailuresinthetechnicalequipmentCompilationofcharacteristicvaluesandbenchmarking: heat;kWh/(m2/a),water;m3/(user/a), electricity;kWh/(m2/a),waste;m3/(user/a)AnnualenergyreportswithinformativechartsTheorderofimplementationRoomtemperaturesInformationofbuildingoccupantsandcaretakers.RulesforroomtemperaturesbytheadministrationGeneralenergysavingbehaviour(turnlightsoff,shutwindows,turnthermostatsdown,‘The7liesaboutlighting’etc.)Grossproblemswithtechnicalequipment(brokencontrolsetc.)Electricityartificiallightingintensitypumps,ventilators,kitchenappliancesIndepthtrainingofcaretakers1dayworkshopbyanenergyexpert–>finetuningofcontrols

Results Savings:2004/2005:about140,000Euroor8%oftotalenergycost2005/2006:about200,000Euroor12%AnnualContestOctober2006fortheyear2004/2005 1.PrizeSchool€1,000 pupilssmallpresents,caretaker€100

Saving:20.88%=€17,022.11 2.PrizeSchool€ 500 pupilssmallpresents,caretaker€100

Saving:14.87%=€10,448.70 3.PrizeSchool€ 250 pupilssmallpresents,caretaker100

Saving:19.20%=€23,842.73)PrizesforthebesthousekeepingTwoadditionalschoolshadover15%savingalthoughprojectworkwasstillslow.Thereforecaretakersearnedallthemerits.Lindenschule Saving19,69%=€25,798.15Helfenstein-Gymnasium Saving15,27%=€16,030.45€

Benefits for the clients •Savingonnaturalresources

EmissionsreductionandclimateprotectionAdditionalfinancialresourcesImplementationofaprofessionalenergymanagementPracticallessonsontheresponsibleuseofenergyandenvironmentforusers/pupils

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School building in Rome - ItalyClient ProvincialAdministrationofRomeObject data AmonitoringplanforschoolbuildingwasimplementedinRome.

ThefirstactionwasimplementedintheTechnicalIndustrialInstituteArmellini.Thebuildingisdividedintotwopartswithdifferentandseparatedelectricandthermalplants.

Initial situation Inpublicbuildingsthereisagreatamountofenergyconsumptionthatisnotnecessary.Inmanycasestheelectricplantisnotflexible(e.g.justoneswitchmaydrivemanylamps).Moreoverthereisnotacorrectmanagementofenergyinsuchbuildings.Indepthanalysisallowedtomonitorbothelectricityandthermalconsumptions.

Type of Electricity Consumption KWh

Night Consumption (h 23 – h 6) 92

Sunday Consumption (SC) 180

Saturday and Sunday consumption (SSC) 890

Weekly Consumption (WC) 5,900

Realization model Theimplementationstrategywasaccomplishedaccordingtothefollowingsteps:discussionwiththetechnicalteamoftheprovinceadministrationaboutthemonitoringstrategyonsiteinspectioninordertomakeanenergycheckofthebuildinginstallationofthemonitoringdevicesanalysisofenergyconsumptiondataenergymodelingofthebuildingsimulationofdifferentenergyconsumptionpatternsclassificationofactionsaccordingtotheircost/benefitratio

Measures implemented Theproposedlowcostactionsregard:

installationofcrepuscularsensorinthecorridorandclassroomsmanagementactionstoreduceelectricityconsumptionsduringthenightsmanagementactionstoreduceelectricityconsumptionduringtheweekends

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Results Fortheimplementedresults,theyearlyelectricitysavingis:installationofcrepuscularsensorinthecorridorandclassrooms:9419KWhmanagementactionstoreduceelectricityconsumptionsduringthenights:3680kWhmanagementactionstoreduceelectricityconsumptionduringtheweekends:1029kWh

Electrical energy saving with crepuscular sensors

Benefits for the clients Thedirecteffectoftheenergysavingfollowingthesimpleproposedactionsallows

tosaveabout€1,700peryearforthepublicadministration.Afterthisresult,theprovinceadministrationdecidedtocreateadocumentcontainingguidelinesforenergysavingandbettermanagementofenergytodistributeinalltheschools.Anindirecteffectreferstotheeducationactiononenergysavingpotentialsthatcanbedonewiththestudents.

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Irish Case Study: Energy use in the Fanagowan water supply stationClient TipperaryTownCouncil/SouthTipperaryCountyCouncilWaterServicesOverall objective Implementinglowcostmeasurestooptimizetheuseandcostofelectricityto

facilitatepumpingwatersuppliesfromtheboreholewatersourcetothecentralreservoir.Inadditiontothis,recommendoptionstoensurenextyearsupgradeiscompletedwithenergyefficiencyinmind.

Object data Thestationsupplieswaterfrom2wellstoareservoirthatisalsofedfromanothermountainsource.Itpumpsagainstasubstantialheadof127metersandpumpsapproximately2,500m3perdayintothereservoir.Thetwopumpsareidentical,saveforthecontrolofoneviaavariablespeeddrive.

Initial Situation • 1stpumprunningtwentyfourhoursadayeverydayat53Hz,pumping88m3perhour.

• Secondpumprunningonenightin3from8pmuntil10amonanAdhocbasisofcontrol.

• Energyutilizationwashigh,thefirstpumpoperatingatarateof.73kwh/m3andthesecondoperatingatarateof.62kwh/m3.Clearlytheincreaseof10m3/hourcostasubstantial1.4kwh/m3.

• Winterpeakreductionwasaccommodatedbynotswitchingonthesecondpump.Realisation model Energytrainingwasdeliveredtothecaretakerofthestationandthena

brainstormingsessionwasorganizedbetweenthecaretaker,somewaterservicesengineersandsomeenergyexperts.Oncethedatawasavailablethiswasinvaluable.


Measures implemented Fullunderstandingofflowversuspowerestablished.

Simpletimecontrolswereinstalled.Optimisationofthepumpingcontrolswereimplementedensuringthatbothpumpswererunfornightrateeverynight,andreducedtoasinglepumponalowerspeedduringtheday.Switchoffisnotpossibleforthewinterpeak,asithasaneffectonthewaterqualityinthewell.Caretaker’sworkloadreducedSMSerrorwarningsarebeingconsideredinadditiontoactivelevelcontrol.

Results TheEnergybillforthispumpingstationwillbe40%lessin2008incomparisonto2007.Inadditiontothe9%reductionincostofenergyfromtheESB,Energycostsavingsofroughly€28,000or36%peryeararereachedbymeasurestoincreasethenightusepercentagefrom52%to71%.Inadditionthereisanetdropofunitsusedof9%duetotherunningofthepumpsatalowerspeed.

Benefits for the clients • Decreaseinpriceperm3pumpedfrom8c/m3to6c/m3

• €35,000/annumsavedMoneyavailabletospendonleakdetectionStafftrainedonenergyefficiencyStaffavailableforotherworkKnowledgeamongstotherwatersitesofhowimportantcontrolsare.Morebalancedloadtomakewindelectricitysupplymoreattractive.

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Monterroso Town Hall, SpainClient MonterrosoMunicipalityObject data Townhallbuildingofapproximately410squaremetresofeffectivearea,with

electricityandinternetconnection.Thenumberofusersofthebuildingisvariable.Initial Situation Thisbuildingconsumesonlyelectricityintheenergysystems.

Half-Yearly Consumption

Electric Energy 26945 Kwh

Thermal Energy No Meter

Realisation model

Measures implemented

Energymanagementviainternetrealisedbyamodernenergymonitoringsystem.Generalenergysavingbehaviour(turnlightsoff,shutwindows,etc.).TrainingoftheMunicipalEnergyManager.Finetuningofcontrolsofbuildingenergysystems.Keepcleanthelampsandtheluminaires.Efficientuseofofficeequipment,turnoffwhennotworking.Reductionofelectricloadoutofworkingtime.Deactivationoflampssituatedinplaceswithexcessluminance.Measuresforusermotivation,showthedatamonitoredbeforeandaftertheefficientmanagementofenergy.

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Results

Consumption before implement energy efficiency measures

SAVING 16.22 %

74 kWh

Consumption after implement energy efficiency measures

62 kWh

Consumption before implement energy efficiency measures

SAVING 18.54 %

410 kWh

Consumption after implement energy efficiency measures

334 kWh

Benefits for the clients

Theeconomicalaimtosavemoneyforresources,whichcanpartlybereinvestedinadditionalenergysavingmeasures.Savingonnaturalresources,emissionsreductionandclimateprotection.Implementationofaprofessionalenergymanagement.CreationofthenewfigureofEnergyManagerinthemunicipality.Practicallessonsontheresponsibleuseofenergyandenvironmentforbuildingusers.Newinovativemodelofenergymonitoringsystem,viaInternet.Improvedpublicimageofthemunicipality.Identificationofsourcesofenergywasting.Changesbehaviorontheuseofenergy.Increaseoftheawarenessontheenergysaving.

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Egaleo Swimming Pool - GreeceClient EgaleoMunicipalityObject data Pool(50x8x3m)plusBuildingwithlockerroomsandlimitedofficefacilitiesInitial situation Theannualcostsforelectricitywereapprox.€5,640andfornaturalgastheannual

costwasapprox.€93,810Estimatedsavingpotentialforelectricityapprox.6%Estimatedsavingpotentialfornaturalgasapprox.8%

Realisation model Assignmentofamunicipalenergymanager.Activities:

OnsiteinspectionsandbuildingsdatabasecompletionInstallationofrealtimemonitoringsystemanddatacollectionDatacollectionandanalysisovercertaintimeperiodProposalofenergysavingmeasuresfromLDKConsultantsincooperationwithmunicipalenergymanagers

Measures implemented Heatingefficiencymeasures

Optimizationofboilerstartinghours(earlystart/earlystop)Loweringoftemperaturesetpointby1-2degreesinpoolboileronlyElectricityefficiencymeasuresSeminarstooperatorsforbehavioralchangeregardingpoollightstimecontrol

Results Savingsinheatingenergyconsumptionbytheorderof8.3%Savingsinelectricityenergyconsumptionbytheorderof6.3%Theseaccountforabout360Euronetsavingsforelectricitycostsand7815Eurofornaturalgascosts

Benefits for the clients

SavingsovertheexpendituresforenergyuseEnvironmentalbenefitsandreductionofemissionsBehavioralchangeofinvolvedpartiesoverenergysavingcontextSavingsonnaturalresourcesRiseofenergyconsciousnessImprovedpublicimageIdentificationofpossibleEEinterventions

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Monitoring and Control of Energy Consumption in Municipal Public ...

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