Module A2 Anatomy of Upper Airway.ppt

7/27/2019 Module A2 Anatomy of Upper Airway.ppt

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Module A2: Upper

Airway Anatomy &

Physiology


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Objectives

Classify epithelial tissue based on cell type andtissue layers.

Identify location of tissue epithelium in the

respiratory system. Describe the major structures and functions of the

upper and lower airways.

Contrast and compare mouth and nose breathing.

Explain how placing an endotracheal tube in theairway will affect the humidification and filteringprocess.


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The lung is for gas exchange.

John B. West

Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials


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Function of the Lungs/Heart

Provide Ventilation

Provide Respiration

Exchange of Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen

Humidify and Protect

Pump oxygen to vital organs

Cellular metabolism


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Failure of the Lungs/Heart

Hypoxemia low oxygen level in the blood

Decreased PaO2

Hypoxia - low oxygen level at the tissuelevel

Decreased oxygen at the cellular level cancause death of the tissue

Presence of anaerobic respiration


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Ventilation

Brain

Muscles

Lungs

Inability of the lungs toremove carbon dioxide

leads to hypercarbia,which is an elevatedamount of carbon

dioxide in the bloodstream (PaCO2)


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ARTIFICIAL AIRWAYS

INTUBATION


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ARTIFICIAL AIRWAYS

INTUBATION

Tracheotomy with

tracheostomy tube:1 - Vocal cords2 - Thyroid cartilage

3 - Cricoid cartilage4 - Tracheal cartilages5 - Balloon cuff


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Intubation Insertion of anEndotracheal Tube

Extubation Removal of theEndotracheal Tube


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Anatomy of the Respiratory

System Tissue Epithelium

Upper Airway

Lower Airway Site of Gas

Exchange

Pulmonary VascularSystem

Neural Control

Lungs

Mediastinum Thorax

Muscles of

Ventilation


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Four Tissue Types

Epithelial Tissue

Connective Tissue

Bone, Cartilage, Blood, Fibrous

Muscle Tissue

Nervous Tissue

Neurons conduct electrical impulses


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Epithelial Tissue

Epithelium

Covers and protects the body surface

Lines body cavities

Forms many glands

Specializes in moving substances into and

out of the blood


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Epithelial Cell Type

Squamous Cells

Cuboidal Cells

Columnar Cells


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Lots of Surface Area

aka Pavement, Sunny-side up egg

Great for Diffusion of

Gases

Lots of Volume

Volume = Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm meansmetabolism

Less diffusion

Height is 2x Width

Usually associated withsecretion or absorptionof material

Very little diffusion

HISTOLOGY 101


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Classification of Epithelium

by LayersSimple Epithelium Single LayerSimple squamous

Simple cuboidalSimple columnar

Stratified Epithelium Multiple Layers

Pseudostratified Single Layer butappears stratifiedPseudo means false


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G C


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Goblet Cells

Nose to LargeBronchioles

Secrete mucus


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Stratified Squamous

EpitheliumAssociated with PROTECTION

Anterior portion of nasal cavity

Oral cavity

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx


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Pseudostratified Columnar

EpitheliumSECRETION OF

AND SWEEPING OF

MUCUSPosterior 2/3 of nose

Tracheobronchial tree

Function of cilia


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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

PRIMARY FUNCTION IS SECRETION,FILTRATION & ABSORPTION

BronchiolesClara CellsNon-ciliated cells that secrete surface-

active agents which prevent collapse.

Simple Cuboidal also found in alveoli(Type II cells that secrete surfactant)


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Simple Squamous

EpitheliumPRIMARY FUNCTION GAS

EXCHANGE

Alveoli (Type I pneumocytes)

Pulmonary capillaries


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Upper Airway

Anatomy

Nose

Oral Cavity

Pharynx

Throat


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Upper Airway

Function of the Upper Airway

Conduct Air

To prevent foreign materials from enteringthe lower airway

Smell/Speech


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Nose

Function

Heat, Humidify and Filter the incoming gas

SmellSpeech


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Anatomy of the Nose

Bone and Cartilage

Partition in the nose is called the nasal septum

Air enters through the nostrils or nares

Two nasal passages are called choanae

Vibrissae filter the incoming gas

Whiskers

First 1/3 is stratified squamous epithelium (PROTECTION)

Posterior 2/3 is pseudostratified ciliated columnarepithelium (MUCUS SECRETION)


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Anatomy of the Nose

Mucous secreting glands are found inthe posterior 2/3 of nose

Bony Protrusions on the lateral wall arecalled nasal turbinates or conchae

Separate incoming gas into turbulent

airstreams more contactExtensive capillary network

Constrict or dilate to change blood flow


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Nasal Conchae
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Illu_nose_nasal_cavities.jpg


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Deviated Septum

The nasal septumcan be deviated to

the right or left More often to the

left


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Rhinitis: Inflammation ofthe nasal membrane

20% ofPopulation $5.3 Billion/Year


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Physiology of the Nose

Nose can filter particles down to 5 m(microns) in diameter

Two factors which decrease thehumidification and filtering ability of thenose is:

Mouth BreathingPlacement of an ET (endotracheal) tube


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Paranasal Sinuses

Empty air spaces found in the bones ofthe skull; Paired

FrontalEthmoid

Sphenoid

Maxillary

They contain mucous secreting gobletcells which drain into the nasal cavity


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Nose and Nasal Cavities


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Anatomy of the Oral Cavity

Roof of the mouth is formed by the hardand soft palate

Hard Bony portionSoft Fleshy portion

Uvula is the soft fleshy structure

Epithelium is stratified squamousepithelium which is non-ciliated.

Palatine (faucial) tonsils are located oneach side of the oral cavity.


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TONSILS


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Pharynx - Throat

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx


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Nasopharynx

Located posterior to nasalcavity

Pseudostratified ciliatedcolumnar epithelium

Includes pharyngeal tonsils oradenoids Eustachian Tubes (auditory

tubes)

Connects the middle ear andnasopharynxMiddle ear infection is called

otitis media Complication of ET tubes
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Gray994-adenoid.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/HumanEar.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Gray994-adenoid.png


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Oropharynx

Lies behind theoral cavity

Lingual tonsils lieat the root of thetongue

Statifiedsquamousepithelium
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Illu_pharynx.jpg


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Laryngopharynx

Lies between the base ofthe tongue and theentrance to the esophagus

Lies posterior to theepiglottis

Stratified squamousepithelium

aka Hypopharynx
http://imc.gsm.com/integrated/haonline/haonline/ha/imgs/00000/5000/600/5642.jpg


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Module A2 Anatomy of Upper Airway.ppt

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